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\u8bf7\u82f1\u8bed\u9ad8\u624b\u5e2e\u5fd9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u6709\u70b9\u957f\uff0c\u5c0f\u5f1f\u8868\u793a\u6b49\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5668\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8c22\uff01Traffic Volume
\u3010\u4ea4\u901a\u91cf\u3011
The role of the traffic engineer is to enable all traffic to travel on the road at a reasonable speed and with an appropriate degree of safety. This is not the loading that is used in the Pavement Design. These values are used to determine the road width only.
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With relation to the volume of traffic using the road, the passenger car is adopted as the standard unit and other vehicles are assessed in terms of passenger car units (pcu).
\u3010\u4e0e\u9053\u8def\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u6d41\u91cf\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5ba2\u8fd0\u8f66\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u6807\u51c6\u53c2\u7167\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8f66\u8f86\u5219\u4ee5\u201c\u5ba2\u8fd0\u8f66\u5355\u4f4d(pcu)\u201d\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u3011
Differences in the urban and rural situations arise due to the variation of speeds in the two areas. Decisions on road width are not normally made on total traffic flow per day as this is misleading but rather on the peak hourly flow. In Britain the maximum permissible flow is 3,000 pcu/h for a two lane dual carriageway and 4,500 pcu/h for a three lane dual carriageway (motorway). For all purpose roads with junctions these figures reduce to 1,100 \u2018\u2018and 1,900 pcu/h respectively.
\u3010\u57ce\u5e02\u4e0e\u519c\u6751\u4e24\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u8fd0\u8f93\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u9053\u8def\u5bbd\u5ea6\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u901a\u5e38\u6bcf\u5929\u7684\u603b\u6d41\u91cf\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5728\u8fd0\u8f93\u9ad8\u5cf0\u671f\u65f6\u5b8c\u5168\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bef\u5bfc\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u4e8c\u8f66\u9053\u901a\u884c\u7684\u53cc\u5411\u8f66\u9053\u6700\u5927\u901a\u884c\u91cf\u662f3000\u5ba2\u8f66\u5355\u4f4d/\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c\u800c\u4e09\u8f66\u9053\u901a\u884c\u7684\u53cc\u5411\u8f66\u9053(\u9ad8\u901f\u516c\u8def)\u5219\u662f4500\u5ba2\u8f66\u5355\u4f4d/\u5c0f\u65f6\u3002\u800c\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e26\u6709\u8def\u53e3\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u9879\u6570\u636e\u5206\u522b\u51cf\u5c11\u4e3a1100\u5ba2\u8f66\u5355\u4f4d/\u5c0f\u65f6\u548c1900\u5ba2\u8f66\u5355\u4f4d/\u5c0f\u65f6\u3002\u3011
Where the road is new, studies must be carried out to estimate the volume of traffic expected to use the road. Where the new road replaces existing roads this is not too difficult. If however the road is expected to change the flow of traffic then analysis should be carried out as to the volume and constitution of traffic on the new road. Matters are further complicated if the road is very long or provides access to or from a large town. Computer methods are now available to aid in this process. The constitution of traffic on the new road is of interest to the pavement engineer.
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Traffic Loading
\u3010\u4ea4\u901a\u8d1f\u8f7d\u3011
In this section, we will discuss the traffic loading that is taken forward to the pavement design section. Unlike in the above section where Passenger Car Units were the reference unit, we will work in Standard Axles. This is a reference unit to determine the average loading on a pavement by what is known as the standard axle. This then allows a total loading over the life of the pavement to be determined, normally in Millions of Standard Axles (msa).
\u3010\u5728\u672c\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ea4\u901a\u8d1f\u8f7d \u8def\u9762\u8bbe\u8ba1\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u524d\u9762\u7ae0\u8282\u90a3\u6837\u7528\u201c\u5ba2\u8f66\u5355\u4f4d\u201d\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53c2\u8003\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u8f66\u8f74(Standard Axles)\u201d\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u3002\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u8f66\u8f74\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u8def\u9762\u5e73\u5747\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u5355\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e00\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u8def\u9762\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bff\u547d\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u603b\u8d1f\u8f7d\u4e5f\u968f\u4e4b\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u8ba1\u6570\u5355\u4f4d\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u767e\u4e07\u6807\u51c6\u8f66\u8f74(msa)\u201d\u3002\u3011
1 pcu/h=1 \u5ba2\u8f66\u5355\u4f4d/\u5c0f\u65f6
\u624b\u8bd1\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u4e13\u4e1a\u540d\u8bcd\u6709\u5f85\u8003\u8bc1\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u56de\u7b54\u5bf9\u4f60\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9
With the scientific and technological progress and national economic development, electricity transmission networks grades improved, people generally enhance the awareness of energy conservation. China's industrial and mining enterprises supply voltage levels for most of 10 kV, and 6 kV high-voltage motors to the majority, therefore enterprises need for the establishment of such electrical power transformer. Power Transformer access is not only complicated system, maintaining a large quantity, but also its own power transformer losses. This paper will be aimed at analysis of 6 KV three-phase asynchronous motor transformation for the same three-phase capacity of 10 KV electric induction, simplified system to achieve energy-saving purposes.
