英语完成时态的运用问题！（急） 英语完成时态的用法
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2\uff09\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u5e38\u4e0e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed\u8fde\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u73b0\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed\u8fde\u7528\uff0c\u6216\u65e0\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed\u3002
\u4e00\u822c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed:
yesterday, last week\uff0c\u2026ago, in1980, in October, just now, \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed
\u5171\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once\uff0cbefore, already, recently\uff0clately
\u73b0\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
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\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u975e\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u52a8\u8bcd\u6709come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married\u7b49\u3002
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I saw this film yesterday.
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I have seen this film.
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Why did you get up so early?
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Who hasn\'t handed in his paper?
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She has returned from Paris.
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She returned yesterday.
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He has been in the League for three years.
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He has been a League member for three years.
(\u662f\u56e2\u5458\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u6301\u7eed)
He joined the League three years ago.
( \u4e09\u5e74\u524d\u5165\u56e2\uff0cjoined\u4e3a\u77ed\u6682\u884c\u4e3a\u3002)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He\'s already been sent for.
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\uff08\u9519\uff09Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
\uff08\u5bf9\uff09Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
初中阶段学习的时态：
1．一般现在时。
2．现在进行时。
3．一般过去时。
4．过去进行时。
5．一般将来时。
6．过去将来时。
7．现在完成时。
8．过去完成时。
初中阶段所学的英语的时态有8种。英语的时态有很强的表达能力，能使句子的意思明确，能显示细微的差异，能使句子生动逼真。但它们又是相当灵活，在不同的时间中，要用不同的形式，这是与中文大不相同的地方。
1．一般现在时：一般现在时是描述经常性、反复性的动作、性质或状态的时态。
（1）一般现在时的时间
①often
②usually
③always
④seldom
⑤sometimes
⑥every＋时间
⑦次数＋时间
⑧on＋时间
⑨in＋时间
⑩没有时间，但表示客观存在的事实
（2）一般现在时动词的形式主要用动词原形表示，但如果主语是单数第三人称时，则在动词后加s或es，变成否定句和疑问句时，又将s、es去掉，还为原形。
①be动词的一般现在时的构成
否定式和疑问否定式如下表所示：
肯定式
疑问式
否定式
疑问否定式
I am a teacher.
Am I a teacher?
I am not./I’mnot a teacher.
Am I not a teacher?
He/ She is a teacher.
Is he/ she a teacher?
He/ She is not/ isn’t a teacher.
Is he/ she not a teacher? 或Isn’t he /she a teacher?
It is Mary.
Is it Mary?
It is not /isn’t Mary.
Is it not Mary?/ Isn’t it Mary?
We/ You/ They are teachers.
Are we/ you/ they teachers?
We/ You/ They are not/aren’t teachers.
Are we/ you/ they not teachers?或Aren’t we/ you/ they teacher?
②其他实义动词的一般现在时的构成
其他实义动词一般现在时的构成如下表所示（以动词work为例）
肯定式
疑问式
否定式
疑问否定式
I work.
Do I work?
I don’t work.
Do I not work?或Don’t I work?
He/ She /It works.
Does he/ she /it work?
He/ She/ It does not/doesn’t work.
Does he/ she/ it not work?或Doesn’t he/ she/ it work?
We/ You/ They work.
Do we/ you/ they work?
We/ You/ They do not/ don’t work.
Do we/ you/ they not work?或Don’t we/ you/ they work?
特别提示：
have(has)在表示“有”时，否定形式为haven’t(hasn’t)或have not(has not)，变为疑问句时可直接把have(has)放在句首也可借助于助动词do(does)。当不表示“有”的意思时，其否定句和疑问句只能加助动词do(does)构成。
e.g.Has she any experience in teaching piano lessons?(√)
Does she have any experience in teaching piano lessons?(√)
她有教钢琴的经验吗?
Had you a good time going hiking yesterday?(×)
Did you have a good time going hiking yesterday?(√)
你昨天徒步旅行玩得开心吗?
