英国的历史上的统冶者 英国古代的统治者都有哪些?
\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u82f1\u5c5e\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55
1\u3001\u82f1\u5c5e\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u6765\u5c45\u4e0a\u7684\u7f18\u7531
\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u6b96\u6c11
\u25c6 \u8303\u56f4\uff1a1607\uff0d1733\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u6cbf\u5cb8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8613\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u300213\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6784\u6210\u540e\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002
\u201c13\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u201d
\u25c6 \u82f1\u56fd\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff1a
\u5b97\u6559\u539f\u56e0 \u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u4ea8\u52298\u4e16\u4e0e\u6559\u7687\u51b3\u88c2\u5e76\u4e8e1534\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b89\u7acb\u7518\u6559\uff08Anglican Church\uff09\u3002\u4ea8\u5229\u4e4b\u5973\u2014\u2014\u5973\u738b\u4f0a\u5229\u838e\u767d\u4e00\u4e16\u5728\u4f4d\u65f6\u671f\uff081558-1603\uff09\uff0c\u5b89\u7acb\u7518\u6559\u7262\u56fa\u6811\u7acb\u8d77\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u6559\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u3001\u975e\u56fd\u6559\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\uff08\u5982\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u3001\u8d35\u683c\u4f1a\u6559\u5f92\uff09\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u6b67\u89c6\u751a\u81f3\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u4e3a\u83b7\u5f97\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u79fb\u5c45\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u3002
\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u56e0 17\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u73b0\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e0e\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u738b\u671d\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u738b\u95f4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e89\u7aef\u3002\u5148\u540e\u7ecf\u5386\u5185\u6218\uff081642-1645\uff09\u3001\u5904\u6b7b\u56fd\u738b\u67e5\u7406\u4e00\u4e16\uff081649\uff09\u3001\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u514b\u4f26\u5a01\u5c14\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u72ec\u88c1\uff081649-1658\uff09\u3001\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u738b\u671d\u7684\u590d\u8f9f\uff081660\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u201d\uff081688-1689\uff09\u6700\u7ec8\u63a8\u7ffb\u590d\u8f9f\u7684\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u738b\u671d\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9003\u907f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u66b4\u653f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u8361\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u79fb\u5c45\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3002
\u7ecf\u6d4e\u539f\u56e0 16\u300117\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f88\u591a\u82f1\u56fd\u5730\u4e3b\u5708\u5730\u7267\u7f8a\uff0c\u8d76\u8d70\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u52b3\u4f5c\u7684\u4f43\u519c\u3002\u65e0\u5730\u519c\u6c11\u8fc1\u5f80\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5931\u4e1a\u3001\u8d1f\u503a\u3002\u6839\u636e\u82f1\u56fd\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u5211\u6cd5\u5178\uff0c\u503a\u52a1\u4eba\u9762\u4e34\u5165\u72f1\u76d1\u7981\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f00\u59cb\u65b0\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u62e5\u6709\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u8d2b\u56f0\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5c06\u773c\u5149\u6295\u5411\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u3002
\u25c6 \u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff1a
\u4e89\u9738 \u4e3a\u4e89\u593a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u6743\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u8239\u957f\u970d\u91d1\u65af\u52cb\u7235\uff08John Hawkins\uff09\u3001\u5fb7\u96f7\u514b\u52cb\u7235\uff08Francis Drake\uff09\u7387\u8239\u961f\u88ad\u51fb\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5728\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8d22\u5b9d\u8fd0\u8f93\u8239\u30021588\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5fb7\u96f7\u514b\u7b49\u4eba\u6d88\u706d\u4e86\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6218\u80dc\u7684\u201d\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u201c\u65e0\u654c\u8230\u961f\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u82f1\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5f3a\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u6d77\u4e0a\u4e3b\u4eba\u201d\uff08Mistress of the seas\uff09\u8eab\u5206\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u53d6\u5f97\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5f3a\u6743\u56fd\u8eab\u5206\u76f8\u79f0\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e43\u9f13\u52b1\u6b96\u6c11\u5b9a\u5c45\u3002
\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca \u5728\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u575a\u4fe1\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u6bcd\u56fd\u7684\u539f\u6599\u4ea7\u5730\u3001\u5236\u9020\u5546\u7684\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5e93\u5e26\u6765\u6536\u5165\u3002
\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u6d3b\u52a8\u540e\u6765\u5c45\u4e0a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5206\u6790
\u25c6 \u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff1a\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u91c7\u53d6\u63a0\u593a\u5f0f\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff1b\u4e25\u5389\u63a7\u5236\u5411\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\uff1b\u72ec\u5c0a\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff1b\u5c06\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u5927\u8d35\u65cf\u5e84\u56ed\u5236\u5ea6\u7167\u642c\u5230\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u5c31\u5f81\u670d\u5e76\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u5e1d\u56fd\uff1a\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u963f\u5179\u7279\u514b\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u79d8\u9c81\u7684\u5370\u52a0\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6709\u4eba\u53e31500\u4e07\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6709600\u4e07\u3002\u5728\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u51e0\u8fd1\u7edd\u8ff9\u3002\u4e24\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u9996\u5e9c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5927\u672c\u8425\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u897f\u5c5e\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5df2\u6709\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u9ad8\u8d85\u7684\u91c7\u77ff\u548c\u51b6\u70bc\u6280\u672f\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u4e00\u5473\u5f3a\u8c03\u63a0\u593a\u548c\u5265\u524a\uff0c\u4e0d\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u5c55\u591a\u6837\u5316\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u80fd\u529b\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u957f\u671f\u7e41\u8363\u3002\u7981\u6b62\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u79cd\u690d\u5b97\u4e3b\u56fd\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u5f80\u6765\u7531\u585e\u7ef4\u5229\u4e9a\u5e02\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u64cd\u7eb5\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u897f\u5c5e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0a\u96be\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a8\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u8d70\u5411\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u5b9e\u4e1a\u9636\u5c42\u3002
\u5373\u4f7f\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u672c\u56fd\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u968f\u4fbf\u79fb\u5165\u897f\u5c5e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u7533\u8bf7\u4e00\u5f20\u901a\u4fe1\u8bc1\u3002\u83b7\u51c6\u5230\u7f8e\u6d32\u53bb\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u795e\u752b\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6570\u76ee\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u6240\u5360\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u897f\u5c5e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u6c79\u6d8c\u7684\u5916\u6765\u79fb\u6c11\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u90fd\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7687\u5ba4\u8d22\u4e1a\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002
\u5728\u897f\u5c5e\u7f8e\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u975e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u6d3e\u906d\u5230\u6b67\u89c6\u548c\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4e5f\u88ab\u5f3a\u8feb\u7688\u4f9d\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e1d\u6beb\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u6c14\u606f\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u571f\u5730\u5927\u90fd\u88ab\u5927\u5730\u4e3b\u5f3a\u53d6\u8c6a\u593a\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4eba\u53e3\u591a\u6570\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u5974\u96b6\u8c0b\u751f\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u6709\u4e8c\uff1a\u5192\u6b7b\u4e0b\u77ff\u4e95\uff1b\u80fc\u624b\u80dd\u8db3\u52b3\u4f5c\u7530\u95f4\u3002\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7aed\u529b\u60f3\u628a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u53d8\u6210\u5b97\u4e3b\u56fd\u7684\u590d\u5236\u54c1\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e25\u5389\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5b98\u5458\u6216\u8005\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5e73\u6c11\uff0c\u5176\u8eab\u5206\u5730\u4f4d\u4f18\u8d8a\u4e8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0a\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u897f\u5c5e\u7f8e\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5212\u5206\u4e3a4\u4e2a\u603b\u7763\u533a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u533a\u90fd\u7531\u6b7b\u5fc3\u5854\u5730\u6548\u5fe0\u5b97\u4e3b\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4ee3\u8868\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u738b\u5ba4\u8fdb\u884c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e1d\u6beb\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6c14\u606f\uff0c\u6c11\u4f17\u6beb\u65e0\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u66f4\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u3002
