定语从句有哪些引导词?
英语中，将在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，放在定语从句之前。
引导定语从句的引导词（也叫关联词）可以是关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose）或者关系副词（when, where, why）。
引导词通常位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既起联系作用，又充当从句中的某个句子成分。
定语从句的基本结构是：先行词 + 引导词 + 定语从句。
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类别：
1. 限制性定语从句是先行词必不可少的定语，与主句关系十分密切，如果被删去，则主句的意义就1不完整甚至失去意义，书写时主从句之间不可用逗号分开。
2. 非限制性定语从句是对先行词附加的文字说明作用，与主句关系不是很密切，如果被删去，也并不影响逐句的意思和完整性，书写时主从句之间往往用逗号分开。
一、判断定语从句引导词的一般规律：
（一）关系代词
1. that既可用来指代人也可用来指代事物，在从句中充当主语或宾语。
Who’s the boy that is reading a book?
正在看书的这个男孩是谁？(指人，作主语)
The man that you talked to is my uncle.
和你说话的那个人是我叔叔。(指人，作宾语)
The train that has just left is for Shanghai.
刚发车的这趟列车是去上海的。(指物，作主语)
Show me the photo (that) you like best.
把你最喜欢的照片给我看看吗。(指物，作宾语)
2. whose既可用来指代人也可用来指代事物，在从句中充当定语。
This is the girl whose math book is lost.
这就是丢了数学书的女孩。（指人，作定语）
The house whose windows are closed is mine.
窗户都关着的这栋房子就是我家。(指物,作定语)
3. which用来指代事物，在从句中作主语或宾语。
Look at the kites which are flying in the sky.
瞧瞧那些在空中飞舞的风筝。（指物，作主语）
The pen (which) I’m using is pretty good.
我正在用的这支笔相当好。（指物，作宾语）
4. who用来指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。
Could you recognize the thief who stole your things?
你能认出偷了你的东西的那个小偷吗？(作主语)
The man (who) you want to meet has come.
你要见的人来了。（作宾语）
5. whom用来指人，在从句中作宾语。
I’d like to make friends with the girl whom you are talking to.
我想和与你说话的女孩交朋友。(作介词宾语)
The man (whom) you want to meet has come.
你要见的人来了。（作动词宾语）
（二）关系副词
1. when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
Could you still remember the time when the train left?
你还记得列车发车的时间吗？
I’ll never forget the date when I joined the League.
我绝不会忘记我入团的日期。
2. where表示地点，在从句中作地点状语。
Is this the shoe factory where your father works?
这是你父亲工作的鞋厂吗？
Please show me the place where the accident happened.
请带我到事故发生的现场去。
3. why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词通常是reason一词。
Do you know the reason why he was late for school?
你知道他上学迟到的原因吗？
Please tell me the reason why you won’t come.
请告诉我你不能来的原因。
二、关系代词的省略问题
1.who，whom，that，which在从句中作宾语时，往往被省略，尤其是在口语和非正式文体中。
2.关系代词who，whom，that，which在从句中作介词宾语时，不可省。
3.关系代词who，that，which在从句中作主语时，不可省。
4.关系代词whose在任何情况下都不能省略。
三、只能用that作引导词的定语从句
1.先行词指物时，只能用that作引导词的定语从句：
1）先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, something, everything, nothing, none, the one时。
All that I can do has been done. 我能做的都已经做了。
He won’t tell you anything that he has heard about it.
他不会告诉你他所听到的有关它的任何情况。
2）先行词前有all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的食物都吃了。
3）先行词为what或which时，为避免重复，多用that。
Which is the house that caught fire yesterday? 昨天失火的是那座房子？
4）先行词是there be 句型中的主语，且指物时。
There are some apples on the table that are nice and sweet.桌子上有些非常甜的苹果。
5）先行词作主句的表语时。
It’s a book that will help you a lot. 这是一本对你有很大帮助的书。
2. 先行词指人时，只能用that作引导词的定语从句:
主句是以who开头的特殊问句时。
Who’s the man that the teacher is talking to? 和老师谈话的这个人是谁？
3. 不管先行词指人还是指物, 只能用引导词that的定语从句：
1）先行词被序数词以及last, next等修饰时。
It’s the last bus that you can catch. 这是你可以赶上的末班车。
He stopped the fourth thief who was running away.
他把准备逃跑的第四个小偷拦截下来了。
2）先行词是名词化的最高级形容词，或者先行词被最高级形容词修饰时。
You can choose the best that you think. 你可选你认为最好的。
This is the best film that I have seen. 这是我看过最好的影片。
He’s the finest men that I have ever worked with.他是我共事过的最好的人。
3）先行词是数词时。
---I have two smart birds.我养了两只可爱的鸟。
---Are they the two that you bought last week? 是你上星期买的这两只吗？
4）先行词被the only, the very，the last, the just, the same 等修饰时。例如：
You’ve the only person that I met here.
你是我在这儿遇见的唯一的一个人。
This is the very shirt that I am looking for.
这正是我一直在寻找的衬衫。
5）引导词为从句的表语时。例如：
She’s not the girl that she used to be.
她不再是过去的她了。
6）先行词同时包括人和物时。例如：
We often talk about the people and the things that we are interested in.
我们常常谈论我们感兴趣的人和事。
四、先行词指事物时，只能用which做引导词的定语从句
1. 引导先行词为事物的非限制性定语从句时。
My dog ,which is now very old, became ill yesterday.
我家的狗昨天病了，它已经非常老了。
The pen, which writes very well, cost me RMB 20.
这支笔花了我20元，它非常好写。
2. 关系代词前有介词时。
This is the classroom in which we studied last year.
这是我们去年在里面学习的教室。
Have you ever been to a farm on which there is a small zoo?
你曾经到过有个小动物园的农场吗？
五、先行词指人时，只能用who作引导词的定语从句：
1、关系代词在从句中作主语时，通常用who。
The boy who helped you is my younger brother.
帮你忙的那个男孩是我弟弟。
Is the woman who rides a red bike every day your aunt?
每天都骑着一辆红色自行车那个女人是你姑姑吗？
2、先行词为指人的all, one，ones，someone，anyone, everyone，no one等代词时。
One who doesn’t work hard will never get happiness. 不努力工作的人，永远得不到幸福。
Do you know anyone who can mend locks? 你认识会修锁的人吗？
3、先行词是there be句型中的主语，且指人时。
There is a stranger who wants to see you.
有个陌生人想要见你。
Once there was king who was very silly.
从前，有个非常愚蠢的国王。
4、在非限制性定语从句中。
His father, who was ill in hospital for a year, died yesterday.
他父亲住了一年的院，昨天过世了。
I know the woman very well，who often wears a red T-shirt.
我非常了解那个妇女，她经常穿着一件红体恤衫。
5、在被分隔的定语从句中。
I know the woman very well who often wears a red T-shirt.
我对经常穿着一件红体恤衫那个妇女非常了解。
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
教你们德语的新老师明天就会来。
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