上面我们列举了一般现在时的时间和动词的形式，在上述时间中，动词就要用到表格中的形式。
e.g.My sister ______(watch) TV every day.
因为“every day”，所以填“watches”。
He ______(teach) English.
因为没有时间说明他的职业，所以填teaches。
注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作。
e.g.We won’t go to the park if it rains tomorrow.
如果明天下雨，我们将不去公园。
When I grow up, I will go to America.
我长大后要去美国。
2．现在进行时
现在进行时的构成：现在进行时的构成如下表所示（以动词work为例）
肯定式
I am working.
We/ You/ They are working.
He/ She/ It is working.
疑问式
Am I working?
Are we/ you/ they working?
Is he/ she/ it working?
否定式
I am not working.
We/ You/ They are not working.或We/ You/ They aren’t working.
He/ She/ It is not working.或He/ She/ It isn’t working.
疑问否定式
Am I not working?
Are we/ you/ they not working?或Aren’t we/ you/ they working?
Is he/ she/ it not working?或Isn’t he/ she/ it working?
现在进行时的基本用法
①表示说话时正在进行、尚未完成的动作或状态。
e.g.The telephone is ringing. Would you answer it, please?
电话在响，你能否接一下?
Now watch carefully and see what is happening in the experiment.
现在仔细观察，看在实验中发生着什么现象。
What are you doing now, Bob? Grandma is asking to see you.
鲍勃，你在干什么?奶奶要见你。
常与现在进行时连用的时间状语有：
now 现在 right now 现在 at present 目前 at this moment 就现在
these days 这些天 look 瞧 listen 听 Where is+人称？
②表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻动作不一定正在进行。
e.g.George is working on a new book about stories in schools.
乔治在写一本关于校园故事的新书。
I am helping my Dad on the farm this summer vacation.
这个暑假我将在农场上给爸爸帮忙。
I am now visiting Guangzhou this week.
我本周在广州访问。
③表示此时此刻某一动作不断地重复。
e.g.The boy is jumping with great joy at the sight of his mother.
看到妈妈，小男孩高兴得不停地跳。
Someone is knocking at the door. It might be the postman.
有人在敲门。可能是邮递员。
④在时间、条件等状语从句中代替将来进行时。
e.g.If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please.
他来时如果我在睡觉，请叫醒我。
⑤与副词always, usually, forever等连用，表达说话者的某种感情或对某一心理的生动描述。
e.g.I’m missing you very much. It’s a long time since we last met.
我很想念你。自从咱们上次见面以来已有很长时间了。
We’re looking forward to seeing you again.
我们都盼望着再见到你。
She is always thinking of others instead of herself.
她总是为别人而不是为自己着想。(赞扬)
Why are you always coming late for class? You are close to being suspended.
你怎么总是上学迟到?你快被开除了。(批评)
这种用法同学们只是了解一下，要用现在进行时，还应该用现在进行时的时间。
⑥进行时态用于瞬间动词。往往表示“即将……”，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
这类动词有：come, go, leave, start. begin, stop, arrive, stay, return, take等。我们通常用这些动词的进行时，表示将要发生的动作。
e.g.Are you staying in Guangzhou for a week?
你将在广州呆一周吗?
I am taking my daughter to the Central Park this Saturday.
这个周六我将带女儿去中央公园。
They’re leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
明天他们将离开这里去北京。
The girl is going to Beijing next week.
那个女孩下个星期将去北京。
不用于现在进行时的动词
①表示人的内心感觉、态度情感等的描述性动词。
常用的该类动词有：
love 爱 like 喜欢 hate 恨 know 知道 mind 介意
wish 但愿 need 需要 agree 同意 think 认为
want 想要 believe 相信 forget 忘记 remember 记住 understand 明白
e.g.Are you knowing Nancy well?(×)
Do you know Nancy well?(√)
你和南希很熟吗?