\u25c6 \u8f83\u4e4b\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u5448\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff1a
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u6325\u591a\u5c11\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6216\u626e\u6f14\u591a\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002
\u82f1\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u6216\u8bae\u4f1a\u867d\u7136\u53e3\u5934\u4e0a\u4e00\u518d\u626c\u8a00\u7f8e\u6d32\u5c5e\u5730\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u5f52\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8981\u6c42\u5374\u4e0d\u4e88\u7406\u776c\u6216\u865a\u4e0e\u59d4\u86c7\uff0c\u4e0d\u80af\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u3002\u82f1\u738b\u5ba4\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5411\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e50\u610f\u51fa\u9762\u6216\u51fa\u94b1\u8fdb\u884c\u6b96\u6c11\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6216\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u9881\u6388\u6b96\u6c11\u7279\u8bb8\u72b6\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u5230\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u53d8\u5f97\u5f3a\u5927\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u66f4\u5f26\u6613\u8f84\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u7136\u800c\u7531\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u4e4b\u95f4\u6b96\u6c11\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u7275\u626f\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u653f\u7b56\u672a\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u591a\u5c11\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u6b96\u6c11\u6218\u4e89\u6682\u544a\u5e73\u606f\u65f6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u917f\u6210\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u3002
\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9650\u5236\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u5411\u82f1\u5c5e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u79fb\u6c11\u3002
\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u79ef\u6781\u9f13\u52a8\u6216\u652f\u6301\u628a\u4e24\u79cd\u4eba\u8fd0\u5230\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff1a\u975e\u6d32\u9ed1\u4eba\uff1b\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u8ba1\u7684\u4e5e\u4e10\u3001\u7f6a\u72af\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5e76\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7f6a\u72af\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u70b9\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u8fc7\u5931\uff0c\u5982\u5077\u732a\u3001\u62ff\u4e86\u4eba\u5bb6\u4e00\u5757\u9762\u5305\u3001\u6216\u662f\u8d1f\u503a\u800c\u8fdb\u76d1\u72f1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e00\u5f8b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u975e\u201c\u89c4\u77e9\u516c\u6c11\u201d\uff0c\u4e43\u629b\u5f03\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u9063\u9001\u81f3\u7f8e\u6d32\u3002\uff09\u5bbd\u677e\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7a77\u82e6\u4eba\uff08\u89c6\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e3a\u5e0c\u671b\u4e4b\u4e61\u548c\u907f\u96be\u6240\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0a\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u6210\u4efd\u9a73\u6742\u6591\u6593\u3002
\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0a\u5b97\u6559\u591a\u6837\u6027\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u4e5f\u76f8\u5f53\u7a81\u51fa\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u5355\u4e00\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5982\u6388\u4e88\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6b96\u6c11\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7279\u8bb8\u72b6\u5c31\u66fe\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4e0d\u80fd\u6536\u7559\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u56fd\u6559\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u7684\u8131\u79bb\u6d3e\u6559\u6d3e\u3002\u4f46\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6b96\u6c11\u516c\u53f8\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u776c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u8131\u79bb\u6d3e\u6559\u5f92\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u57a6\u6b96\u533a\uff0c1620\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u636e\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u666e\u5229\u8305\u65af\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8131\u79bb\u6d3e\u6559\u5f92\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u65e9\u5148\u7684\u4f01\u56fe\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u91c7\u53d6\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u653f\u7b56\u3002
\u201c\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u653f\u7b56\u201d\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u91c7\u53d6\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u85c9\u6b64\u53ef\u8c0b\u53d6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u597d\u5904\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5546\u4e1a\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u4e3a\u6bcd\u56fd\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u5bcc\u5f3a\u6548\u529b\uff0c\u8981\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u5438\u5f15\u5916\u6765\u79fb\u6c11\u53bb\u5f00\u53d1\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u5916\u6765\u79fb\u6c11\u53d7\u5230\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8fd8\u83b7\u51c6\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u673a\u6784\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5b97\u6559\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u7684\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u5206\u4e0d\u5f00\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7a0b\u5ea6\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\u7d27\u65f6\u677e\u30021640\u5e74\u201c\u957f\u671f\u56fd\u4f1a\u201d\u53ec\u5f00\u540e\u768420\u5e74\u8f83\u5bbd\u677e\uff0c1660\u5e74\u738b\u671d\u590d\u8f9f\u540e\u67e5\u7406\u4e00\u4e16\u3001\u4e8c\u4e16\u7684\u77ed\u6682\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u8bd5\u56fe\u786e\u7acb\u5b97\u6559\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u30021689\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u5bb9\u5fcd\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u51c6\u8bb8\u5728\u65b0\u6559\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u795e\u5b66\u8bba\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5b58\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u4e0a\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u7b56\u3002
\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u53ca\u897f\u5c5e\u4e2d\u3001\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u571f\u8457\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u660e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e5f\u8f83\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u5f53\u5730\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5f00\u91c7\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u53ef\u4f9b\u63a0\u593a\u3002\u4e0d\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u73af\u5883\u4f7f\u5f97\u65e9\u671f\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u552f\u6709\u52aa\u529b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u8fdb\u884c\u640f\u6597\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u9996\u5148\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u519c\u4e1a\u3002\u5357\u90e8\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5f88\u5feb\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u81f4\u5bcc\u7684\u8def\u5b50\u2014\u2014\u70df\u8349\u79cd\u690d\u4e1a\u3002\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u56e0\u5730\u5236\u5b9c\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u6355\u9c7c\u3001\u6728\u6750\u52a0\u5de5\u548c\u6d77\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u4f46\u519c\u4e1a\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u52301776\u5e74\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0a\u81f3\u5c1190%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u662f\u4ee5\u52a1\u519c\u4e3a\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u5c45\u4f4f\u5206\u6563\u7684\u5c0f\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u3002\u5927\u5730\u4ea7\u8005\u5be5\u5be5\u65e0\u51e0\u3002
\u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6c1b\u56f4\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bbd\u677e\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u9664\u9ed1\u5974\u5916\uff0c\u4eab\u6709\u540c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u5f85\u9047\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u62e5\u6709\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u6309\u7167\u8f83\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5236\u8ba2\u89c4\u7ae0\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u8bae\u653f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u610f\u8bc6\u8f83\u5f3a\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u5904\u4e8e\u81ea\u6cbb\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u591a\u6570\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u5b50\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u62e5\u670950\u82f1\u4ea9\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u53c2\u52a0\u9009\u4e3e\u3002
2\u3001\u82f1\u5c5e\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u72b6\u51b5
\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5
