评价中国食品安全问题的主要因素 我国食品安全的主要问题是什么
\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u53e4\u5c31\u6709\u201c\u6c11\u4ee5\u98df\u4e3a\u5929\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5386\u671d\u5386\u4ee3\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u6700\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u767e\u59d3\u5403\u996d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u89c1\u5f97\u98df\u54c1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u540e\u534a\u53e5\u201c\u98df\u4ee5\u5b89\u4e3a\u5148\u201d\u66f4\u662f\u51f8\u663e\u51fa\u4e86\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u6c11\u751f\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u82cf\u4e39\u7ea2\u3001\u540a\u767d\u5757\u3001\u6bd2\u7c73\u3001\u6bd2\u6cb9\u3001\u5b54\u96c0\u77f3\u7eff\u3001\u7626\u8089\u7cbe\u3001\u4e09\u805a\u6c30\u80fa\u7b49\u4e8b\u4ef6,\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u5168\u7403\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u5f62\u52bf\u5341\u5206\u4e25\u5cfb.\u65e5\u76ca\u52a0\u5267\u7684\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u548c\u9891\u7e41\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u751f\u547d\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5a01\u80c1,\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u70ed\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u800c\u9891\u9891\u88ab\u66dd\u5149\u7684\u6821\u56ed\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u66f4\u662f\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u63a8\u5411\u4e86\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u6548\u80fd\u523b\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7f13\u3002
\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u884c\u4e1a\u5448\u73b0\u88c2\u53d8\u5f0f\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u8fd8\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u90fd\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\u7684\u6e17\u900f\u529b\u3002\u5f53\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u7ba1\u6444\u5165\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u8fd9\u4e00\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u9886\u57df\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u6210\u4e3a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u79d1\u6280\u65b0\u4e00\u8f6e\u53ae\u6740\u7684\u9635\u5730\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u98df\u5802\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u6709\u70b9\u7a7a\u767d\uff0c\u800c\u51e0\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u3001\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u9886\u57df\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u56fd\u6784\u5efa\u5168\u9762\u5c0f\u5eb7\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u5728\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u9886\u57df\u80fd\u5426\u5b8c\u7f8e\u8fbe\u6210\uff1f\u76d1\u7ba1\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5207\u5165\uff0c\u53c8\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\uff1f
\u72b6\u51b5\u9891\u51fa\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u76d1\u7ba1\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u5b58\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff1f
\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u9175\uff0c\u4e0d\u5355\u5355\u4f1a\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u6267\u653f\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u8003\u9a8c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u65e5\u76ca\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e0b\u51e0\u70b9\uff1a
\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u601d\u60f3\u9053\u5fb7\u7d20\u8d28\u8f83\u5dee\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u725f\u53d6\u66b4\u5229\uff0c\u4e0d\u60dc\u4ee5\u727a\u7272\u5b69\u5b50\u8eab\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\u3002\u5728\u98df\u54c1\u91c7\u8d2d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u9009\u62e9\u52a3\u8d28\u539f\u6599\u6765\u964d\u4f4e\u751f\u4ea7\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5229\u6da6\u3002
\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u5b58\u5728\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6211\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5efa\u7acb\u5065\u5168\u4e86\u76f8\u5173\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d1\u89c4\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e0d\u6cd5\u5546\u8d29\u6234\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e00\u9053\u67b7\u9501\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6821\u56ed\u76d1\u7ba1\u529b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u5230\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u6f0f\u7f51\u4e4b\u9c7c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\u5c31\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u9886\u5bfc\u7ee7\u7eed\u94e4\u800c\u8d70\u9669\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u3002