I am forgetting your phone number.(×)
I forget your phone number.(√)
我忘了你的电话号码。
We are needing your help.(×)
We need your help.(√)
我们需要你的帮助。
3．一般过去时
一般过去时的构成
①be动词的一般过去时的构成
be动词的一般过去时的构成如下表所示：
肯定式
疑问式
否定式
疑问否定式
I was a teacher.
Was I a teacher?
I was not a teacher.
Was I not a teacher?
He/ She was a teacher.
Was he/ she a teacher?
He/ She was not/ wasn’t a teacher.
Was he/ she not a teacher?或Wasn’t he /she a teacher?
It was Mary.
Was it Mary?
It was not /wasn’t Mary.
Was it not Mary?/ Wasn’t it Mary?
We/ You/ They were teachers.
Were we/ you/ they teachers?
We/ You/ They were not/ weren’t teachers.
Were we/ you/ they not teachers?或Weren’t we/ you/ they teachers?
②其他实义动词的一般过去时的构成
其他实义动词的一般过去时的构成如下表所示（以动词work为例）
肯定式
疑问式
否定式
疑问否定式
I worked.
Did I work?
I did not/ didn’t work.
Did I not work?或Didn’t I work?
He/ She /It worked.
Did he/ she /it work?
He/ She/ It did not/didn’t work.
Did he/ she/ it not work?或Didn’t he/ she/ it work?
We/ You/ They worked.
Did we/ you/ they work?
We/ You/ They did not/ didn’t work.
Did we/ you/ they not work?或Didn’t we/ you/ they work?
一般过去时的基本用法
①表示过去完成的事或存在的状态。
这种情况常与表示过去的时间状语a minute ago, yesterday, last week, an hour ago, just now, during the night, in those days, in 2006等连用。
e.g.Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday and had to stay home for another day.
昨天汤姆突然病了，只好再在家里呆一天。
She looked very well when I last saw her.
上次我见到她时，她看上去气色很好。
I received a strange phone call yesterday. What a day I had!
昨天我接到一个奇怪的电话。真是倒霉的一天。
The person you are looking for went away just now.
你要找的那个人刚走。
特别提示：
过去时有时也和与现在关系较为密切的时间状语连用，如this morning, this afternoon连用。也就是我们通常说的一天分为三大块时间，this morning, this afternoon, this evening。其中this morning, this afternoon通常用“一般过去时”，而this evening通常用“一般将来时”。
e.g.Did you see my watch this morning?
今天早晨你看见我的手表了吗?
一般过去时不与now连用，但可与just now连用。
e.g.Mr. Bell called just now telling you not to worry about him.
贝尔先生刚才打来电话告诉你不要为他担心。
常用必背：
常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：
just now 刚才 last night 昨天晚上 the other day 前几天
at that moment 在那时 a few days ago 几天前 yesterday 昨天
last year 去年 at that time 当时 in 2002 在2002年
in the old days 在过去的岁月里
②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常与always, usually, often, sometimes, never等时间状语连用。（请注意一定要用过去的时间）
e.g.I always got up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast last year.
去年我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。
③表示过去特定时间一次完成的具有先后顺序的几个动作时，常用过去时，此时一般不出现表示过去的时间状语，需要通过情景断定。
e.g.I got up early, washed my face, had a quick breakfast and hurried to school.
我早早起了床，洗完脸，迅速吃完早饭，就匆忙上学去了。
Tom was late. He opened the door quietly, moved in and walked carefully to his seat.
汤姆来晚了。他悄悄打开门进去，小心翼翼地走到自己的座位上。
④追述逝去的人或事，常用过去时。
e.g.The book was written by Mr. Liang Shiqiu.
这本书是梁实秋先生写的。
Lei Feng set a good example to the people throughout the world.
雷锋为全世界的人树立了一个好榜样。
⑤表示过去将来的动作。
在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示过去将来的动作。
e.g.She said she would come if I promised to wait for her.