\u25c6 \u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u4eab\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u3002\u5728\u6388\u6743\u5efa\u7acb\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7687\u5bb6\u7279\u8bb8\u72b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u83b7\u5f97\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4eab\u6709\u4f5c\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u7279\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u548c\u7279\u6743\u57fa\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u4e0a4\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\uff1a\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\uff1b\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff1b\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u6cd5\uff1b\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u3002
\u5927\u5baa\u7ae0\uff0c\u5373The Great Charter, \u6216\u8005Magna Carta\uff0c1215\u5e74\u7ea6\u7ff0\u738b\u88ab\u5c01\u5efa\u9886\u4e3b\u6240\u8feb\u800c\u7b7e\u7f72\u3002\u5baa\u7ae0\u58f0\u660e\uff1a\u56fd\u738b\u5e76\u975e\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\uff1b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u83b7\u5f97\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7531\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u5ba1\u5224\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u8bae\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f81\u7a0e\u3002
\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u6709\u60a0\u4e45\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u523014\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5206\u88c2\u6210\u4e24\u9662\uff1a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7267\u5e08\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u6210\u4e16\u88ad\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u9662\uff08House of Lords\uff09\uff1b\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u6210\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\uff08House of Commons\uff09\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5a01\u80c1\u963b\u6320\u5f81\u7a0e\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u8fd8\u8feb\u4f7f\u82f1\u738b\u63a5\u53d7\u5b83\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6709\u5173\u7a0e\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002
\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13Common Law\u3002\u523014\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u5ead\u5df2\u7ecf\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u53c2\u7167\u4ee5\u5f80\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6848\u4f8b\u3001\u9075\u7167\u5148\u524d\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53f8\u6cd5\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5b98\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08judge-made law\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4e60\u60ef\u6cd5\u3002\u5176\u539f\u5219\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ca\u65f6\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\uff08statute law\uff0c\u7531\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5b9a\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2a\u4eba\u514d\u906d\u653f\u5e9c\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3002\u523017\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u4e60\u60ef\u6cd5\uff08\u52a0\u4e0a\u6210\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u8865\u5145\uff09\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ed9\u4e88\u6bcf\u4e2a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u4e0d\u53d7\u65e0\u7406\u5265\u593a\uff1b\u82e5\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u4eab\u6709\u4eba\u8eab\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff1b\u82e5\u65e0\u6cd5\u9662\u641c\u67e5\u4ee4\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f4f\u5904\u514d\u53d7\u641c\u67e5\u7b49\u7b49\u3002
\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u57281689\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u3002\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u672a\u7ecf\u8bae\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u4e0d\u5f97\u5236\u5b9a\u6216\u8005\u6682\u65f6\u505c\u6b62\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5f81\u7a0e\u6216\u8005\u7ef4\u6301\u519b\u961f\uff1b\u56fd\u738b\u4e0d\u5f97\u5e72\u6d89\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u548c\u8fa9\u8bba\uff1b\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u6743\u5411\u8bae\u4f1a\u8bf7\u613f\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u8981\u6c42\u516c\u6b63\u3001\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u966a\u5ba1\u56e2\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fc7\u5206\u7684\u7f5a\u6b3e\u548c\u4fdd\u91ca\u91d1\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002
\u25c6 \u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236
\u6309\u7167\u5f53\u4eca\u6807\u51c6\u8861\u91cf\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fdc\u975e\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u8f83\u4e4b\u6b27\u6d32\uff08\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u751a\u81f3\u8f83\u4e4b\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\u8981\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\uff1a\u8f83\u65e9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6c11\u9009\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff1b\u6309\u7167\u201c\u5951\u7ea6\u201d\u539f\u5219\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u201c\u4e94\u6708\u82b1\u53f7\u516c\u7ea6\u201d\uff1b\u5728\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5730\u533a\u5f62\u6210\u5e02\u9547\u4f1a\u8bae\u5236\u5ea6\uff1b\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u7387\u5148\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u300a\u6839\u672c\u6cd5\u89c4\u300b\u3002
1607\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u9996\u6279\u79fb\u6c11104\u4eba\u62b5\u8fbe\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u6cb3\u6cb3\u53e3\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u6566\u6b96\u6c11\u70b9\u30021619\u5e747\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u6cb31000\u591a\u540d\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u5b50\u63a8\u900922\u4f4d\u516c\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u53ec\u5f00\u4e3a\u671f6\u5929\u7684\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u51e0\u9879\u9700\u5f85\u516c\u53f8\u6838\u51c6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u65f6\u6548\u6cd5\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u30021624\u5e74\u82f1\u738b\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u4e00\u4e16\u89e3\u6563\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f461629\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e0d\u7406\u4f1a\u82f1\u738b\u7684\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002
1620\u5e74\u79cb\uff0c\u666e\u5229\u8305\u65af\u7684\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u516c\u53f8102\u540d\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u548c\u8d2b\u82e6\u79fb\u6c11\u4e58\u5ea7"\u4e94\u6708\u82b1\u53f7\u8239"\u548c32\u540d\u6765\u81ea\u8377\u5170\u83b1\u767b\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u53f7\u8239\u8d2b\u82e6\u79fb\u6c11\u4f1a\u5408\uff0c\u9a76\u5f80\u5317\u7f8e\u65b0\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u7ecf60-70\u5929\u7684\u8270\u96be\u822a\u884c\uff0c12\u6708\u5e95\u5728\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u6e7e\u7684\u79d1\u5fb7\u89d2\u767b\u9646\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4ee5\u666e\u5229\u8305\u65af\u547d\u540d\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u5cb8\u524d\u768411\u670811\u65e5\uff0c41\u540d\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u5b50\u7b7e\u7f72"\u4e94\u6708\u82b1\u53f7\u516c\u7ea6"\uff08Mayflower Compact\uff09\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u81ea\u613f\u7ed3\u6210\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u7ae0\u7a0b\u548c\u5b98\u804c\u673a\u6784\u3002\u516c\u7ea6\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u7b7e\u7ea6\u8005\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5236\u5b9a\u3001\u9075\u5b88\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u548c\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u7b7e\u7ea6\u8005\u591a\u4e3a\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u8d2b\u82e6\u5de5\u5320\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u548c\u5951\u7ea6\u5974\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a"\u79fb\u6c11\u59cb\u7956"\u3002\u4e94\u6708\u82b1\u53f7\u516c\u7ea6\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u8303\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u672c\u4eba\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u6210\u4e3a\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\uff1b\u627f\u8ba4\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff1b\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5fc5\u987b\u516c\u6b63\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u8be5\u516c\u7ea6\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684"\u57fa\u77f3"\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002