\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u60e9\u5904\u529b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u591f\u3002\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u8fdd\u6cd5\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u7f5a\u6ca1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u60e9\u7f5a\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4e0e\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5de8\u989d\u5229\u6da6\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u8fd9\u70b9\u7f5a\u91d1\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u505a\u4ee5\u8d77\u5230\u8b66\u793a\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u9707\u6151\u4e0d\u6cd5\u5206\u5b50\u8ffd\u9010\u66b4\u5229\u7684\u5fc3\u3002\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u8ddf\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002
\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u8fa8\u522b\u80fd\u529b\u8f83\u5dee\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6c11\u4f17\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u5173\u6ce8\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5c45\u6c11\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u751f\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fa8\u522b\u6240\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u9690\u60a3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u98df\u54c1\u95ee\u9898\u5c61\u5c61\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002
\u9488\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u5f7b\u5e95\u89e3\u51b3\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u8fd9\u4e00\u5371\u673a\u5230\u6c11\u751f\u56fd\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u9760\u5355\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6548\u679c\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u591a\u7ba1\u9f50\u4e0b\uff0c\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u9f50\u6293\u5171\u7ba1\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u4ece\u6e90\u5934\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5c0f\u864e\u7259\u79d1\u6280\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\u5229\u7528\u5927\u6570\u636e+\u4e92\u8054\u7f51+\u667a\u6167\u7269\u8054\uff0c\u7531\u4f20\u7edf\u660e\u53a8\u4eae\u7076\u540c\u6b65\u5347\u7ea7\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u5316\u6574\u5408\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u56db\u5927\u677f\u5757\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u5411\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u3001\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u5316\u3001\u667a\u6167\u5316\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u578b\u7684\u201c\u56db\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u5171\u540c\u76d1\u7763\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u6211\u76d1\u7763\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u76d1\u7763\u3001\u76d1\u7ba1\u90e8\u95e8\u76d1\u7763\u7684\u4e92\u8054\u4e92\u901a\u7684\u5171\u6cbb\u7ba1\u7406\u5e73\u53f0\u3002
\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5c0f\u864e\u7259\u79d1\u6280\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u667a\u6167\u53a8\u623f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3a\u51e0\u5341\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u5e7c\u513f\u56ed\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u98df\u54c1\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u667a\u6167\u57ce\u5e02\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6108\u6e10\u6210\u719f\u3001\u5b8c\u5584\u3002
\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u522b\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5c0f\u864e\u7259\u79d1\u6280\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e3a\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u8d21\u732e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u6743\u76ca\u3002
\u6211\u56fd\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898