她说如果我答应等她，她会来的。
I didn’t’ know she would come until yesterday.
直到昨天我才知道她要来。
⑥since从句一般用一般过去时。
e.g.You haven’t changed much since we last met.
自从上次我们见面以来，你变化不大。
It’s three years since he went abroad.
他出国三年了。
It’s a long time since he was ill.
他病好很长时间了。
I haven’t found any job since I was out of work.
自我失业以来，我一直没找到工作。
4．过去进行时
（1）过去进行时的构成：过去进行时的构成如下表所示：
肯定式
疑问式
否定式
疑问否定式
I /He /She/ It was working.
Was I/ he/ she/ it working?
I/ He/ She/ It was not working.或I/ he/ she/ it wasn’t working.
Was I /he/ she /it not working?或Wasn’t I/ he/ she /it working?
We/ You/ They were working.
Were we/ you/ they working?
We/ You/ They were not working.或We/ You/ They weren’t working.
Were we/ you/ they not working?或Weren’t we/ you/ they working?
（2）过去进行时的时间
①then 那时候
②at that time 那时候
③
④at＋点钟＋过去的时间
⑤when＋过去时的主句
⑥while连接的两个过去的动作
e.g.What were you doing this time yesterday?
昨天这个时候你在干什么？
They were watching TV at 7 yesterday evening.
昨天晚上7点钟他们在看电视。
注意：
He/ She /It was…不可缩略为He’s, She’s, It’s。He’s是He is或He has的缩略形式，She’s是She is或She has的缩略形式，It’s是It is或It has的缩略形式。
5．一般将来时
一般将来时的构成：一般将来时的构成如下表所示(以动词work为例)：
肯定式
疑问式
否定式
疑问否定式
I /We shall work.
Shall I/ we work?
I/ We shall not work.
Shall I/ we not work?
I/ We /You/ They/ He/ She/ It will work.
Will I /we/ you/ they/ he/ she/ it work?
I/ We/ You/ They/ He/ She/ It will not work.
Will I /we/ you/ they/ he/ she/ it not work?
英语口语中，常常为了说话的方便和简洁而使用动词的缩略形式。一般将来时的肯定缩略式为：
否定疑问缩略式为：
Shan’t I/ We…? Won’t I/ we/ you/ they/ he/ she/ it…?
一般将来时的基本用法：
“will/shall＋动词原形”表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。在书面语中，主语是I或we时，常用shall，也可用will。在口语中，will可用于各种人称，而shall的用法范围较窄，且越来越有被will替代的趋势。
e.g.It’ll soon be Christmas and the New Year.
很快就到圣诞节和新年了。
I will/shall see you tomorrow and talk about the new plan.
明天我去找你谈谈有关新计划的事：
We will/shall come to ask Miss Chen for help.
我们要找陈老师帮忙。
He’lllose the job if he doesn’t work hard.
如果他不努力，他会失去这份工作。
Nobody will do such a job with so little pay.
没人会做工资这么少的工作。
常用必背：
常与一般将来时连用的时问状语有：
next time下次 tomorrow 明天 next year 明年
tomorrow evening 明晚 before long 不久后 in the future 将来
the day after tomorrow 后天 this afternoon 今天下午
一般将来时的其他表达法：
除了will/shall结构可以表示将来之外，以下几种形式也是表示将来时态常用的结构。
①be going to表示将来：be going to结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事，必然或很可能发生的事，也用来表示自然现象。
e.g.I’m going to gather some materials about Picasso.
我打算搜集一些有关毕加索的材料。
It’s going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow.
明天将会是冲浪的好天气。
②be doing表示将来。
常用于这种结构的动词有go, come, leave, start, begin, run, leave, stay, do, take等。这种用法往往指安排好要做的事情，很少变更。
e.g.I’m doing my experiment tomorrow.
明天我要做实验。
She’s leaving early tomorrow morning.