\u5373New England Town Meetings\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u59cb\u7956\u5728\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a\u968f\u7740\u57a6\u6b96\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5728\u5916\u56f4\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u9547\uff0c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u533a\u5219\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u5802\u8bae\u4e8b\u5385\u3002\u9547\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4ee5\u6559\u5802\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\uff08\u8d77\u521d\u4e3a\u62e5\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u5e76\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9547\u6559\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\uff09\u7ba1\u7406\u9547\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5e02\u9547\u4f1a\u8bae\u5236\u5b9a\u5730\u65b9\u6cd5\u89c4\u3002\u8fd8\u9009\u4e3e\u9547\u4ee3\u8868\u51fa\u5e2d\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u3002\u5e02\u9547\u4f1a\u8bae\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5c0f\u793e\u533a\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u81ea\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u30021628\u5e74\u4e00\u6279\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u6b21\u5e74\u6539\u7ec4\u4e3a\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4ece\u82f1\u738b\u83b7\u5f97\u7279\u8bb8\u72b6\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u5728\u666e\u5229\u8305\u65af\u4ee5\u5317\u7684\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u5730\u533a\u5efa\u7acb\u5b9a\u5c45\u70b9\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u30021629\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7 \u6e29\u65af\u7f57\u666e\u548c\u5176\u4ed612\u540d\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u80a1\u4e1c\u7b7e\u7f72\u5251\u6865\u534f\u5b9a\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u5b9a\u5c45\u5730\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5e94\u8be5\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u6c11\u624b\u4e2d\u30021630\u5e743\u670834\u8258\u8239\u53ea\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u8239\u961f\u3001\u4e0a\u5343\u4eba\u62b5\u8fbe\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u5468\u56f4\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u3001\u7f57\u514b\u65af\u4f2f\u91cc\u3001\u574e\u5e03\u91cc\u5947\u7b49\u5c45\u6c11\u70b9\u300210\u670819\u65e5\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e3e\u884c\u5927\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u7531\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u9009\u4e3e\u52a9\u7406\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u52a9\u7406\u5ba3\u51fa\u603b\u7763\u548c\u526f\u603b\u7763\u30021631\u5e74\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u7531\u516c\u53f8\u80a1\u4e1c\u6269\u5927\u4e3a\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u30021635\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5e02\u9547\u9009\u4e3e\u4e24\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\u53c2\u52a0\u5730\u65b9\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4ee3\u8868\u5236\u30021644\u5e74\u52a9\u7406\u4eec\u7ec4\u6210\u4e0a\u8bae\u9662\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4eec\u7ec4\u6210\u4e0b\u8bae\u9662\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e24\u9662\u7acb\u6cd5\u5236\u96cf\u5f62\u3002\u6e29\u65af\u7f57\u666e\u8bbe\u60f3\u628a\u6d77\u6e7e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5efa\u6210"\u5c71\u5dc5\u4e0a\u7684\u5723\u57ce"\u3002\u6709\u4ea7\u4eba\u58eb\u5bf9\u4e0b\u5c42\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6e05\u6559\u4e3b\u4e49\u7edf\u6cbb\u30021691\u5e74\u666e\u5229\u8305\u65af\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5408\u5e76\u4e8e\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3002\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u6e05\u6559\u4e3b\u4e49\u8272\u5f69\uff0cWASP\u6210\u4e3a\u521d\u671f\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u6c11\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002
"WASP"\uff1aWASP\u662fWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestant\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bcd\u7684\u7f29\u5199\uff0c\u7cfb\u6307\u5e26\u6709\u76ce\u683c\u9c81\uff0d\u8428\u514b\u900a\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u3002WASP\u6587\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u6587\u5316\u3002
1639\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u80e1\u514b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u8d77\u8349\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6210\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5--\u300a\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u6839\u672c\u6cd5\u89c4\u300b\uff08Fundamental Orders of Connecticut\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u8bb8\u53ef\u6240\u6709\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7acb\u6cd5\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u8be5\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u6311\u9009\u4e00\u4f4d\u603b\u7763\u3002"\u6839\u672c\u6cd5\u89c4"\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u57fa\u4e8e\u88ab\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u540c\u610f\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u8868\u8fbe\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3002
\u25c6 \u8fc418\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c
\u4e09\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\uff081\uff092\u4e2a\u81ea\u6cbb\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff08\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u3001\u7f57\u5f97\u827e\u5170\uff09\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u9009\u4e3e\u603b\u7763\u548c\u4e24\u4e2a\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\uff082\uff093\u4e2a\u4e1a\u4e3b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff08\u7279\u62c9\u534e\u3001\u9a6c\u91cc\u5170\u3001\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff09\u3002\u4e1a\u4e3b\u6311\u9009\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u9009\u4e3e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\uff083\uff098\u4e2a\u82f1\u738b\u76f4\u8f96\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3002\u56fd\u738b\u6311\u9009\u603b\u7763\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9664\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u5916\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u8fd8\u4efb\u547d\u603b\u7763\u7684\u53c2\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e0a\u9662\uff09\u3002\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u9009\u4e3e\u4e0b\u9662\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u8df5
\u25c6 \u5730\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\uff1a\u4e09\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7c7b\u578b
\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u2014\u20144\u4e2a\uff0c\u65b0\u7f55\u5e03\u4ec0\u5c14\u3001\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u3001\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u548c\u7f57\u5f97\u827e\u5170\u3002\u571f\u58e4\u591a\u7802\u77f3\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u5bd2\u51b7\uff0c\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u519c\u4e1a\u3002\u519c\u573a\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ea7\u91cf\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4f9b\u5bb6\u5ead\u6d88\u8d39\u7565\u6709\u8282\u4f59\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u68ee\u6797\u591a\uff0c\u6e4d\u6025\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u591a\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5929\u7136\u826f\u6e2f\uff08\u5982\u666e\u8328\u8305\u65af\u3001\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\uff09\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u53d1\u5c55\u6728\u6750\u52a0\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u8239\u8236\u5236\u9020\u3001\u6355\u9ee5\u3001\u6355\u635e\u9cd5\u9c7c\u548c\u9cad\u9c7c\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d38\u6613\u3002
\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5546\u4eba\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u51e0\u6761\u5377\u5165\u4e09\u89d2\u8d38\u6613
\u4e00\u6761\u6709\u5229\u53ef\u56fe\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u662f\uff1a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u9c7c\u3001\u7cae\u98df\u548c\u6728\u6750\uff0c\u8fd0\u5230\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u6362\u53d6\u7cd6\u548c\u7cd6\u871c\uff0c\u518d\u5c06\u7cd6\u548c\u7cd6\u871c\u8fd0\u5230\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u6362\u53d6\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7d27\u7f3a\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5236\u54c1\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u6761\u8d38\u6613\u7ebf\u8def\u662f\uff1a\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u5c06\u6717\u59c6\u9152\u8fd0\u5230\u975e\u6d32\u6362\u53d6\u9ed1\u4eba\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u5c06\u9ed1\u4eba\u5974\u96b6\u8fd0\u5230\u897f\u5370\u7fa4\u5c9b\u4ea4\u6362\u7cd6\u548c\u7cd6\u871c\uff0c\u5c06\u7cd6\u548c\u7cd6\u871c\u8fd0\u56de\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u84b8\u998f\u6210\u6717\u59c6\u9152\u3002\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5546\u4eba\u83b7\u5f97\u5de8\u989d\u5229\u6da6\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u9762\u4e34\u5de8\u5927\u969c\u788d\uff1a\u6d77\u4e0a\u98ce\u4e91\u53d8\u5e7b\uff1b\u79c1\u63a0\u8239\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff1b\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7acb\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u822a\u6d77\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u51c6\u8bb8\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8239\u53ea\u4e0e\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u82f1\u5c5e\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u4ece\u4e8b\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u4e0d\u51c6\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u6216\u8005\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4ece\u4e8b\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1733\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u7cd6\u6d46\u6cd5\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4ece\u82f1\u5c5e\u897f\u5370\u5ea6\u7fa4\u5c9b\u4ee5\u5916\u5730\u65b9\u8fdb\u53e3\u7cd6\u548c\u7cd6\u871c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5546\u54c1\u652f\u4ed8\u9ad8\u5173\u7a0e\u3002
\u4e09\u89d2\u8d38\u6613\u7ebf\u8def\u56fe
\u4e2d\u90e8\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u2014\u20144\u4e2a\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u3001\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u548c\u7279\u62c9\u534e\u3002
\u571f\u5730\u80a5\u6c83\u3001\u5e73\u5766\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u9002\u5b9c\uff0c\u5229\u4e8e\u53d1\u5c55\u5bb6\u5ead\u519c\u573a\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u7cae\u98df\uff08\u5982\u5c0f\u9ea6\u3001\u7389\u7c73\u3001\u71d5\u9ea6\uff09\u51fa\u53e3\u81f3\u5176\u4ed6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\u4fbf\u83b7\u5f97\u9762\u5305\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u3002\u6cb3\u6d41\u822a\u9053\u957f\uff0c\u53ef\u901a\u822a\uff08\u5982\u54c8\u5f97\u900a\u6cb3\u3001Susquehanna\u6cb3\u3001\u7279\u62c9\u534e\u6cb3\uff09\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e0e\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u6bdb\u76ae\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u5982\u7ebd\u7ea6\u548c\u8d39\u57ce\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u3002
