急!急!急!谁能帮我找找三国演义第15集的白话文,越简短越好。先谢啦! 关于三国的成语故事,要简洁!!!!快快!!!!!!!!!
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\u6349 \u653e \u66f9 \u64cd
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\u56de\u7b54\u8005\uff1a\u5e05\u5e05\u7684\u8001\u6728\u5320 - \u8fdb\u58eb\u51fa\u8eab \u516b\u7ea7 5-15 20:00
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\u8349 \u8239 \u501f \u7bad
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曹操回到邺城,北方暂时平静。然而出乎曹操意料的是,他的得陇给了刘备一个望蜀的好机会。在这里,先回顾一下一直远离我们视线的益州历史。益州虽然无缘于中原的战火,但也算不得风平浪静。汉灵帝中平五年(公元188年)刘焉提出了他那著名的改刺史为州牧的建议后,看中了益州这一块风水宝地。恰巧这时那个益州刺史苛捐杂税把益州弄得民不聊生,朝廷就任命刘焉为益州牧,并将原任刺史问罪。然而很快,刘焉对朝廷就起了二心。他派张鲁等攻汉中杀太守,切断了斜谷要道,并杀害汉朝的使臣,反而贼喊捉贼地说因为“米贼断道,不得复通”,俨然一个土皇帝。然后,又找茬杀掉巴郡太守王咸、李权等十几人为自己立威。这样的威风凛凛当然激起了下属的反抗。汉献帝初平二年(公元191年),正当中原的诸侯合力讨伐董卓时,犍为(嘉陵江源头,临近峨眉山的地方)太守任岐等起兵反抗刘焉,战火一直烧到了成都。刘焉将这些反抗镇压后,越来越得意忘形,大造车辇龙袍等,也开始想入非非地考虑九五之尊。
兴平元年(公元194年),马腾攻李催而大败。刘焉共有四个儿子,其中两个留在长安,都死于这场战祸。当年刘焉既伤感于爱子之死,他所在的绵竹又遭遇突如其来的大火,终于一病不起。刘焉将州治移到成都后,就离开人世去见了他那两个长安的爱子。活着的两个儿子中,益州的官吏看到那个小一点的刘璋软弱可欺,便拥立他为新的益州刺史,大一点的刘瑁反而什么也捞不到。刘焉对朝廷的不忠立刻得到了手下的效仿,汉中的张鲁一看新的刺史是这么个软蛋,也开始不老实。哪知道,刘璋继承了他老子杀鸡警猴的一手,立刻杀掉了张鲁留在益州的母亲弟弟。这下子,两边结了仇,互相成了死敌。
中原的风云变幻,当然影响了益州。建安十年(公元205年),刘璋看到曹操称霸中原已成定局,而且又听说他有南下荆州的意图时,赶紧派使者前去致敬。曹操顺势升迁刘璋为振威将军,他哥哥,刘焉的另一个儿子刘瑁为平寇将军。建安十二年,刘璋又派张肃为使者,并给曹操送去了兵马贡品,曹操也拜张肃为广汉太守作为回报加以拉拢。建安十三年,曹操南征到荆州后,刘璋又把张肃的弟弟益州别驾张松派来。这时曹操已经平定荆州,颇为骄傲自满。又因为正忙着对付刘备,看看张松人其貌不扬也没有什么名望,没太搭理他。张松遇到如此冷遇,当然不高兴。恰巧曹操败于赤壁,荆州几经争夺终于落到了刘备的手里,张松回去后就添油加醋地说了曹操一番坏话后劝刘璋绝交曹操结好刘备,并推荐法正为使者。法正早就看出刘璋是个废物,如今得此良机,却故意反复推辞,装出一副无可奈何的样子被迫去见刘备。回来后他和张松商议,称赞刘备雄才大略,密谋将益州献给刘备。建安十六年(公元211年),为了压迫韩遂马超等诸侯,曹操派钟繇装模作样地进攻张鲁。那个胆小如鼠的刘璋连真假都不加分辨,突然害怕起来,似乎感到了曹操隔山打熊的神功。张松趁机下说词:“曹操兵强马壮天下无敌,如果占据汉中得陇望蜀,我们又怎能抵抗?刘备与您同宗,又和曹操势不两立,不如先请他来征讨张鲁。如果击败张鲁占据汉中,那么我们实力大大增强,就是曹操来也不用害怕了。”这一番话语,明明是前门拒虎后门进狼,却被刘璋当作了金玉良言。刘璋的部下黄权劝阻,不听;王累倒悬在城门口以死相谏,也不理。法正终于“心不甘情不愿”地带着四千人马去迎接刘备。