明天她很早就出发。
③be to do表示将来。
这种结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。
e.g.The president is to visit China next week.
总统下周来访问中国。
The meeting is to take place early tomorrow.
会议明天一早召开。
用法比较：
be going to与will/ shall
be going to指当前的、已计划过或思考过的意图和打算，will/ shall表示未事先思考或未计划过的意图；be going to还可表示客观迹象表明马上要发生，而will则表明说话者的观点、主观意识。另外will/ shall还可作情态动词用，表示感情色彩。
e.g.It will be Christmas soon.
很快就是圣诞节了。(强调将来的状态)
I am going to listen to music.
我打算听听音乐。(现在的打算，指向将来)
I’ll answer the door.
我去开门。(未经事先考虑的意图)
I’m going to see him tomorrow.
我打算明天去看他。(事先经过思考)
Look at the clouds. There is going to be a storm.
看看这些云彩，暴风雨要来了。(客观迹象)
I hope it will be warm tomorrow.
我希望明天会暖起来。(主观意愿)
6．过去将来时
过去将来时的构成：过去将来时的构成如下表所示：
肯定式
疑问式
否定式
疑问否定式
I /We shall /would work.
Would/ Should I/ we work?
I/ We shall/ would not work.
Would/ Should I/ we not work?
You/ They/ He/ She/ It would work.
Would you/ they/ he/ she /it work?
You/ They/ He/ She/ It would not work.
Would you/ they/ he/ she /it not work?
其缩略形式如下表所示：
肯定式
否定式
I’d/ We’d/ You’d/ They’d/ He’d/ She’d/ It’d
I’d/ We’d/ You’d/ They’d/ He’d/ She’d/ It’d not work.
I/ We/ You/ They/ He/ She /It wouldn’t work或I/ We shouldn’t work.
过去将来时的基本用法：
①过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态主要用于宾语从句或间接引语中。
e.g.Last week he promised that he would come, but he hasn’t arrived until now.
上周他答应来的，可到现在都还没到。
He said that he would wait for me at the gate.
他说他将在大门口等我。
7．现在完成时
（1）现在完成时的构成：现在完成时的构成如下表所示：
（2）现在完成时的时间
① already 已经
② yet 已经
③ just 刚刚
④ before 从前
⑤ recently 最近
⑥ once 曾经
⑦ ever 曾经
⑧ never 从来没有
⑨ since＋时间
⑩ for＋时间
⑾ in the past/ last few years 在最近几年里
⑿ ever since then 从那时起一直到现在
（3）使用现在完成时需注意的问题：
①现在完成时和一般过去时的区别。
两者所表示的动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系、对现在产生的影响、结果等，所以不能与表示过去的时间状语连用；一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示与现在的关系，可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
e.g.—Have you seen the TV play?
你看过这部电视剧吗?
—Yes, I have.
是的，看过。
—When did you see it?
你什么时候看的?
—I saw it sometime last year.
我是去年的某个时候看的。
②瞬间动词的完成时。
瞬间动词的肯定式通常不能与表一段时间的for短语、since短语或从句等连用，因为瞬间动词不能表示延续状态，它只能用现在完成时表达“已经做了”或“还没有做”，而不能表达“做了多久”。
e.g.I have joined the Youth Volunteers for five years.(×)
I joined the Youth Volunteers five years ago.（√）
或I have been a member of the Youth Volunteers for five years.(√)
我是五年前加入青年志愿者队伍的。
△初中所学的常用瞬间动词如下：
①leave→have been away
②die→has been dead
③buy→have had
④borrow→have kept
⑤open→have been open
⑥close→have been closed
⑦begin→have been on
⑧finish→have been over
⑨arrive→have been＋地点
⑩come→have been＋地点
⑾go→have been＋地点
8．过去完成时
过去完成时强调的时间和动词是过去之前的过去。
（1）动词的结构：had＋过去分词
（2）过去完成时的时间
①by＋过去的时间
②by the end of＋过去的时间
（3）过去完成时的其它用法
①用于when的主句、条件：从句的动作过了，主句的动作在从句的动作之前。
e.g.They had already had supper when I got home.