\u5357\u90e8\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u2014\u20145\u4e2a\uff0c\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u9a6c\u91cc\u5170\u3001\u5317\u5361\u7f57\u6765\u7eb3\u3001\u5357\u5361\u7f57\u6765\u7eb3\u548c\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u3002
\u68ee\u6797\u51fa\u4ea7\u6ca5\u9752\u548c\u67cf\u6cb9\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u6d77\u8fd0\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u571f\u58e4\u80a5\u6c83\u3001\u6c14\u5019\u9002\u5b9c\uff0c\u5229\u4e8e\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u79cd\u690d\u84dd\u975b\u3001\u6c34\u7a3b\u548c\u70df\u8349\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u8fd0\u5f80\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u6362\u56de\u5de5\u4e1a\u5236\u54c1\u3002\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5bcc\u6709\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u8981\u6c42\u65b0\u7684\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u70df\u8349\u79cd\u690d\u5f88\u5feb\u8017\u5c3d\u5730\u529b\u3002\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u529b\u6c42\u6a21\u4eff\u82f1\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u5c0f\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4e86\u751f\u5b58\u594b\u529b\u6323\u624e\u7684\u8fb9\u7586\u4eba\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002
\u25c6 \u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b
\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u975e\u5e38\u77ed\u7f3a\u3002\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u548c\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u5f88\u96be\u83b7\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u3002\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u5728\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u571f\u5730\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u6210\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u5e72\u6d3b\u3002\u4e3a\u514b\u670d\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u8f6c\u5411\u9ed1\u4eba\u5974\u96b6\u548c\u767d\u4eba\u5951\u7ea6\u5974\u3002
1619\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u8258\u8377\u5170\u5e06\u8239\u88c5\u8fd020\u4f59\u540d\u9ed1\u4eba\u62b5\u8fbe\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u6566\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u9ed1\u4eba\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u3002\u6b64\u540e100\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u6240\u6709\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5357\u65b9\u529b\u91cf\u6700\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u70df\u8349\u548c\u6c34\u7a3b\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4f9d\u9760\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f88\u5feb\u4fbf\u80fd\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u30021750\u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u670940\u4e07\u9ed1\u4eba\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d3/4\u5728\u5357\u90e8\u3002
\u82f1\u6587\u4f5c"indentured servants"\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u7a77\u56f0\u6f66\u5012\u7684\u767d\u4eba\uff0c\u5360\u4e86\u79fb\u5c45\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6240\u6709\u767d\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7b7e\u8ba2\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u7b54\u5e94\u4e3a\u5176\u5e72\u6d3b4-7\u5e74\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u81f3\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u65c5\u8d39\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u5e2e\u624b\u3001\u624b\u827a\u4eba\u548c\u519c\u573a\u5e2e\u5de5\u3002\u5951\u7ea6\u671f\u6ee1\u540e\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u83b7\u5f97\u5c0f\u5757\u571f\u5730\u6216\u8005\u5de5\u5177\u3002
\u25c6 \u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a
\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u2014\u2014\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u83b7\u53d6\u6bdb\u76ae\u3001\u9c7c\u548c\u6728\u6750\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79cd\u690d\u519c\u573a\u54c1\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e5f\u4ece\u4e8b\u67d0\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\uff1a\u7ec7\u5e03\u3001\u5236\u8863\u3001\u5236\u9769\u3001\u5236\u978b\u3001\u6728\u6750\u52a0\u5de5\u3001\u5bb6\u5177\u5236\u4f5c\u3001\u94f8\u94c1\u3001\u6253\u9020\u5668\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u8d77\u521d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u800c\u5728\u519c\u573a\u6216\u8005\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5de5\u4e1a\u5236\u54c1\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u624b\u827a\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u9020\u5c0f\u578b\u5730\u65b9\u5de5\u5382\u3002\u5f88\u5feb\u5730\uff0c\u7eba\u7ec7\u54c1\u3001\u94c1\u5236\u5668\u5177\u3001\u793c\u5e3d\u6210\u4e3a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u5176\u4ea7\u54c1\u9010\u6e10\u8d85\u8d8a\u5730\u65b9\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u8239\u8236\u5236\u9020\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u969c\u788d\u2014\u2014\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8d44\u91d1\uff1b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u719f\u7ec3\u5de5\u4eba\uff1b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u5185\u9646\u8fd0\u8f93\u8bbe\u65bd\u6765\u6269\u6563\u4ea7\u54c1\uff1b\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u654c\u89c6\u3002
\u82f1\u56fd\u6839\u636e\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u53ea\u5e94\u8be5\u751f\u4ea7\u539f\u6599\uff0c\u4ece\u6bcd\u56fd\u6362\u53d6\u5de5\u4e1a\u54c1\u30021699\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u6bdb\u7ec7\u54c1\u6cd5\u300b\u548c1732\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5236\u5e3d\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u4efb\u4f55\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6216\u8005\u6d77\u5916\u51fa\u53e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4e1a\u5236\u54c1\u30021750\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u5236\u94c1\u6cd5\u300b\u9f13\u52b1\u5c06\u7c97\u94c1\u8fd0\u5f80\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u5236\u9020\u94c1\u6210\u54c1\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5b9e\u8df5
\u25c6 \u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff1a\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\u3001\u4eba\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u5316\u3001\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u5f3a\u7b49\u7279\u70b9\u3002
1700\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u5c5e\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u53e3\u5927\u7ea625\u4e07\uff1b50\u5e74\u540e\u76841750\u5e74\u589e\u957f6\u500d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230150\u4e07\u3002\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u957f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u8fdb\u5165\uff1b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u7387\u3002
\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5141\u8bb8\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd"\u7194\u7089"\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u4ece\u82f1\u4f26\u8bf8\u5c9b\u5c31\u6765\u4e86\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u4eba\u3001\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u4eba\u3001\u82cf\u7231\u4eba\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba\u3002\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u975e\u82f1\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5f88\u591a\u79fb\u5c45\u8005\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u7279\u62c9\u534e\u548c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u539f\u5c45\u6c11\u662f\u745e\u5178\u4eba\u548c\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u53ef\u5206\u4e09\u5927\u9636\u7ea7\uff1a\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u548c\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5982\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u548c\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5982\u7267\u5e08\u548c\u5f8b\u5e08\uff1b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u5c0f\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u548c\u719f\u7ec3\u6280\u5de5\uff1b\u5e95\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u5951\u7ea6\u5974\u548c\u5974\u96b6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u5e76\u975e\u4e16\u88ad\u7684\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u5974\u96b6\uff09\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u4e0a\u5347\u6216\u4e0b\u964d\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u3002
\u25c6 \u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u6559\u80b2
\u521d\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u2014\u2014\u8f83\u4e4b\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u9646\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8981\u597d\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u6b63\u89c4\u6559\u80b2\u56e0\u5404\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u800c\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0a\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u4e4b\u5b50\u5973\u901a\u8fc7\u6602\u8d35\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6559\u5e08\u6216\u8005\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u5b9e\u7528\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u53e4\u5178\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u8fb9\u7586\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u8f83\u5c11\u63a5\u53d7\u6b63\u89c4\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u6559\u4e60"3R"\uff08reading, 'riting, and 'rithmetic\uff09\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u7236\u6bcd\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u4f1a\u5b69\u5b50\u9605\u8bfb\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u30021647\u5e74\uff0c\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u9547\u5efa\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6559\u5b69\u5b50\u8bc6\u5b57\u3002\u540e\u6765\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e5f\u91c7\u53d6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u7acb\u6cd5\u672a\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u5f88\u597d\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002