法正到了荆州,立刻奉劝刘备:“以将军您的英才,欺负刘璋的懦弱,内部又有张松这样的人作内应,夺取益州可谓易如反掌。”刘备还有些犹豫,旁边的庞统进一步劝说道:“荆州已经残破,也没有什么人才了。东边有孙权北边有曹操,难以施展雄才大略。如今益州户口百万又是天府之国,如果能成为我们的资本,就可以谋取大业了!”刘备回答说:“我如今和曹操势如水火,怎么能和他一样残暴狡诈?如今为此背信弃义,能行吗?”庞统解释:“战乱的时候,不是一成不变的死规矩能定的。而且兼并弱小攻击愚昧,夺取的虽然不光明夺取后再磊落行事,是自古以来受重视的好事。今日不取,终究会被他人所利。”刘备于是下定决心,建安十六年冬,刘备以诸葛亮关羽等镇守荆州,亲自带几万大军入川。
刘璋盼到了这个五百年前是一家的好兄弟,也高高兴兴地带着三万人马来相见。张松通过法正建议刘备给刘璋来个鸿门宴,这样益州垂手可得。刘备不同意:“我刚来,一点声望也没有,这件事不能仓促!”(注1)于是两家互相吹捧,刘璋表荐刘备为大司马司隶校尉,刘备也表荐刘璋为镇西大将军益州牧。双方联欢一百天后,刘璋给刘备“米二十万斛,骑千匹,车千乘,缯絮锦帛”,又把白水关的军马交给刘备指挥。刘备前前后后共从刘璋手里拿到三万人马后,打着征讨张鲁的旗号浩浩荡荡北上葭萌关。然而,刘备到了葭萌关后却按兵不动,整天树恩立德收买人心。
从此,刘备在益州安静了一年专心“增肥”,但别的地方可不平静。建安十七年(公元212年)七月,正是农业收获的季节,中国却大面积闹了蝗灾。马超被曹操打败后,又纠集余部聚集在蓝田意欲东山再起,但他已经不是当初那个威风凛凛地马孟起了,被夏侯渊打败(注2)。逃到鄜城山的梁兴在冯翊劫掠当强盗,大家都有点害怕,想撤退到险要固守。左冯翊郑浑不同意:“梁兴等已经破败,逃到深山老林里落草不得人心。虽然有人跟随,不过是迫于淫威而已。如今应当尽力招降这些人,正大光明地宣布我们的威信。退守险要,这是示弱于敌人的下策。”于是各县都聚集官民,修治城郭,严阵以待并鼓励百姓打击梁兴这股流寇。一旦有所缴获,七成都拿来赏赐有功的军民将士。这下子大家的积极性被调动,全都出来奋勇作战。相反,梁兴的部下有人的老婆孩子被俘虏后,跑来投降。郑浑斥责他们的胡作非为后并不赶尽杀绝,而是把他们的亲人都还给了他们。这些人感恩戴德,立刻调转枪口,反而去讨伐梁兴。郑浑又派各地有威望信誉的人大力宣传这一政策,梁兴的部下投降后也给于妥善安置。这下子梁兴众叛亲离心惊胆战,只好逃回老窝鄜城。夏侯渊郑浑随后进兵讨伐,斩杀梁兴,彻底消灭了这股势力。
秋冬时节,曹操又起了讨伐孙权的主意。消息传到东吴后,在吕蒙的建议下东吴立刻在濡须口两岸修筑船坞严阵以待(注3)。曹操在十月动兵攻打江东之前,他的部下董昭对曹操说:“自古以来,作为人臣的人从来没有谁达到过您这样的功绩,而达到您这样功绩的人也从来没有能安稳长久当人臣的(指的应该是萧何韩信这样的例子)。如今您顾虑到名节而不愿损伤德行,但作为臣子被人怀疑有大志,不可不小心。”于是,董昭和一些文臣武将商议,认为曹操应该进爵魏公并受九锡,以表彰他卓越的政绩战功。没想到,此举遭到了曹操的第一谋臣荀彧的反对:"丞相原本兴义兵匡扶社稷,忠于朝廷谦虚退让,作为君子,不应当如此。"这样,自从荀彧为曹操出力以来,曹操第一次对荀彧表示了不满。曹操东击孙权时,表请荀彧劳军。荀彧因为生病而留在了寿春,不久后去世(注4)。荀彧对曹操而言,可谓萧何,为人忠义自律而足智多谋,举荐贤能尽心尽力。荀攸郭嘉钟繇陈群司马懿为首,其他的象郗虑,华歆,王朗,荀悦,杜袭,辛毗,赵俨等人,都曾被他推荐。他的去世,引起了大家的普遍叹息。