\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u5b89\u5168\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ece\u6709\u5173\u90e8\u95e8\u4e0d\u5b9a\u671f\u5bf9\u98df\u54c1\u8d28\u91cf\u62bd\u67e5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u770b\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u8d28\u91cf\u95ee\u9898\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u536b\u751f\u6307\u6807\u8d85\u6807\uff0c\u83cc\u843d\u603b\u6570\u3001\u5927\u80a0\u6746\u83cc\u7fa4\u7b49\u4e25\u91cd\u8d85\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u8fc7\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u8bb8\u591a\u500d\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u8d85\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u98df\u54c1\u6dfb\u52a0\u5242\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u5df2\u7ecf\u660e\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u6dfb\u52a0\u5242\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u82ef\u7532\u9178\u3001\u5c71\u68a8\u9178\u542b\u91cf\u8d85\u6807\uff0c\u8fdd\u89c4\u7528\u5df2\u7ecf\u7981\u7528\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u5408\u6210\u8272\u7d20\u7626\u8089\u7cbe\u3001\u4e09\u805a\u6c30\u80fa\u3001\u540a\u767d\u5757\u7b49\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u98df\u54c1\u5305\u88c5\u3001\u6807\u7b7e\u7b49\u4e0d\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u865a\u5047\u6807\u7b7e\u3001\u4ee5\u6b21\u5145\u597d\u7b49\u4eba\u4e3a\u9020\u5047\u3001\u73b0\u8c61\u8f83\u591a
\u98df\u54c1\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u98df\u7269\u94fe\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u539f\u6599\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u52a0\u5de5\u3001\u8d2e\u8fd0\u3001\u9500\u552e\u76f4\u5230\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u65e2\u6709\u56e0\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u56e0\u7cbe\u795e\u6587\u660e\u7d20\u8d28\u4e0d\u9ad8\u800c\u5f04\u865a\u4f5c\u5047\u6216\u5bf9\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u591f\u7b49\u4eba\u4e3a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8bf8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a
\uff081\uff09\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5371\u5bb3\u6e90
\u751f\u7269\u6027\u6c61\u67d3\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u5305\u62ec\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u98df\u6e90\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u53ca\u5176\u4ee3\u8c22\u6bd2\u7d20\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u98df\u6e90\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u662f\u5f53\u524d\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2d\u56fd\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u5371\u5bb3\u516c\u4f17\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20, \u4ee5\u7ec6\u83cc\u3001\u75c5\u6bd2\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u6c61\u67d3\u5305\u62ec\u7ec6\u83cc\u6027\u6c61\u67d3\u3001\u75c5\u6bd2\u548c\u771f\u83cc\u53ca\u5176\u6bd2\u7d20\u7684\u6c61\u67d3\u3002\u76ee\u524d, \u4e2d\u56fd\u5c1a\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u98df\u6e90\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u62a5\u544a\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f30\u8ba1, \u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u98df\u6e90\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6f0f\u62a5\u7387\u572895%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64, \u5728\u4e2d\u56fd, \u5fae\u751f\u7269\u6c61\u67d3\u6210\u4e3a\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2d\u56fd\u98df\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u7f6a\u9b41\u7978\u9996\u3002\u7ec6\u83cc\u5bf9\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u6c61\u67d3\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\u9014\u5f84: \u4e00\u662f\u5bf9\u98df\u54c1\u539f\u6599\u7684\u6c61\u67d3: \u98df\u54c1\u539f\u6599\u54c1\u79cd\u591a\u3001\u6765\u6e90\u5e7f, \u7ec6\u83cc\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u54c1\u79cd\u548c\u6765\u6e90\u800c\u5f02; \u4e8c\u662f\u5bf9\u98df\u54c1\u52a0\u5de5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6c61\u67d3; \u4e09\u662f\u5728\u98df\u54c1\u8d2e\u5b58\u3001\u8fd0\u8f93\u3001\u9500\u552e\u4e2d\u5bf9\u98df\u54c1\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6c61\u67d3
\uff082\uff09\u3001\u73af\u5883\u5bf9\u519c\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u6c61\u67d3\u3000
\u5316\u5de5\u5382\u6392\u653e\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u3001\u7164\u70df\u7c89\u5c18\u3001\u9178\u96e8\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u5927\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\u6e90;\u6c34\u4f53\u6c61\u67d3\u4e5f\u56e0\u5de5\u4e1a\u5e9f\u6c34\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u6c61\u6c34\u7684\u6392\u653e\u65e5\u76ca\u4e25\u91cd, \u4f7f\u6e14\u4e1a\u548c\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u3002
\uff083\uff09\u3001\u5316\u80a5\u519c\u836f\u7684\u6b8b\u7559