\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u2014\u2014\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6bd4\u8f83\u65e9\u5730\u5c31\u91cd\u89c6\u53d1\u5c55\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u57f9\u517b\u5e74\u8f7b\u7267\u5e08\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6709\uff1a\u54c8\u4f5b\uff081636\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u5a01\u5ec9\u548c\u739b\u8389\uff081693\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u8036\u9c81\uff081701\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\uff081746\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff081754\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u672c\u6770\u660e\u00b7\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff081751\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u548c\u4eba\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u523018\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9ad8\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\u90fd\u57f9\u517b\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e16\u4fd7\u804c\u4e1a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u3002
\u25c6 \u5370\u5237\u7269
\u4e66\u7c4d\u548c\u62a5\u7eb8\u2014\u2014\u867d\u7136\u4e66\u7c4d\u5f88\u8d35\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5c11\u79cd\u690d\u56ed\u4e3b\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u53ef\u89c2\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u85cf\u4e66\u3002\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u4e8e1731\u5e74\u5728\u8d39\u57ce\u5efa\u7acb\u7b2c\u4e00\u6240\u6350\u52a9\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u6350\u6b3e\u7528\u4e8e\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u9605\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u85cf\u4e66\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u57ce\u5e02\u4e0d\u4e45\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u534f\u4f1a\u3002\u7136\u800c\u591a\u6570\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u4e24\u672c\u4e66\u7c4d\uff1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b97\u6559\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff1b\u5305\u542b\u65e5\u5386\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u6709\u5173\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u70f9\u8c03\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u300a\u5386\u4e66\u300b\u3002\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u7a77\u4eba\u7406\u67e5\u5386\u4e66\u300b\u4fbf\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4eba\u4e5f\u51fa\u7248\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u62a5\u7eb8\u662f1704\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u6bcf\u5468\u65b0\u95fb\u300b\uff08The Boston Weekly News-letter\uff09\u3002\u5176\u540e50\u5e74\uff0c11\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5171\u51fa\u7248\u670927\u4efd\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002\u5370\u5237\u6240\u8fd8\u51fa\u7248\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6709\u5173\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u3002
\u25c6 \u65b0\u578b\u201c\u7f8e\u6d32\u4eba\u201d\uff08\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u201d\uff09\u7684\u51fa\u73b0
\u82f1\u5c5e\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\u6216\u8005\u82f1\u56fd\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65e7\u7684\u98ce\u4fd7\u3001\u4e60\u60ef\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b27\u6d32\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8e\u6d32\u73af\u5883\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u897f\u90e8\u62e5\u6709\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u571f\u5730\u3001\u8fb9\u7586\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff09\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u9020\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6709\u6240\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5174\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u81ea\u529b\u66f4\u751f\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u65b0\u4eba\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f8e\u6d32\u4eba\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u5185\u5fc3\u8fd8\u662f\u5916\u8868\uff09\u3002
\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u4ee3\u56fd\u738b\u4e16\u88ad\u8868\uff1a
\u4e00\u3001\u8bfa\u66fc\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e00\u4e16(\u5f81\u670d\u738b)\uff08\u6cd5\u6587:Guillaume le Conqu\u00e9rant; \u82f1\u8bed\uff1aKing William I The Conqueror; \u62c9\u4e01\u6587\uff1aWillielmus Rex Anglorum\uff0c1028\u5e749\u6708-1087\u5e749\u67089\u65e5\uff09\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u516c\u7235\uff081035\u5e74-1087\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff081066\u5e74-1087\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u3002
2\u3001\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e8c\u4e16\u00b7\u9c81\u5f17\u65af \uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dWilliam II Rufus\uff0c\u7ea61056\u5e74\uff5e1100\u5e748\u67082\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311087\u5e74\u52301100\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
3\u3001\u4ea8\u5229\u4e00\u4e16 Henry I \uff081068\u5e74\u20141135\u5e7412\u67081\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u738b\u671d\u56fd\u738b\uff081100\u5e74\u20141135\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u3002
4\u3001\u65af\u8482\u82ac\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dStephen\uff0c1096\u5e74\uff5e1154\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311135\u5e74\u52301154\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
\u4e8c\u3001\u5b89\u8339\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u4ea8\u5229\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08\u77ed\u6597\u7bf7\uff09Henry II Curmantle\uff081133\u5e743\u670825\u65e5\u20141189\u5e747\u67086\u65e5\uff09\u662f\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff081154\u5e74\u20141189\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u516c\u7235\uff081150\u5e74\u8d77\uff09\u3001\u5b89\u8339\u4f2f\u7235\uff081151\u5e74\u8d77\uff09\u548c\u963f\u57fa\u5766\u516c\u7235\uff081152\u5e74\u8d77\uff09\u3002
2\u3001\u7406\u67e5\u4e00\u4e16(Richard I\uff0c1157\u5e749\u67088\u65e5-1199\u5e744\u67086\u65e5)\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u72ee\u5fc3\u738b\u7406\u67e5\uff08Richard the Lionheart\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u91d1\u96c0\u82b1\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4f4d\u671f\u4e3a1189\u5e74\u81f31199\u5e74\u3002
3\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dJohn\uff0c1166\u5e74\u62161167\u5e7412\u670824\u65e5\uff5e1216\u5e7410\u670818\u65e5\u621619\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311199\u5e74\u52301216\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
\u4e09\u3001\u91d1\u96c0\u82b1\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dJohn\uff0c1166\u5e74\u62161167\u5e7412\u670824\u65e5\uff5e1216\u5e7410\u670818\u65e5\u621619\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311199\u5e74\u52301216\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
2\u3001\u4ea8\u5229\u4e09\u4e16 \uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dHenry III\uff0c1207\u5e7410\u67081\u65e5\uff5e1272\u5e7411\u670816\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311216\u5e74\u52301272\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u7684\u5728\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u65e0\u540d\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002
3\u3001\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u4e00\u4e16 \uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dEdward I\uff0c1239\u5e746\u670817\u65e5\uff5e1307\u5e747\u67087\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311272\u5e74\u52301307\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
4\u3001\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u4e8c\u4e16 \uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dEdward II\uff0c1284\u5e744\u670825\u65e5\uff5e1327\u5e749\u670821\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311307\u5e74\u52301327\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
5\u3001\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u4e09\u4e16 \uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dEdward III\uff0c1312\u5e7411\u670813\u65e5\uff5e1377\u5e746\u670821\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c1327\u5e74\u52301377\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
6\u3001\u7406\u67e5\u4e8c\u4e16 \uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dRichard II\uff0c1367\u5e74\u7ea61\u67086\u65e5\uff5e1400\u5e742\u670814\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311377\u5e74\u52301399\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
\u56db\u3001\u5170\u5f00\u65af\u7279\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u4ea8\u5229\u56db\u4e16 \uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dHenry IV\uff0c1367\u5e744\u67083\u65e5\uff5e1413\u5e743\u670820\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311399\u5e74\u52301413\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
2\u3001\u4ea8\u5229\u4e94\u4e16 Henry V\uff081387\u5e748\u67089\u65e5\u62169\u670816\u65e5\u20141422\u5e748\u670831\u65e5\uff09\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5170\u5361\u65af\u7279\u738b\u671d\u56fd\u738b\uff081413\u5e74\u20141422\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u3002
3\u3001\u4ea8\u5229\u516d\u4e16 Henry VI \uff081421\u5e7412\u67086\u65e5\u20141471\u5e745\u670821\u65e5\u62165\u670822\u65e5\uff09\u5170\u5361\u65af\u7279\u738b\u671d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff081422\u5e74\u20141461\u5e74\uff1b1470\u5e74\u20141471\u5e74\uff09\u3002
\u4e94\u3001\u7ea6\u514b\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u56db\u4e16 \uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dEdward IV\uff0c1442\u5e744\u670828\u65e5\uff5e1483\u5e744\u67089\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u75311461\u5e743\u67084\u65e5\u52301483\u5e744\u67089\u65e5\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
