浅孔留矿法是我国有色金属矿山和稀有金属地下矿山应用最广泛的一种采矿方法, 采矿工程中,采用浅孔留矿法,使用人工装药,请问人工装药的效率...
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金属非金属矿床的赋存条件千变万化,矿石和围岩的物理力学性质各种各样,因此所用的采矿方法也是多种多样的。
采矿方法分类是选择和研究采矿方法的依据。多年来国内外采矿学者在采矿方法分类方面做了大量的研究工作,他们分别以采空区存在状态和维护方法(即地压管理方法)、回采方法(包括回采顺序和回采方向)、落矿方法以及矿体赋存条件等为分类依据,提出了二十余种分类方法。但是到目前为止还没有一种完全适应于选择和研究采矿方法完善的分类。
《采矿手册》(冶金工业出版社)认为,以采空区维护方法为分类依据的分类方法,是以矿岩的物理力学性质为基础,同时又与采矿方法的适应条件、结构参数、回采工艺等都有密切关系,能够体现采矿方法的主要特征,所以采用这种分类方法。实际上,我国采矿工程领域,都是以此为理论基础的,《采矿手册》差不多就是采矿界的圣经!
据此,主要将采矿方法划分为三大类:空场采矿法、充填采矿法和崩落采矿法。而浅孔留矿法属于空场采矿法的一种。留矿采矿法划分开放矿块和矿房,先采矿房后采矿柱,自下而上分层回采。随着回采工作的推进,矿房以敞空形式存在,靠围岩的稳定性和矿柱来维护。这与空场采矿法(包括全面采矿法、房柱采矿法、阶段矿房法等)的基本特点是一致的,所以将留矿采矿法单独归为一类采矿方法是不合理的。
留矿采矿法的使用条件及优缺点:
1、要求矿体围岩和矿岩都是稳固的,并且以薄或极薄矿体为宜。因为空区以敞空形式存在,围岩或矿岩暴露面积较大,若其稳固性不足以支撑空区的话,采矿施工人员的安全将无法保证,甚至导致矿房(矿柱)垮落,最终无法开采。
2、矿脉倾角以急倾斜为宜。矿脉倾角越小,放矿越困难(该采矿方法是利用矿石自重放矿的),且粉矿损失和平场工作量也越大。
3、所采矿石要求无结块性和自燃性。留矿采矿法回采矿房时,是自上而下分层回采的,每次崩落的矿石自重放出1/3左右,保证采下矿石与未采矿石之间有2~3m的作业空间。矿房上采至顶柱后,再进行大量放矿。就是说,在整个矿房回采过程中,矿房内始终贮存着大量矿石,这个贮存期甚至长达2~3年,因此矿石和围岩是不能具有结块性、氧化性和结块性的。比如硫化矿石(黄铜矿、方铅矿等)在水和空气的作用下具有氧化性,含硫量在20%以上的高硫矿石具有自燃性,回采这些矿石时是不能用留矿采矿法的。
留矿采矿法具有矿块结构及生产工艺简单,管理方便,可利用矿石自重放矿,采切工程量小等优点。但由于留矿法回采作业人员须站在暴露的顶板下作业(平场、打眼、装药等),危险系数较大;另外,还有平场作业难于实现机械化,劳动强度大,大量矿石积压影响资金周转等缺点。这也是在中厚以上矿体中一般不采用浅孔留矿法的重要原因。
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