\u8fc7\u91cf\u65bd\u7528\u6c2e\u80a5\u4f7f\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u785d\u9178\u76d0\u79ef\u84c4\u5728\u4f5c\u7269\u4f53\u5185, \u5bf9\u4f5c\u7269\u672c\u8eab\u65e0\u5bb3, \u4f46\u5bf9\u4eba\u755c\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5229\u7528\u7126\u5316\u5382\u5e9f\u6c14\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u6c28\u6c34, \u915a\u7684\u542b\u91cf\u9ad8, \u9020\u6210\u571f\u58e4\u7684\u915a\u6c61\u67d3, \u4f7f\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u4e0b\u964d, \u98df\u54c1\u6709\u5f02\u5473;\u78f7\u77ff\u77f3\u4e2d\u9664\u542b\u78f7\u5916, \u8fd8\u542b\u6709\u7837\u3001\u9549\u3001\u94ec\u3001\u6c1f\u3001\u6c5e\u3001\u94c5\u7b49, \u957f\u671f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u6c61\u67d3\u3002\u519c\u836f\u7684\u8fc7\u91cf\u548c\u8d85\u8303\u56f4\u4f7f\u7528, \u4f7f\u98df\u54c1\u4e2d\u519c\u836f\u6b8b\u7559\u91cf\u589e\u5927, \u5371\u5bb3\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd
\uff084\uff09\u3001\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u4e0e\u5408\u6210\u6fc0\u7d20\u7684\u6ee5\u7528
\u3000\u52a8\u7269\u6027\u98df\u7269\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u9972\u6599\u6dfb\u52a0\u5242\u3002\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u662f\u755c\u79bd\u517b\u6b96\u4e2d\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u9972\u6599\u6dfb\u52a0\u5242, \u5e94\u7528\u91cf\u8fc7\u5927\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u5f53, \u90fd\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u98df\u7528\u8089\u3001\u86cb\u3001\u5976\u9014\u5f84\u5c06\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u4e3a\u523a\u6fc0\u690d\u7269\u548c\u755c\u79bd\u751f\u957f\u800c\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u6fc0\u7d20\u7c7b
\uff085\uff09\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u52a0\u5de5\u73af\u8282
\u8fdd\u89c4\u4f7f\u7528\u6dfb\u52a0\u5242\uff0c\u98df\u54c1\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u6709\u6bd2\u3001\u6709\u5bb3\u7269\u8d28 \u4e00\u4e9b\u4ece\u4e8b\u98df\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u9500\u552e\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u536b\u751f\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u8bc6\u6bd4\u8f83\u6de1\u8584\uff0c\u4e3a\u964d\u4f4e\u751f\u4ea7\u6210\u672c\u3001\u725f\u53d6\u66b4\u5229\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u5236\u4f5c\u3001\u52a0\u5de5\u5904\u7406\u7684\u73af\u8282\u4e2d\u8fdd\u89c4\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u9632\u8150\u5242\u3001\u8272\u7d20\u3001\u6dfb\u52a0\u5242\u7b49\uff0c\u4e3a\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u57cb\u4e0b\u9690\u60a3\u3002\u5982\u7528\u201c\u540a\u767d\u5757\u201d\u5192\u5145\u9762\u7c89\u589e\u767d\u5242\uff0c\u4ee5\u5de5\u4e1a\u77f3\u8721\u4ee3\u66ff\u98df\u7528\u6cb9\u7684\u868c\u57e0\u74dc\u5b50\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u654c\u654c\u754f\u7684\u91d1\u534e\u706b\u817f\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u5de5\u4e1a\u67d3\u6599\u548c\u540a\u767d\u5757\u7684\u8150\u7af9\u7b49\uff0c\u6570\u4e0d\u80dc\u6570[6]\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u52a3\u8d28\u539f\u6599\uff0c\u98df\u54c1\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8425\u517b \u67d0\u4e9b\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u964d\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u7528\u4fbf\u5b9c\u539f\u6599\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u8425\u517b\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u6df1\u53d7\u5176\u5bb3\uff0c\u961c\u9633\u52a3\u8d28\u5976\u7c89\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002\u52a3\u8d28\u5976\u7c89\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u6599\u5305\u62ec\u6de1\u5976\u7c89\u3001\u8517\u7cd6\u3001\u9ea6\u82bd\u7cca\u7cbe\u3001\u7cbe\u70bc\u690d\u7269\u6cb9\u4ee5\u53ca\u9499\u3001\u950c\u3001\u94c1\u7b49\u5fae\u91cf\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u6599\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u9c9c\u725b\u5976\u5236\u6210\u7684\u6de1\u5976\u7c89\u4ef7\u683c\u6700\u8d35\u3002\u6709\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u653e\u5f03\u6de1\u5976\u7c89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u539f\u6599\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u5c11\u91cf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\u6dfb\u52a0\u8425\u517b\u4ef7\u503c\u76f8\u5dee\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u6dc0\u7c89\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u542b\u6709\u6bd2\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u4f17\u591a\u5a74\u513f\u6bd9\u547d\u3002\u4e13\u5bb6\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u52a3\u8d28\u5976\u7c89\u53ea\u662f\u51b0\u5c71\u4e00\u89d2\uff0c\u98df\u54c1\u67dc\u53f0\u6216\u8bb8\u5145\u65a5\u7740\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u201c\u7a7a\u58f3\u98df\u54c1\u201d\u3002
食品安全有多种定义，目前普遍采用的食品安全概念是世界卫生组织在1996年提出的，即“对食品按其原定用途进行制作和食用时不会使消费者受害的一种担保，它主要是指在食品的生产和消费过程中没有达到危害程度一定剂量的有毒、有害物质或因素的加入，从而保证人体按正常剂量和以正确方式摄入这样的食品时不会受到急性或慢性的危害，这种危害包括对摄入者本身及其后代的不良影响。”
1我国食品安全问题原因分析
1.1我国食品安全问题的现状