2\u3001\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u4e94\u4e16 \uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dEdward V\uff0c1470\u5e7411\u67084\u65e5\uff5e\u7ea61483\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c1483\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
3\u3001\u7406\u67e5\u4e09\u4e16\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dRichard III\uff0c1452\u5e7410\u67082\u65e5\uff5e1485\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c1483\u5e74\u52301485\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
\u516d\u3001\u90fd\u94ce\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u4ea8\u5229\u4e03\u4e16\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dRichard III\uff0c1457\u5e741\u670828\u65e5\uff5e1509\u5e744\u670821\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff0c1485\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\u52301509\u5e744\u670821\u65e5\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
2\u3001\u4ea8\u5229\u516b\u4e16\uff08\u751f\u4e8e1491\u5e746\u670828\u65e5\u2013\u5352\u4e8e1547\u5e741\u670828\u65e5)\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u90fd\u94ce\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u4e03\u4e16\u6b21\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u81ea1509\u5e744\u670822\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
3\u3001\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u516d\u4e16\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dEdward VI\uff0c1537\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\uff5e1553\u5e747\u67086\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\uff0c1547\u5e741\u670828\u65e5\u52301553\u5e747\u67086\u65e5\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
4\u3001\u7434\u00b7\u683c\u857e\u6216\u8005\u7b80\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\uff08\u53ef\u80fd1537\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\uff0c1554\u5e742\u670812\u65e5\u901d\u4e16\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5973\u738b\u3002\u5979\u5728\u4f4d\u4ec5\u4e8e1553\u5e74\u5185\u6570\u65e5\u3002\u4f46\u5979\u7684\u5973\u738b\u5730\u4f4d\u6709\u4e89\u8bba(\u5728\u4f4d\u53ea\u6709\u4e5d\u5929\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f0f\u7b97\u4f5c\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u738b)\u3002
5\u3001\u739b\u4e3d\u4e00\u4e16\uff0c\uff08Mary I, 1516\u5e742\u670818\u65e5-1558\u5e7411\u670817\u65e5\uff09\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u5973\u738b(\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5979\u662f\u4ece1553\u5e747\u67086\u65e5, \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4ece7\u670819\u65e5\u5728\u4f4d\u4e00\u76f4\u52301558\u5e7411\u670817\u65e5\u5979\u53bb\u4e16\u65f6\uff09\u3002
6\u3001\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u4e00\u4e16\uff08Elizabeth I\uff0c1533\u5e749\u67087\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u683c\u6797\u5c3c\u6cbb\uff0c\u5373\u4eca\u65e5\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u683c\u6797\u5c3c\u6cbb\uff0c1603\u5e743\u670824\u65e5\u901d\u4e16\u4e8e\u8428\u91cc\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e1558\u5e7411\u670817\u65e5\u81f31603\u5e743\u670824\u65e5\u4efb\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u5973\u738b\uff0c\u662f\u90fd\u94ce\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u4f4d\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u541b\u4e3b\u3002
\u4e03\u3001\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u4e00\u4e16\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dJames I\uff0c1566\u5e746\u670819\u65e5\uff5e1625\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\uff0c1603\u5e743\u670824\u65e5\u52301625\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\u5728\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u738b\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u516d\u4e16\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u540dJames VI)\uff0c1567\u5e747\u670824\u65e5\u52301625\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\u5728\u4f4d\u3002
2\u3001\u67e5\u7406\u4e00\u4e16\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u738b\u671d\u7684\u56fd\u738b\uff08Charles I\uff0c\u65e0\u5934\u67e5\u7406\uff0c1600~1649,1625\uff5e1649\u5728\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u4e00\u4e16\u4e4b\u5b50\u3002
3\u3001\u67e5\u7406\u4e8c\u4e16 \uff08King Chales II\uff0c\u590d\u8f9f\uff0c1630~1685,1660~1685\u5728\u4f4d)
4\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08KING JAMES II\uff0c1633~1701,1685~1688\u5728\u4f4d\uff09
5\u3001\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e09\u4e16\u548c\u739b\u4e3d\u4e8c\u4e16 \uff08King William III,1650~1702,1689~1702\u5728\u4f4d, Queen Mary II\uff0c1662~1694,1689~1694\u5728\u4f4d)
6\u3001\u5b89\u59ae\u5973\u738b \uff08Queen Ann\uff0c1665~1714,1702~1714\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d\uff09
\u516b\u3001\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e00\u4e16 \uff08King George I,1660~1727,1714~1727\u5728\u4f4d\uff09
2\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e8c\u4e16 \uff081683\uff5e1760\uff0c1727~1760\u5728\u4f4d, George II\uff09
3\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e09\u4e16 (King George III\uff0c1738\u5e746\u67084\u65e5-1820\u5e741\u670829\u65e5\uff0c1760\u5e74~1820\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d)\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u53ca\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u6c49\u8bfa\u5a01\u7687\u671d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4efb\u541b\u4e3b\u3002\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e8c\u4e16\u7684\u5b59\u5b50\uff0c1760\u5e74\u5373\u4f4d\uff0c\u76f4\u52301820\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u7ec8\u5e7481\u5c81\u3002
4\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u56db\u4e16\uff08 King George IV,1762~1830,1820~1830\u5728\u4f4d\uff09
5\u3001\u5a01\u5ec9\u56db\u4e16 \uff08King William IV1765~1837,1830~1837\u5728\u4f4d\uff09
6\u3001\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u5973\u738b\uff08Alexandrina Victoria 1819\u5e745\u670824\u65e5 - 1901\u5e741\u670822\u65e5\uff0c1830\u5e74~1901\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d) \u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u6700\u957f\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u201c\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u8054\u5408\u738b\u56fd\u5973\u738b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5370\u5ea6\u5973\u7687\u201d\u540d\u53f7\u79f0\u547c\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u3002
\u4e5d\u3001\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u2014\u79d1\u5821-\u54e5\u8fbe\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u4e03\u4e16 \uff08King Edward VII\uff0c1841~1910,1901~1910\u5728\u4f4d\uff09
\u5341\u3001\u6e29\u838e\u738b\u671d
1\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e94\u4e16\uff08 King George V1865~1936,1910~1936\u5728\u4f4d\uff09
2\u3001\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u516b\u4e16\uff08King Edward VIII1894~1972,1936\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d11\u4e2a\u6708\uff09
3\u3001\u4e54\u6cbb\u516d\u4e16\uff08King George VI\uff0c1895\u5e7412\u670814\u65e5~1952\u5e742\u67086\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u539f\u540d\u827e\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u6e29\u838e(1)\uff08Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor\uff09\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\uff0c1936\u5e7412\u670811\u65e5\u81f31952\u5e742\u67086\u65e5\u5728\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u5370\u5ea6\u7687\u5e1d\uff081936-1947\uff09\u3001\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u56fd\u738b\uff081936-1949\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4f4d\u5370\u5ea6\u81ea\u6cbb\u9886\u56fd\u738b\uff081947-1949\uff09\u3002
4\u3001\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u4e8c\u4e16\u5973\u738b\u965b\u4e0b\uff08Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II\uff0c\u751f\u4e8e1926\u5e74,1926\u5e744\u670821\u65e5\u5373\u4f4d\uff09\uff0c\u5168\u540d\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u00b7\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u62c9\u00b7\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u6e29\u838e\uff08Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor\uff09\uff0c\u73b0\u4efb\u82f1\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u8054\u90a615\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9996\u9886\u3002\u5979\u7684\u5934\u8854\u5168\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u53ca\u5317\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u8054\u5408\u738b\u56fd\u4e0e\u5176\u56fd\u571f\u548c\u9886\u5730\u4e4b\u5973\u738b\uff0c\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u5143\u9996\uff0c\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff09\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8005\u201d\u3002\u5979\u4e8e1952\u5e742\u67086\u65e5\u52a0\u5195\uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u7b2c\u4e09\u957f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\uff0c\u5728\u5979\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5927\u7ea6\u751f\u6d3b\u77401.25\u4ebf\u4eba\u3002
英国国王在中世纪从来就不会是专制君主，因为据说有“王在法下的”传统所限制。王权受到很多方面的限制和约束。历史上出现了很多国王努力从各个方面扩大王权，而贵族就力图用传统制度来去限制王权在一定的范围之内。亨利二世与卡特伯雷大主教贝克莱的争论和最后导致后者被杀的起因还是为了扩大王权。国王有权利任命大主教的人选，而贝克莱却加以阻止。这一事件导致亨利二世的名誉下降，连国王内心感到悔恨。不管怎样，亨利二世还是在很多方面扩大了王权。
贵族限制国王权力有不少 如当时的贵族强迫国王约翰签署《自由大宪章》的条款。当时的国王因为情况很紧急就答应了。亨利三世时期的《牛津条例》也是限制王权的体现。
爱德华一世有名是因为他是“立法者”。“议会”这一形式出现于这个时期，对英国后来的政治发展影响深远 。
百年战争以后国王的权力相当大，因为当时的旧贵族家族都在战争中消失了，城堡也被强行拆毁了。亨利七世作为兰开斯特家族的后代，也是爱德华三世的后代，与约克家族的公主伊莉莎白结婚，她是爱德华四世的长女，后来成都为都铎王朝第一任国王和王后。
都铎王朝国王权力处于强盛时期，国王的权力比任何时期都要大。如亨利八世的离婚事件就可以说明。在过去国王要离婚是很难的，感情不和不是离婚的理由；没有男性后代这个理由也不行。后来国王还是设法用其它途径解决了离婚的事件。英国的国教也是源于这个事件。
历代国王的权力总体来说是不可能与东方的封建王朝相比的。国王的婚姻可以说是很明显的例子。 国王结婚要得到教皇的同意。教皇的权力在中世纪是高于国王和皇帝的。在中世纪晚期，教皇与法国国王菲力四世的矛盾与冲突充分体现出王权与教权的深刻矛盾。
在查理一世即位之前，英国社会的矛盾也很尖锐的。
可参见 资料
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=Y2YKk-4l20KI-Mm7k9I2rfIM0E2yYpwwziCYbxSfyG_44FnyHss6RjALQmfLTFsfPbhjtk_3tG5hWtsFalkfd_
绛旓細1銆佽タ钀ㄥ厠妫帇鏈濓紙829-1016骞达級2銆佽鏇煎簳鐜嬫湞锛1066骞-1154骞达級3銆閲戦泙鑺辩帇鏈锛1154鈥1399骞达級4銆佺害鍏嬬帇鏈濓紙1461鈥1485骞达級5銆閮介搸鐜嬫湞锛1485-1603骞达級6銆鏂浘浜氱壒鐜嬫湞锛1603骞达紞1714骞达級7銆佹眽璇哄▉鐜嬫湞锛1714骞达紞1901骞达級8銆佽惃鍏嬫．锛嶇鍫★紞鍝ヨ揪鐜嬫湞锛1901锛1917骞达級9銆佹俯鑾庣帇鏈濓紙1917-鑷充粖锛...