东吴尚未斗北魏,先看荆州战益州。这年冬天,刘备经过一年的养精蓄锐,终于开始对刘璋下手。庞统和刘备商量:"如今偷偷挑选精兵猛将奇袭成都,刘璋既没有军事才能也不作防备,一战就可以成功,这是上计;白水关守将杨怀高沛是蜀中名将,占据险要关口并屡次建议刘璋把您打发回荆州,将军您可以写信告诉他们,说荆州有事要回去,并打扮出一副回家的样子,他们一定会高高兴兴地来送行,那时轻而易举地就可以抓住他们,然后进军成都,这是中计;退回白帝,回转荆州后徐图进取,这是下计。如今不早早决定,早晚会有祸害。"刘备权衡利弊后,选择了中计。这时孙权看到曹操进攻,就派使者去见刘备,求他相助(注5)。刘备于是写信给刘璋,说曹操来势汹汹,如果坐视则与他互为唇齿的孙权有危险。而且荆州的关羽正在和曹操部将乐进交战,也必须救援。张鲁是个自守的家伙,不会有什么威胁,并请求刘璋能给与一万人马和粮草军饷。刘璋请刘备入川的本意是进攻张鲁进取汉中,光钱粮就投资了“米二十万斛,骑千匹,车千乘,缯絮锦帛”,如今一年过去,什么也没有得到,他的失望可想而知。于是,仅仅给了刘备四千兵马,他所要求的粮草军饷也只给了一半。早就想动手的刘备正好找到了借口,以此激励将士的士气:"我为刘璋征讨强敌,军马勤劳疲惫,如今却吝啬财宝不加封赏,还指望军民将士出力死战吗!"张松的哥哥张肃知道张松暗自沟通刘备,看到刘备终于要动手了,害怕引火烧身,就来个大义灭亲告发了张松。糊涂的刘璋这下子也明白了,立刻杀掉这个吃里爬外的家伙,并下令各地守将不得再和刘备来往。刘备大怒,立刻将杨怀高沛招来,斥责一通后斩首示众,趁机收降他们的部属后把这些人的老婆孩子扣作人质,然后进据涪城。刘备刘璋彻底决裂,正式开始了两年的益州争夺战。
注1 刘备如果立即杀刘璋,就是告诉益州我是个暴君。因此,他先利用刘璋的信任在益州呆了一年,培养起自己的威望后才动手。刘备的这个耐心,或许是他从徐州汝南新野等地得到的经验教训。后来刘备选择庞统的中计,也是出于同样的考虑。
注2 和马超还在兴风作浪不同,年事已高的韩遂后来没什么作为,但也没有被曹操抓到。韩遂死后,他的部下砍掉他的首级后献给曹操投降,但同时也承认韩遂活着的时候,绝对不敢背叛。
注3 濡须口的位置,并不在长江边上,而是在当时与长江相通的巢湖,距离合肥和几乎和距离长江一样近。因此,江东在这一局部一直有很独特的优势:曹魏虽然在整体上实力雄厚,但却跨不过长江;而东吴利用精锐水军来去自如,能够深入北方内陆,让曹魏干瞪眼。淮南一带是曹魏屯田的要点,总不能让孙权随便骚扰;扬州等地偏偏又是平原,防守困难。这大概就是为什么赤壁后曹操对刘备一直不曾主动进攻,却两次亲征淮南极力争夺的原因。"
注4 董昭的建议,实际上是暗示曹操如今的情势如逆水行舟,不进则退。要么君临天下,要么复作淮阴。而荀彧的反对,或许是因为他还忠于东汉,或许是因为荀彧为人就象他劝曹操的那样,谦虚退让。曹操在建安十二年二月北征乌桓的前夕,曾在邺城论功行赏。要表荐荀彧为三公,言辞相当恳切。而当时的曹操,也不过就是个司空。荀彧礼让推辞。就这样,曹操封荀彧让,双方翻来覆去足有十几次,曹操见到荀彧心志坚定才作罢。这个时候,或许荀彧希望曹操能和他有一样的谦恭礼节。从此后曹操和荀彧双方心中都不高兴是可以想象的,但他如何去世却有不同的说法。三国志记载"以忧薨",而后汉书和资治通鉴则说"饮药卒"。顺便说一句,荀彧的侄子荀攸对此看得比较开,不曾在这件事上惹麻烦。三国演义中荀彧荀攸的死法,实际上是荀彧死法的两种说法。
注5 孙权并不愿意刘备征服益州,这个请求有引诱他回兵,使刘备前功尽弃之意;而刘备大骂孙权背着他把孙夫人取回家一番后,趁机以此涮刘璋。孙刘同盟这时已经有了裂痕。
袁术使书与吕布让攻刘备,许以金帛,刘亩走,吕布索取金帛不得,欲伐术,陈宫劝阻,令叫刘备还屯小沛,再攻袁术,布从之。
玄德回徐州,吕布从陈宫计,让屯小沛,两相和好,
孙策以亡父玉玺作质当向袁术借兵往江东开创基业,招兵买马,战刘繇,袭曲阿,得秣陵,江东之民呼策为“孙郎”。
孙策又破吴郡,在会稽,扫平江南。
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