近年来，我国食品工业一直呈高速发展状态，食品工业生产总值和销售收入已经连续多年位居中国制造业首位，已经成为国民经济发展的重要产业之一。同时，在工业化及全球化高速发展的今天，随着食品生产和生活水平的现代化，人们对食品的消费逐渐向社会化转变，由原来主要由家庭烹饪转向以专业企业加工生产为主，食品安全的隐患也随之增加,食品安全问题已日益成为人们强烈关注的问题。
目前，我国食品安全方面存在的问题主要有以下几点：第一，微生物源仍是影响我国食品卫生和安全的最主要因素；第二，从农田到餐桌食物链污染情况严重。一是源头污染问题较为严重，如瘦肉精残留问题,二是环境污染物给食品卫生带来影响，如二恶英问题；第三，食品企业违法生产、加工食品现象不容忽视，像阜阳奶粉事件，苏丹红事件等等；第四，食品新技术新资源的应用带来新的食品安全隐患；第五，食品安全研究发现的新问题。随着食品安全科技的发展，传统加工工艺的食品也不断被发现具有安全隐患。
1.2不良的监管机制是食品安全的根本原因
食品安全问题频发的深层次原因，应归结于目前食品安全监管体制的不完善，它存在协调性差、部门利益化、监管效率等问题。
尽管我国发布的涉及食品监管的法律法规有几十部之多，但这些法律法规的系统性和协调性很差。很多法规和政策出自不同部门，然而数量众多的法律规范并没有构成一个“从农田到餐桌”的规则系统；相反由于立法的部门化，造成监管权力分化、监管标准混乱，甚至某些环节上监管缺位。
2.食品安全的产业组织视角分析
2.1食品行业的市场结构分析
市场结构是现代产业组织理论中，特别是SCP分析框架最基本的概念和研究主题，指某一市场中各种要素之间的内在联系及特征，包括市场供给者之间、需求者之间、供给者和需求者之间以及市场上现有的供给者、需求者与正在进入该市场的供给者、需求者之间的关系。换言之，一个特定市场中的各个市场主体在市场交易中的地位、作用、比例关系以及它们在市场上交换的商品的特点，即形成了具体产业的市场结构。理论上市场结构常分为四种类型：完全竞争、完全垄断、垄断竞争、寡头垄断。考察一种市场结构状况必须要有一定的量化指标进行衡量，这是SCP分析框架常用的分析一个行业结构状况的方法。测量一个产业的市场集中度可以使用两种方法：一是绝对集中法，二是相对集中法。绝对集中法主要包括行业集中度、赫芬达尔指数，相对集中法包括洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数。
①行业集中度
行业集中度是最常用、最简单易行的绝对集中度的衡量指标，是指行业内规模最大的前几位企业的有关数值X（可以是产值、产量、销售额、销售量、职工人数、资产总额等）占整个市场或行业的份额。行业集中度的总和反映了企业数量与企业规模这两个决定市场结构的重大方面，但行业集中度率主要只是反映了前几位大企业的总体规模和分布，不一定能够揭示前几位大企业个别规模和分布，即使两个产业的集中度率相同，但由于企业规模分布的差异，其垄断竞争程度也将会有所不同。同时，行业集中度率将全国作为一个整体，没有反映国际经济关系和地区经济关系对产业竞争性的影响，难以考虑在全国集中率不高但在本地集中率高的本地化市场以及行业间产品的竞争等，因而有可能低估或高估产业竞争性。
绝对集中度计算公式：
CRn=∑（Xi/X）=∑Si
其中，X为市场中全部企业的销售总额，Xi为该市场中第i位企业的销售额，CRn既是市场中前n位企业的绝对集中度。并对照贝恩的市场结构分类表来判断。
市场结构分类表
②赫芬达尔指数：
经济学界和政府管制部门还有一个使用较多的指标是HHI，即赫芬达尔赫尔希曼指数，该指数是一种测量产业集中度的综合指数，指行业中所有企业市场份额百分比的平方和。赫芬达尔指数是产业市场集中度测量指标中较好的一个，具有如下特点。(1)当独家企业垄断时，该指数等于10000，当所有企业规模相同时，该指数等于1/n，故而这一指标在1/n～100000之间变动，数值越大，表明企业规模分布的不均匀度越高。(2)兼有绝对集中度和相对集中度指标的优点，并避免了它们的缺点。因为该值对规模较大的上位企业的市场份额反映比较敏感，而对众多小企业的市场份额小幅度的变化反映很小。(3)可以不受企业数量和规模分布的影响，较好地测量产业的集中度变化情况。
There are many definitions of food safety, it is now generally used in food safety is the concept of the World Health Organization in 1996, that is, "according to their original use for food production and consumption so that consumers will not suffer as a guarantee that it The main means of food production and consumption process has not reached a certain degree of hazard dose of poisonous and harmful substances or adding factors, thus ensuring the normal human dose and the right way to the intake of such foods would not be acute or chronic Against such hazards, including intake of themselves and their adverse effects on future generations. "
1 China's food safety analysis
1.1 China's food security status quo
In recent years, China's food industry has been the development of high-speed, the food industry and gross domestic product sales revenue for many years has ranked first in China's manufacturing industry has become an important national economic development, one of the industry. At the same time, the rapid development of industrialization and globalization of today, with food production and modernization of the standard of living, people's food consumption gradually to the change of society, mainly from cooking to the family business in a professional production, processing, food safety The risk increases, food safety has increasingly become a strong concern.
At present, China's food safety problems in the following points: first, Microbial source is still the impact of China's food hygiene and safety of the most important factor; Second, the food chain from farm to fork pollution in serious condition. The first is the more serious source of pollution, such as clenbuterol residue problem, and the other is environmental pollutants to the impact of food hygiene, such as dioxin problem; Third, the production of illegal food business, food processing phenomenon can not be ignored, such as milk powder in Fuyang , Sudan and so on the incident; Fourth, new technologies, new food resources, the application of new food safety; Fifth, the study found that food safety problems. With the development of food safety science and technology, traditional processing of food were also found to have hidden safety problems.
1.2 poor food safety supervision mechanism is the root cause
Food security issues frequent the deep-seated reasons, should be attributed to the current food safety regulatory system is far from perfect, there is poor co-ordination, the interests of the sector, the efficiency of supervision.
Despite the release of China's regulation related to food laws and regulations have as many as a dozen or so, but these laws and regulations of the systemic and poor coordination. Many laws and regulations and policies from different departments, but a large number of legal norms did not constitute a "farm to fork" system of rules; on the contrary as a result of the legislative department, caused by the regulatory powers of the division, chaos regulatory standards, and even some areas, regulation Absence.
