英语宾语从句 英语中什么叫做宾语从句

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1\u3001\u4e3b\u53e5\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u53e5\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u6001\u3002\u4f8b\u53e5\uff1aThe headmaster hopes everything goes well.
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1\u3001I don\u2019t know what they are looking for.
2\u3001Could you tell me when the train will leave?
3\u3001Can you imagine what kind of man he is?

 在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
  1.语序
  无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“主句+连词+宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分,可分为以下四种:
  1)连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有: who,what,which等。如:
  Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?
  The small children don't know what is in their stockings.这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西?
  2)连接词+名词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:
  He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
  The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老师问我们房间里有多少人。
  3)连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有:who(m),what,which,how many,how much, when,why,how,where,if /whether(在句中不充当任何成分)等。如:
  He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。
  Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗?
  4)连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:
  Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗?
  She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
  2.连接词
  1)当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:
  He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
  2)当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。如:
  I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
  但在下列情况下只能用whether:
  ①在具有选择意义,又有or或or not时,尤其是直接与or not连用时,往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:
  Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whether or not he will come)让我知道他是否能来。
  I don't know whether /if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
  I wonder whether we stay or whether wego.我不知道我们是去还是留。
  ②在介词之后用whether。如:
  I'm interested in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
  We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。
  I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤了她的感情。
  ③在不定式前用whether。如:
  He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
  I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。
  He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。
  ④whether置于句首时,不能换用if。如:
  Whether this is true or not,I can't say.这是否真的我说不上来。
  ⑤引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。如:
  Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能来还是个问题。
  The question is whether we can catch the bus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。
  ⑥若用if会引起歧义时,则用whether。如:
  Please let me know if you like the book.可理解为:
  a.Please let me know whether you like the book.请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。
  b.If you like the book,please let me know.你如果喜欢这本书,请告诉我。
  3)如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如:
  Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗?
  3.时态
  含宾语从句的复合句,主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容:
  1)如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据需要,选用相应的任何时态。如:
  I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。
  He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
  2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要,选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如:
  ①The children didn't know who he was.孩子们不知道他是谁。
  ②He asked his father how it happened.他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。
  3)如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句时态都用一般现在时。如:
  The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。
  4.注意:
  if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”,其时态应和主句时态相呼应;它们引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假如”和“当……时候”,当主句时态是一般将来时时,其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如:
  —Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么时候回来吗?
  —Sorry,I don't know.When he comes back,I'll tell you.对不起,不知道。当他回来了,我将告诉你。
  —I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否会来。
  —He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨,他会来的。
  简化宾语从句常用六法
  同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句,使其与原句意思相同(或相近)的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法:
    方法一:当主句谓语动词是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如:
    Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
    We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.
    方法二:当主句谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:
    She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.
    注:当主句谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如:
    Could you tell me how I can get to the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?
    方法三:当主句的谓语动词是order(命令),require(需要)等时,如果主句和从句的主语不一致,宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如:
    The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
    方法四:某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如:
    He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.
    The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
    方法五:某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如:
    Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
    方法六:动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来简化,但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如:
    It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.
    除上述方法外,还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如:
    I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.
  Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
  They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heav

下表对高考中常见的名词性从句的引导词进行了总结:

  名词性从句的引导词引导词是否在名词性从句中充当成分的情况

  连接代词: what, which, who, whom, whose

  连接副词: when, where, why, how

  what, which在从句中作主语、 宾语、 表语或定语; who在从句中作主语、 表语; whom在从句中作宾语; whose在从句中作定语; when, where, why, how在从句中分别作时间状语、 地点状语、 原因状语、 方式状语

  连词that否

  连词whether, if否

  名词性从句的引导词在高考中的基本用法详见下面的总结:

  1. 引导特殊疑问句的疑问词在转为引导名词性从句时, 即成为连接代词(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者连接副词(主要包括when, where, why, how)。注意体会如下例句: Choose which you like best. 选你最喜欢的。// Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 谁拿走了我的包还不知道。// Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁做候选人了?// He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他问什么时候可以允许吉尔伯特先生回家。// Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题。// Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。// How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定。

  以下两种特殊情况要给予特别关注:

  (1) what作连接代词引导的名词性从句既可以表示一个问“什么……?”的问题, 也可以表示相当于“名词/代词+关系代词引导的定语从句”结构的意思, 这种特殊用法在语法上被称作“关系代词型的what”, 注意体会如下例句:He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。// This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称作盐湖城的地方。// What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 现在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一个文明世界。// Our income is now double what (=the income that) it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍。// The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning. 花朵(现在的)颜色与它早上的颜色不同。