绛旓細1603骞,浼婁附鑾庣櫧濂崇帇姝诲悗鏃犲棧,鑻忔牸鍏板浗鐜嬭┕濮嗘柉鍏笘缁ф壙鑻卞浗鐜嬩綅,绉拌┕濮嗘柉涓涓(1603锝1625鍦ㄤ綅),寮濮鏂浘浜氱壒鐜嬫湞缁熸不(1603锝1649,1660锝1714)銆16涓栫邯鍚庡崐鍙跺埌17涓栫邯鍓嶅崐鍙,璧勬湰涓讳箟缁忔祹杩呴熷彂灞,缁忔祹瀹炲姏鏃ョ泭寮哄ぇ鐨勮祫浜ч樁绾у拰鏂拌吹鏃忚秺鏉ヨ秺涓嶈兘蹇嶅彈灏佸缓鐜嬫潈鐨勪笓鍒剁粺娌汇備絾瑭瑰鏂竴涓栧拰鏌ョ悊涓涓鏃犺杩欎簺鍙樺寲,鍧氭寔鈥滃悰鏉冪鎺...
绛旓細1銆佷箶娌讳竴涓 锛圞ing George I,1660~1727,1714~1727鍦ㄤ綅锛 2銆佷箶娌讳簩涓 锛1683锝1760锛1727~1760鍦ㄤ綅, George II锛 3銆佷箶娌讳笁涓 (King George III锛1738骞6鏈4鏃-1820骞1鏈29鏃ワ紝1760骞磣1820骞村湪浣)鏄嫳鍥藉強鐖卞皵鍏扮殑鍥界帇锛屾眽璇哄▉鐜嬫湞鐨勭涓変换鍚涗富銆備箶娌讳簩涓栫殑瀛欏瓙锛1760骞村嵆浣嶏紝鐩村埌1820骞村幓...
绛旓細鏂拏鑺 (甯冩礇鐡︾帇鏈) 瀹夎尮鐜嬫湞 浜ㄥ埄浜屼笘 "鐭枟绡风帇"鐞嗘煡涓涓 "鐙績鐜"绾︾堪 "鏃犲湴鐜" 閲戦泙鑺辩帇鏈 浜ㄥ埄涓変笘 鐖卞痉鍗庝竴涓 "闀胯剼鐜"鐖卞痉鍗庝簩涓 鐖卞痉鍗庝笁涓 鐞嗘煡浜屼笘 鍏板紑鏂壒鐜嬫湞 浜ㄥ埄鍥涗笘 浜ㄥ埄浜斾笘 浜ㄥ埄鍏笘 绾﹀厠鐜嬫湞 鐖卞痉鍗庡洓涓 鐖卞痉鍗庝簲涓 鐞嗘煡涓変笘 閮介搸鐜嬫湞 浜ㄥ埄涓冧笘 浜ㄥ埄鍏...
绛旓細涔旀不浜屼笘鏄眽璇哄▉鐜嬫湞绗簩浠ｅ悰涓伙紝鐢熶簬鍏厓1683骞达紝涔旀不涓涓栫殑鐙瓙锛屽叕鍏1727骞44宀佺殑涔旀不涓涓栭┚宕╁悗缁ф壙鐜嬩綅锛屼粬涓鐢熺儹鐖卞啗浜嬶紝缁忓父寰￠┚浜插緛锛屾槸鑻卞浗鍘嗗彶涓烘暟涓嶅皯鐨勭粡甯镐笂鎴樺満鐨勫浗鐜嬶紝鏇剧粡浜茶嚜鎸囨尌鍐涢槦鎵撹触寰堝娆ф床鍥藉銆3銆佷箶娌讳笁涓 涔旀不涓変笘鏄眽璇哄▉鐜嬫湞绗笁浠ｅ悰涓伙紝鐢熶簬鍏厓1738骞达紝涔旀不浜屼笘鐨勯暱瀛...
绛旓細鑻卞浗濂崇帇鍦ㄨ嫳鍥藉浜庝竴涓粺鑰屼笉娌荤殑鍦颁綅锛屼絾娌℃湁瀹為檯鐨勭粺娌鏉冿紝鑻卞浗棣栫浉灞呬簬缁熸不鍦颁綅锛屾嫢鏈夊疄闄呯殑缁熸不鏉冦傝嚜17涓栫邯鏈紝鍏夎崳闈╁懡涔嬪悗锛岃嫳鍥藉浗鐜嬬殑缁熸不鏉冨埄閫愭笎杞Щ鍒板唴闃侊紝鑻卞浗鍐呴榿鐨勮瘽浜嬩汉灏辨槸棣栫浉锛屼絾閭ｆ椂棣栫浉鐨勬潈鍒╄繕娌℃湁閭ｄ箞澶э紝鎵鏈夊唴闃佺殑鍐冲畾杩橀渶瑕佽嫳鍥藉浗鐜嬬殑绛惧悕锛屼絾鍚庢潵鏈変竴浣嶈嫳鍥藉浗鐜嬫兂瑕佸杈鑻卞浗鐨...
绛旓細鐖卞痉鍗庝竷涓栵紙Edward VII锛1841骞11鏈9鏃モ1910骞5鏈6鏃ワ級锛岃嫳鍥藉浗鐜嬶紙1901锝1910锛夈缁村鍒╀簹濂崇帇鍜岄樋灏斾集鐗逛翰鐜嬩箣瀛愶紝鏇惧湪鐗涙触涓庡墤妗ュぇ瀛﹀氨璇伙紝1863骞翠笌涓归害鍏嬮噷鏂拏瀹変節涓栦箣濂充簹鍘嗗北寰锋媺缁撳銆傜埍寰峰崕瀵硅禌椹佹父鑹囨瘮璧涘挨鍏舵劅鍒板叴瓒ｃ傜敱浜庝粬鐢熸椿涓嶆嫎绀艰妭锛屾湁鏃跺け浜庢鐐癸紝鍥犳濂崇帇涓鐩翠笉璁镐粬鎺岀鏈夊叧瀹為檯鏈濇斂...
绛旓細5鐜涗附涓涓栵紙1516鈥1558锛夛紙鑻辨牸鍏板コ鐜1553鈥1558锛6浼婁附鑾庣櫧涓涓栵紙1533鈥1603锛(鑻辨牸鍏板コ鐜1558-1603)鏂浘浜氱壒鐜嬫湞锛1603鈥1714骞达級锛1瑭瑰鏂竴涓(1566-1625)(鑻忔牸鍏板浗鐜1567-1625锛岃嫳鏍煎叞鍥界帇1603-1625鍦ㄤ綅)2鏌ョ悊涓涓(1600-1649)(鑻辨牸鍏板浗鐜1625-1649)1649-1653 鍏卞拰鏀夸綋 1鎶ゅ浗鍏ゥ鍒╁紬�6�...
绛旓細鑻卞浗鐨勭粺娌昏呮槸棣栫浉 甯冨叞灏 鎴堢櫥路甯冩湕 鑻卞浗缁熸不鑰呬腑鏈浼熷ぇ鐨 寰佹湇鑰濞佸粔涓涓.鑻卞浗濞佹潈鐨勯《宄
绛旓細鐮哥儌鎹ｆ瘉寰峰浗浜虹殑鍟嗗簵锛屾嫵鎵撹剼韪㈡様鏃ュ嶅彈瀹犵埍鐨勫痉鍥界灏忕寧鐙楄厞鑲狅紝浜轰滑瀵逛换浣曡兘澶熶笌鍙伓鐨勫痉鍥戒汉鑱旂郴涓婄殑浜嬫儏閮藉ぇ鍔犻灜鎸炪傝繖杩樹笉澶熻В鎭紝鍙嶅痉鐨勭煕澶寸洿鎸囩殗瀹ゃ傚洜涓鸿繖鏃跺欙紝鑻卞浗姝ｅ鍦ㄨ惃鍏嬫．-绉戝牎-鍝ヨ揪鐜嬫湞缁熸不涔嬩笅锛岃岃鐜嬫湞鐨勭粺娌昏鐨勭埗绯荤鍏堢鍫″鏃忔潵鑷痉鍥斤紝钀ㄥ厠妫-绉戝牎-鍝ヨ揪杩欎釜鍚嶅瓧涔熸潵婧愪簬寰锋枃銆傛墍浠...