2.'s Food safety perspective of industrial organization analysis
2.1 The food industry market structure analysis
Market structure of modern theory of industrial organization, especially the most basic framework for analysis of the SCP and the concept of research in a given market between the various elements and characteristics of internal relations, including between the provider market, the demand among, Between suppliers and demand in the market, as well as existing suppliers, and demand is entering the market providers, who demand relationship. In other words, a specific market of the various markets in the main market in the position, role, as well as their proportion in the market, the exchange of merchandise, that is, the formation of a specific industry market structure. In theory the market structure often divided into four types: perfect competition, which completely dominated the competition in monopoly, oligopoly. A study on the structural conditions of the market must have a certain amount of quantitative indicators to measure, which is common framework for analysis of the SCP analysis of a situation of the industry structure. An industry measurement of market concentration can be used two ways: First, the absolute focus on law and the other is the relative concentration of law. The main focus is law, including the industry concentration, the Herfindahl Index, the relative concentration of law, including Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient.
① industry concentration
Industry concentration is the most commonly used, the most simple absolute concentration of the measure, is the industry's largest number of enterprises before the figure X (can be output, production, sales, sales volume, number of employees, Total assets, etc.) account for the entire industry or market share. Industry concentration reflects the sum of the number of enterprises with the scale of the two companies decided to structure the major markets, but industry concentration is the main rate reflects the number of large enterprises before the overall size and distribution, may not be able to reveal the large number of pre - The size and distribution of individual enterprises, even if the two of the industry concentration rate, but due to differences in the distribution of firm size, degree of competition in their monopoly will be different. At the same time, industry concentration will be the rate of the country as a whole, does not reflect the international economic relations and economic ties to the industry competitive, it is difficult to focus on the national rate is not high in the local high concentration of the localization industry, as well as inter-market products The competition, which is likely to underestimate or overestimate the industry competitive.
Absolute concentration formula:
CRn = ∑ (Xi / X) = ∑Si
One, X for the market's total sales of all enterprises, Xi market for the first i-business sales, CRn is the n-bit pre-market enterprises absolute concentration. Bain and control of the market to determine the structure of the classification.
Market Structure Classification
② Herfindahl Index:
Economists and government departments to control and a greater use of the indicator is the HHI, that is, He Fenda Berg Erxi Man index, the index is a measurement of industrial concentration of the index that all enterprises in the industry market share of the percentage of square和. Herfindahl Index is the industry indicator measuring market concentration in a better, with the following characteristics. (1) When an exclusive monopoly enterprises, the index equal to 10000, when the size of the enterprise all the same, the index equal to 1 / n, therefore the targets in the 1 / n ~ 100000 between changes in the value larger-scale enterprises show that the distribution of The higher the degree of uneven. (2) concentration of both absolute and relative concentration of the merits of targets and avoid their shortcomings. Because the value of large-scale enterprise PC market share to reflect a more sensitive, and many of the small business market share slightly to reflect changes in the very small. (3) can not be the number and size of the distribution business, a better measure of the degree of concentration of industry changes.
绛旓細鐩墠锛屾垜鍥介鍝佸畨鍏ㄦ柟闈㈠瓨鍦ㄧ殑闂涓昏鏈変互涓嬪嚑鐐癸細绗竴锛寰敓鐗╂簮浠嶆槸褰卞搷鎴戝浗椋熷搧鍗敓鍜屽畨鍏ㄧ殑鏈涓昏鍥犵礌锛涚浜岋紝浠庡啘鐢板埌椁愭椋熺墿閾炬薄鏌撴儏鍐典弗閲嶃涓鏄簮澶存薄鏌撻棶棰樿緝涓轰弗閲锛屽鐦﹁倝绮炬畫鐣欓棶棰橈紱浜屾槸鐜姹℃煋鐗╃粰椋熷搧鍗敓甯︽潵褰卞搷锛屽浜屾伓鑻遍棶棰橈紱绗笁锛岄鍝佷紒涓氳繚娉曠敓浜с佸姞宸ラ鍝佺幇璞′笉瀹瑰拷瑙嗭紝鍍忛槣闃冲ザ...
绛旓細鍐滆嵂娈嬬暀鏄奖鍝嶉鍝佸畨鍏ㄧ殑閲嶈鍥犵礌銆傝櫧鐒舵垜鍥藉湪鍑忓皯楂樻瘨鍐滆嵂浣跨敤鏂归潰宸插埗瀹氳鍒掞紝浣嗗啘鑽骇涓氱粨鏋勭殑鍗曚竴鎬у拰鐮斿彂钀藉悗锛屼互鍙婂啘姘戝楂樻瘨鍐滆嵂鏁堟灉鐨勫亸濂斤紝浠嶆槸闂鎵鍦ㄣ傛帹鍔ㄤ綆姣掑拰鐢熸佸啘鑽殑鐮斿彂涓庡簲鐢紝浠ュ強鍔犲己瀵瑰啘姘戠殑鍐滆嵂浣跨敤瀹夊叏鏁欒偛锛屾槸瑙ｅ喅姝ら棶棰樼殑鍏抽敭銆3. 涓皬浼佷笟鐨勭ぞ浼氬奖鍝嶅姏 涓皬浼佷笟鍦ㄦ垜鍥介鍝佷骇涓氫腑...