  (2) 带’ever后缀的疑问词除引导让步状语从句之外, 还可以引导名词性从句(“no matter+疑问词”的结构只能引导让步状语从句, 不可以引导名词性从句), 注意体会以下例句: Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.无论谁想看这部电影, 今晚都可以和我们一起去。// You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。// All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like. 所有的书都在这儿, 你愿借哪本就借哪本。// I’ll do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么, 我就做什么。

  2. that引导名词性从句时后面接完整的陈述句, that只起引导名词性从句的作用而不充当该名词性从句中的具体成分; 引导宾语从句时that常可省略, 但引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句时that通常不被省略。例如:

  She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按时到达。(宾语从句)

  That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选中了让我们很开心。(主语从句)

  I have the belief that I will succeed. 我怀有必胜的信念。(同位语从句)

  that, what引导名词性从句的区别在于: that在其引导的名词性从句中不充当任何成分, 在有的情况下可以省略; what需要在其引导的名词性从句中充当主语、 宾语、 表语或者定语, 而且引导名词性从句的what在任何情况下都不能省略。例如:

  That he will succeed is obvious. 显然, 他会成功。(引导主语从句的that不在其中充当具体的句子成分)

  What she told me is not true. 她所告诉我的都不是真的。(what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语)

  3. whether与if均可以引导表示“是否”之意的名词性从句, 且whether与if均不在这种名词性从句中充当具体的句子成分。在引导宾语从句时whether与if一般可以互换, 但在引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句、 介词后的宾语从句、 放于句首的宾语从句或者名词性从句中包含or (not) 时通常只能用whether作引导词。注意体会下列例句: I don’t know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否帮助你。(宾语从句)// Whether we can really help you, I don’t know yet. 我们是否真的能帮助你, 我还不知道。(位于句首的宾语从句)// The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girl’s feelings. 老师为是否伤害了那女孩的感情而担心。(介词后的宾语从句)// The question is whether they can cooperate with us. 问题是他们能否与我们合作。(表语从句)// The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. 他该亲自来还是派人替他来, 这个问题必须定下来。(同位语从句)// The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩问她的父亲她应不应该参加这个晚会。(包含or not的宾语从句)

  注意: 肯定形式的doubt后面通常接whether/if引导的宾语从句, 否定形式的doubt后面通常接that引导的宾语从句, 例如: I doubt whether it’s true. 我怀疑它是否是真实的。// I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我怀疑那是否是他所想要的。// I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你的诚实。// She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她对自己是正确的这一点从不怀疑。

这个讲起来有点麻烦了。
主句是一般现在时,从句什么时态都行
eg: He says that he is reading a book now.
主句是一般过去时,从句用过去范畴的时态
eg:He said that he would work hard
eg:They said the had been to France
这两个我举的例子从句一个用的过去将来时。一个用的过去完成时。
主句一般过去时,但是从句是客观的真理,或者自然现象,还是一般现在时
这个要注意,给你举个例子
eg:The students asked me if the earth goes round the sun.
这是客观真理。也是自然现象。这里的从句说的是地球围绕太阳转,这是永恒的真理,也是自然的现象,所以是一般现在时。

其他的主句和从句中间的时态关系须看具体情况。还是给你举几个例子
eg: My mother told me the cat had been fed by him.
eg:She said that she had taken it home with her.
另外宾语从句的从句部分是要遵循陈述的语序的。从句的结构:主+谓+其他
[引导词]
从句是陈述的语气 用that
一般疑问 用if
特殊疑问 用他专属的特殊疑问词
eg:I‘m afraid that you are right

这个理解起来应该比较简单,有疑问可以再站内信或者HI我

置于动词、介词等词性后面起到宾语作用的句子称为宾语从句,例如:I don't know who's on duty today.这是由关系代词who引导的宾语从句,整个从句who's on duty today 修饰前面的谓语动词know ,作know的宾语,意思是,我不知道今天是谁值日。
宾语从句一般的结构是:主语+谓语动词+句子作宾语。

主句是一般现在时,从句什么时态都行
eg: He says that he is reading a book now.
主句是一般过去时,从句用过去范畴的时态
eg:He said that he would work hard
eg:They said the had been to France
这两个我举的例子从句一个用的过去将来时。一个用的过去完成时。
主句一般过去时,但是从句是客观的真理,或者自然现象,还是一般现在时
这个要注意,给你举个例子
eg:The students asked me if the earth goes round the sun.
这是客观真理。也是自然现象。这里的从句说的是地球围绕太阳转,这是永恒的真理,也是自然的现象,所以是一般现在时。

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