我到家时他们已经吃过了晚饭。
②用于before的主句
e.g.Before I went to bed, I had read a newspaper.
我睡觉之前看了一张报纸。
③用于after的从句
e.g.After I had finished my homework, I helped my mother with housework.
我做完作业后，帮助妈妈做了家务活。
△综上所述，我们明白了在英语中，动词的形式通常是随时间的变化而变化，但只要明确在各种时间中动词的形式，这一难题也就不难。下面我们来做几个练习题。
1．My mother often _______(watch) TV at home.
2．My mother _______(watch) TV yesterday.
3．My mother _______(watch) TV this time yesterday.
4．My mother _______(watch) TV now.
5．My mother _______(watch) TV tomorrow evening.
6．My mother _______(watch) TV for 2 hours.
7．My mother said that she _______(watch) TV by nine yesterday evening.
8．My mother said that she _______(watch) TV next week.
答案：
1．watches
2．watched
3．was watching
4．is watching
5．
6．has watched
7．had watched
8．would watch
典例剖析
例题1．—Hasn’t Betty come yet?
—No, and I _______for her for nearly 2 hours.(2008武汉市中考题)
A．wait B．waited
C．have waited D．had waited
解题技巧：
此题主要考查现在完成时和过去完成时的区别，for加时间通常用完成时态，但由于第一句问句用的是现在完成时，所以后面用现在完成时，说明wait这个动作还要持续下去。
答案：C
例题2．—I phoned you at seven yesterday evening. But nobody answered.
—I _______in the park nearby.(2008山东烟台市中考题)
A．walk B．walked
C．am walking D．was walking
解题技巧：
此题的命题陷阱在于第二句根本没有出现时间，所以看题时，要看问句的时间“at seven yesterday evening”，此句是回答这个时间的问题，所以用过去进行时。
答案：D
例题3．—China’s 24th science research team _______at Changchang station on Jan, 5, 2008.
—Wonderful! Our scientists _______ a lot in this field already.(2008哈尔滨中考题)
A．has arrived, improved
B．arrived, has improved
C．arrived, have improved
解题技巧：
第一句中因为有具体的过去了的时间，所以用过去式。第二句中因为有already，所以用现在完成时。
答案：D
英语的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。
是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时
下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。
一、 一般现在时：
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
6.例句：. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words.
二、 一般过去时：
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 的过去式
4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
三、 现在进行时：
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
6.例句： How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
四、 过去进行时：
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构：was/were+doing
4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
五、 现在完成时：
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：have/has + done
4.否定形式：have/has + not +done.
5.一般疑问句：have或has。
6.例句：I've written an article.
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
六、 过去完成时：
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3.基本结构：had + done.
4.否定形式：had + not + done.
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
七、 一般将来时：
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.
4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
八、 过去将来时：
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.
4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。
6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
I asked who was going there .
九.将来完成时：
1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语：by the time of;by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+从句（将来）
3.基本结构：be going to/will/shall + have done
十.现在完成进行时:
1.概念：在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止
2.基本结构：have/has +been+doing
几种常见时态的相互转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：
十一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
十二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
十三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
十六种时态
一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般过去将来时；
现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，过去将来进行时；
现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时；
现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时．
我是从事英语的，不明再问。
好多时候还真得靠自己的感觉去说。
我觉得应该是说去年那时已经是完成了这个命令（ had been instructed），也就是说强调的是这个记者 （journalist）去年已经被命令写那篇文章了，而不是强调他被命令这个动作。当然这句话也能用 was instructed ,但结果就是强调被命令这个动作了，而没说是否已经完成了这个动作。这句子用过去完成时隐含他已经完成了这个命令的意思。
个人见解，仅供参考！
哥们儿 你压根就搞错了！错大了！！！
你这句
“Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic.”