绛旓細7銆侀鍝佸畨鍏ㄦ暀鑲 椋熷搧瀹夊叏鏁欒偛钖勫急涔熸槸鎴戝浗椋熷搧瀹夊叏闂鐨勯噸瑕佸師鍥狅紝涓鏂归潰閫犳垚椋熷搧琛屼笟浠庝笟浜哄憳瀹规槗鍋氬嚭涓嶇鍚堥鍝佸崼鐢熻姹傜殑楂橀闄╂搷浣滆涓猴紱鍙︿竴鏂归潰閫犳垚娑堣垂鑰呬笉澶竻妤氬浣曠瀛﹀悎鐞嗛夋嫨鍜屽鐞嗛鐗┿傚叾瀹烇紝姣忎釜瀹跺涵鍦ㄨ嚜鍒堕鍝佹椂锛屼篃搴旇閬靛畧鑹ソ鐨勯鍝佹搷浣滆绋嬶紝渚嬪涓栫晫鍗敓缁勭粐鍚戦鍝佸埗浣滀汉鍛樻帹鑽愮殑椋熺墿涓瘨绛夐...
绛旓細1.椋熷搧璐ㄩ噺闂锛氫竴浜涢鍝佷骇鍝佸瓨鍦ㄨ川閲忛棶棰锛屽寘鎷亣鍐掍吉鍔ｉ鍝併佷笉鍚堣鏍囪瘑銆佹幒鏉傚～鍏呯墿绛夈傝繖浜涢棶棰樺彲鑳藉浜轰綋鍋ュ悍浜х敓娼滃湪椋庨櫓銆2.椋熷搧瀹夊叏鏍囧噯钀藉疄涓嶅埌浣锛氳櫧鐒朵腑鍥藉埗瀹氫簡涓绯诲垪椋熷搧瀹夊叏鏍囧噯鍜屾硶瑙勶紝浣嗚惤瀹炰笉鍒颁綅鐨勬儏鍐典粛瀛樺湪銆傜洃绠′笉涓ユ牸浠ュ強鎵ф硶涓嶅姏鍙兘瀵艰嚧椋熷搧瀹夊叏鏍囧噯鐨勮繚瑙勮涓恒3.鍐滆嵂鍜屾坊鍔犲墏浣跨敤锛...
绛旓細1. 椋熷搧瀹夊叏鎬ц瘎浠锋椂闇鑰冭檻鐨勫洜绱鍖呮嫭锛欰. 璇曢獙鎸囨爣鐨勭粺璁″鎰忎箟銆佺敓鐗╁鎰忎箟绛 B. 鐗规畩浜虹兢鍜屾晱鎰熶汉缇 C. 涓嶇‘瀹氬洜绱 D. 姣掔悊鍔ㄥ姏瀛﹁瘯楠岀殑璧勬枡绛 2. 椋熷搧瀹夊叏鎬璇勪环鐨鐩殑鏄氳繃绉戝娴嬭瘯鏉ョ‘瀹氶鍝佷腑瀛樺湪鐨勬綔鍦ㄥ嵄瀹虫槸鍚﹀彲浠ヨ绀句細鎴栨秷璐硅呮帴鍙楋紝骞舵嵁姝ゅ埗瀹氬畨鍏ㄦ爣鍑嗐傝繖涓杩囩▼娑夊強瀵归鍝佹槸鍚﹀畨鍏ㄥ彲...
绛旓細涓銆佸井鐢熺墿姹℃煋銆傚井鐢熺墿鏄奖鍝鎴戝浗椋熷搧瀹夊叏鐨鏈涓昏鍥犵礌銆傚井鐢熺墿姹℃煋鍖呮嫭缁嗚弻鎬ф薄鏌撱佺梾姣掑拰鐪熻弻姹℃煋銆傗滄垜鍥1990鈥1999骞撮鐗╀腑姣掔殑鍙戠敓鎯呭喌琛ㄦ槑锛屽井鐢熺墿鎬ч鐗╀腑姣掑眳鍚勭被椋熺墿涓瘨鐥呭師鐨勯浣嶏紝鍗犻鐗╀腑姣掕妯＄殑40%鈥濄傝屽湪椋熷搧鐨勫姞宸ャ佸偍瀛樸佽繍杈撳拰閿鍞繃绋嬩腑锛岄兘鏄撻犳垚寰敓鐗╂薄鏌撱備簩銆佸寲瀛︽ф薄鏌撱傞鍝佷腑...
绛旓細鎴戝浗椋熷搧瀹夊叏瀛樺湪鐨勪富瑕佸洜绱 锛堜竴锛夊井鐢熺墿瀵归鍝佸畨鍏ㄦх殑褰卞搷 1.鐪熻弻瀵归鍝佸畨鍏ㄧ殑褰卞搷銆傜湡鑿屽湪鑷劧鐣屼腑骞挎硾瀛樺湪锛屾湁浜涚湡鑿岃搴旂敤浜庨鍝佸伐涓氫腑锛屽閰块厭銆佸埗閰便侀潰鍖呭彂閰电瓑锛屼絾鏈変簺鐪熻弻涔熼氳繃椋熷搧缁欎汉浣撳仴搴峰甫鏉ュ嵄瀹炽傜敱鐪熻弻寮曡捣鐨勯鍝佷腑姣掔绫讳富瑕佹湁锛氶粍鏇查湁绱犺嚧姣掋佽丹闇夌梾楹︿腑姣掋侀鐗╀腑姣掓х櫧缁嗚優鍑忓皯...
绛旓細浠ヤ笅鏄奖鍝嶉鍝佸搧璐鐨勪富瑕佸洜绱锛1. 寰敓鐗╂薄鏌擄細鏍规嵁浠婃棩澶存潯鐨勮祫鏂欐樉绀猴紝寰敓鐗╂槸瀵艰嚧椋熷搧瀹夊叏闂鐨鏈閲嶈鍥犵礌銆傝繖鍖呮嫭缁嗚弻銆佺梾姣掑拰鐪熻弻鐨勬薄鏌撱2. 鍗敓璐ㄩ噺锛氶鍝佸姞宸ヨ繃绋嬩腑鐨勫崼鐢熸潯浠舵槸鍚﹁揪鏍囷紝鏄惁鑾峰緱浜嗗浗瀹跺崼鐢熼儴闂ㄧ殑璁稿彲锛屼互鍙婇鍝佷骇鍑哄悗鐨勫崼鐢熺姸鍐碉紝杩欎簺閮芥槸鍐冲畾椋熷搧鍗敓璐ㄩ噺鐨勫叧閿洜绱犮3. 姹℃煋鐗...
绛旓細1銆佸寲瀛︾墿璐ㄦ薄鏌撱傞儴鍒嗛鍝佷紒涓氭垨涓浜涙棤璇佺敓浜т紒涓氶潪娉曟互鐢ㄣ佽秴鏍囦娇鐢ㄩ鍝佹坊鍔犲墏,娣诲姞闈為鐢ㄦ垚鍒嗘垨鏈夋瘨鏈夊鐗╃瓑鍧囩粰浜轰滑鐨勫仴搴峰甫鏉ヤ簡涓ラ噸鐨勫▉鑳併2銆佸亣鍐掍吉鍔ｉ鍝佺洓琛屻傝繎骞存潵鍋囧啋浼姡椋熷搧鍦ㄤ竴浜涘湴鍖猴紝鐗瑰埆鏄箍澶у啘鏉戝湴鍖鸿倖鎰忔í琛屻3銆佺鐞嗙己闄枫鎴戝浗椋熷搧鐢熶骇缁忚惀浼佷笟瑙勬ā鍖栥侀泦绾﹀寲绋嬪害涓嶉珮,鑷韩绠＄悊姘村钩浠嶇劧...
绛旓細褰卞搷椋熷搧瀹夊叏鐨勫洜绱犳湁锛1銆侀噸宸ヤ笟鍙婂啘鍓笟鍥犵礌锛氶噸宸ヤ笟鐨勫ぇ鍔涘彂灞曪紝鏄薄鏌撶幆澧冪殑閲嶈鏉ユ簮锛屼篃鏄奖鍝椋熷搧瀹夊叏鐨勯噸瑕佸洜绱銆傞噸宸ヤ笟鐢熶骇杩囩▼涓紝瀵圭┖姘旂殑姹℃煋鍜屾帓鏀剧殑涓嶅悎涔庢爣鍑嗙殑搴熸按銆佹薄姘达紝浣垮啘浣滅墿鍚告敹锛岀敓浜у姞宸ョ殑浜у搧鏈韩灏卞惈鏈変竴瀹氱殑鍖栧鎴愬垎銆2銆佸井瑙傜敓鐗╁洜绱狅細寰鐢熺墿鍦ㄨ嚜鐒剁晫涓殑鐢熷懡鍔涘悎绻佹畺鍔涙槸鐩稿綋...