中只有过去时态，没有什么完成时态！！
听我来给你分析：
首先你要明白，这句话用到了“被动句”！！
"have+过去分词"构成被动语态结构
那位新闻记者journalist假如是今天“被”邀请去写一篇文章，我们就说"the journalist has been instructed to write an article".
假如是去年“被”邀请去写一篇文章，我们就说"the journalist had been instructed to write an article"
"had"是"has"的过去分词。
OK?Do You Understand?
因为这个句子里边有Last year 所以事情是过去发生的 因此完成时态也应该是Had.
在这个句子里边讲的这件事已经完成 当然要用完成时。
如果把Had been 改成was整个句子的重点就会转移到“记者”
用完成时重点在这件事身上。
多读几遍 对比对比 感受感受就懂了。
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绛旓細On wednesday evening灏遍檺瀹氫簡浣犲繀椤荤敤杩囧幓寮忥紝杩囧幓寮忓拰杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃剁殑鍖哄埆灏卞湪浜庤繃鍘诲紡鍙槸鍦ㄦ弿杩拌繃鍘诲彂鐢熺殑浜嬫儏锛岃岃繃鍘诲畬鎴愭椂鏄湪寮鸿皟杩囧幓鍙戠敓鐨勯偅浠朵簨瀵逛箣鍚庣殑褰卞搷銆傚彲浠ョ畝鍗曠殑鍚у畬鎴愭椂缈昏瘧鎴愨滃凡缁忊濓紝杩欎篃鑳藉灏卞鏄撳浜嗐傝嚦浜庝綘鍚庨潰鏀圭殑閭ｄ釜锛宒oesn't make any sense....
绛旓細鐜板湪瀹屾垚鏃寮鸿皟鐨勬槸鐜板湪宸茬粡瀹屾垚鐨勶紝鐢ㄥ畠鐨勬椂鍊欎竴鑸兘鏈夋槑鏄捐瘝浣滄彁绀,姣斿鈥渁lready,yet...鈥濅絾鏄繃鍘绘椂锛岃〃绀鸿繃鍘诲彂鐢熺殑鍔ㄤ綔銆傛墍浠ヤ綘闂偅涓闂灏卞簲璇ユ槸鈥渋 did not say like that鈥濊岃繃鍘诲畬鎴愭椂褰撶劧涓嶈兘鍜屽叿浣撴椂闂寸偣杩烇紝鍥犱负杩囧幓瀹屾垚鏃惰〃绀鸿繃鍘绘煇涓鍔ㄤ綔瀵圭幇鍦ㄤ骇鐢熺殑褰卞搷 涔熷氨鏄繃鍘绘煇涓鍔ㄤ綔鐨勫奖鍝嶅湪...
绛旓細鏈夋椂鍙敤鍏跺畠鏃舵銆傚锛欼t seems like years since we last met. 鎴戜滑浼间箮鍑犲勾鏈闈簡銆侷t is five years since he came here. 浠栨潵杩欓噷浜斿勾浜嗐(2) so far鍒扮洰鍓嶄负姝紝濡傦細So far we have learned 2000 English words. 鐩墠涓烘鎴戜滑宸插浜嗕袱鍗冧釜鑻辫鍗曡瘝浜嗐係o far the search for the ...
绛旓細鐜版垚瀹屾垚鏃娑夊強鐜板湪锛屼互涓嬫儏鍐甸兘鐢ㄥ畬鎴愭椂锛1銆傚己璋冭繃鍘诲彂鐢熺殑鍔ㄤ綔瀵圭幇鍦ㄩ犳垚鐨勫奖鍝嶆垨缁撴灉锛2銆傝繃鍘诲彂鐢熺殑鍔ㄤ綔鎸佺画鍒扮幇鍦紱3銆傝繃鍘诲彂鐢熺殑鍔ㄤ綔鍒扮幇鍦ㄥ垰鍒氬畬鎴愩傝繃鍘诲畬鎴愭椂涓嶆秹鍙婄幇鍦ㄧ殑鐘跺喌銆傝繖鏄簩鑰呯殑鏍规湰鍖哄埆銆備綘鐨勫彞瀛愭剰鎬濇槸锛氫綘鍘诲寳浜嚑娆′簡锛熸椂闂存槸鍖呮嫭鐜板湪鐨勶紝杩囧幓鍒扮幇鍦ㄤ竴鍏卞幓杩囧嚑娆°傚鏋滅敤杩囧幓鏃...
绛旓細涓嶇敤閭ｄ箞鎯崇殑澶嶆潅锛屽叾瀹炲儚绗竴涓緥瀛愶紝鐢ㄥ摢绉鏃舵閮芥槸瀵圭殑锛岀涓绉嶆槸璇撮偅涓椂鍊欐病鏈夎杩囷紝绗簩绉嶆槸璇村綋鏃舵病鏈夊仛閭ｄ釜鍔ㄤ綔浣嗘槸涓嶇敤璇碔 didn't say like that锛岃岀洿鎺ヨI didn't say that灏辨垚銆傝屽洖绛旂殑鏃舵佷竴鑸兘鏄牴鎹棶璇濈殑鏃舵佽屾潵鐨勶紝鑰屽鏋滄槸浣犺嚜宸卞啓閭ｅ氨瑕佺湅浣犺嚜宸辫琛ㄨ揪鐨勬剰鎬濅簡 浣嗘槸绗...
绛旓細鍦ㄧ涓鍙ヨ瘽涓紝鏈変竴涓槑鏄剧殑鏃堕棿鐘惰锛歄n Wednesday evening,鍦ㄨ繖绉嶆儏鍐典笅锛屽彧鑳界敤杩囧幓鏃躲傚悗闈㈢殑鍙ュ瓙涓箣鎵浠ョ敤浜嗚繃鍘瀹屾垚鏃锛屾槸鍥犱负 had gathered 鏄湪鎴戜滑鍒拌揪锛坵ent to)杩欎釜鍔ㄤ綔涔嬪墠鍙戠敓鐨勶紝涔熷氨鏄垜浠墍璇寸殑鈥滆繃鍘荤殑杩囧幓",杩欐椂蹇呴』鐢ㄨ繃鍘诲畬鎴愭椂銆傚張濡傦細When we got to the cinema,the film had...
绛旓細hurried to the station only to find the train had left.鐜板湪瀹屾垚鏄紝鏄姩浣滃彂鐢熷湪杩囧幓锛屽欢缁埌鐜板湪涓烘锛屽己璋冨鐜板湪閫犳垚鐨勫奖鍝嶏紝灏嗘潵瀹屾垚鏃涔熷樊涓嶅灏辫繖鏍风悊瑙ｏ紝鍙槸鏃堕棿鏄皢鏉ユ椂鑰屽凡銆傚畬鎴愯繘琛屾椂寮鸿皟鍔ㄤ綔鍦ㄨ璇濇椂鍒氬垰瀹屾垚鎴栧彲鑳界户缁欢缁笅鍘伙紝鏍规嵁鍙ュ瓙鐨鏃舵鏉ュ叿浣撳垽鏂敤鍝釜銆傚鍋氬仛棰橈紝鍒嗘瀽鍒嗘瀽灏辩煡閬...
绛旓細鐜板湪瀹屾垚鏃寮鸿皟鐨勬槸杩囧幓瀵圭幇鍦ㄩ犳垚鐨勫奖鍝嶃傜粨鏋勬槸have /has +杩囧幓鍒嗚瘝 鈥滄垜浠庢潵娌℃湁瑙佽繃浠栤 寮鸿皟鐨勬槸浠庤繃鍘讳竴鐩村埌鐜颁负姝㈡垜閮芥病鏈夎杩囪繖涓汉