Aging population, namely elderly population weight increased process. Internationally usually put over the age of 60 population 10%, or population aged 65 or above the proportion of 7% as countries or regions into aging society's standards. Currently developed countries of the aging degree greatly exceed the developing country while developed countries aging degree of most serious is Japan, 27%, followed by Italy and Germany.Cause the aging of the population immediate cause is the birth rate and mortality of decreased, but in social arises-whether, cause the aging population mainly has the following four reasons: one is that people's aging, The modern society of industrialization caused social structure and family structure changes, 3 it is the development of modern medical science is the continuation of the elderly life provides scientific guarantee, The fourth is urbanization and modernization of society developed.
The biggest impact caused by aging population for the old society is the attention of tall. For the first time since the 1970s aging with the fastest Japanese speaking, the degree of its cause the main influence has four aspects. One is the Labour population decline, the enterprise rising costs, and labor structure changes. The increase of elderly labor to make technology applied updates, and expanded enterprise labor cost. 2 it is saving descending, money supply more nervous. But also cause a third affecting medical cost. This makes the social burden. Because the elderly often body immunity function is the worst. The fourth is rapidly aging population, make endowment system is piled family much heavier.
The Japanese government facing the problem, issued a series of major policy: 1, improve pensionable age; 2, cut pay level, 3 and improve the government's burden of proportion. Pension age will increase from 65 to 70 years of age, and pension of reducing the number of can change of various ages asymmetry. But these policy at the same time, external criticisms of Japan will daily increase.
For a man, raising the old man is a duty, but at the same time, such liability but make social age structure change, the stability of the society, it has caused some effect exactly how to balance the relationship between the two? This is a long-term problem.
Aging population, namely elderly population weight increased process. Internationally usually put over the age of 60 population 10%, or population aged 65 or above the proportion of 7% as countries or regions into aging society's standards. Currently developed countries of the aging degree greatly exceed the developing country while developed countries aging degree of most serious is Japan, 27%, followed by Italy and Germany.
Cause the aging of the population immediate cause is the birth rate and mortality of decreased, but in social arises-whether, cause the aging population mainly has the following four reasons: one is that people's aging, The modern society of industrialization caused social structure and family structure changes, 3 it is the development of modern medical science is the continuation of the elderly life provides scientific guarantee, The fourth is urbanization and modernization of society developed.
The biggest impact caused by aging population for the old society is the attention of tall. For the first time since the 1970s aging with the fastest Japanese speaking, the degree of its cause the main influence has four aspects. One is the Labour population decline, the enterprise rising costs, and labor structure changes. The increase of elderly labor to make technology applied updates, and expanded enterprise labor cost. 2 it is saving descending, money supply more nervous. But also cause a third affecting medical cost. This makes the social burden. Because the elderly often body immunity function is the worst. The fourth is rapidly aging population, make endowment system is piled family much heavier.
The Japanese government facing the problem, issued a series of major policy: 1, improve pensionable age; 2, cut pay level, 3 and improve the government's burden of proportion. Pension age will increase from 65 to 70 years of age, and pension of reducing the number of can change of various ages asymmetry. But these policy at the same time, external criticisms of Japan will daily increase.
For a man, raising the old man is a duty, but at the same time, such liability but make social age structure change, the stability of the society, it has caused some effect exactly how to balance the relationship between the two? This is a long-term problem.
LZ 我打了好久 采纳一下
Aging population, namely elderly population weight increased process. Internationally usually put over the age of 60 population 10%, or population aged 65 or above the proportion of 7% as countries or regions into aging society's standards. Currently developed countries of the aging degree greatly exceed the developing country while developed countries aging degree of most serious is Japan, 27%, followed by Italy and Germany.
Cause the aging of the population immediate cause is the birth rate and mortality of decreased, but in social arises-whether, cause the aging population mainly has the following four reasons: one is that people's aging, The modern society of industrialization caused social structure and family structure changes, 3 it is the development of modern medical science is the continuation of the elderly life provides scientific guarantee, The fourth is urbanization and modernization of society developed.
The biggest impact caused by aging population for the old society is the attention of tall. For the first time since the 1970s aging with the fastest Japanese speaking, the degree of its cause the main influence has four aspects. One is the Labour population decline, the enterprise rising costs, and labor structure changes. The increase of elderly labor to make technology applied updates, and expanded enterprise labor cost. 2 it is saving descending, money supply more nervous. But also cause a third affecting medical cost. This makes the social burden. Because the elderly often body immunity function is the worst. The fourth is rapidly aging population, make endowment system is piled family much heavier.
The Japanese government facing the problem, issued a series of major policy: 1, improve pensionable age; 2, cut pay level, 3 and improve the government's burden of proportion. Pension age will increase from 65 to 70 years of age, and pension of reducing the number of can change of various ages asymmetry. But these policy at the same time, external criticisms of Japan will daily increase.
For a man, raising the old man is a duty, but at the same time, such liability but make social age structure change, the stability of the society, it has caused some effect exactly how to balance the relationship between the two? This is a long-term problem.
新年快乐！
Aging population, namely elderly population weight increased process. Internationally usually put over the age of 60 population 10%, or population aged 65 or above the proportion of 7% as countries or regions into aging society's standards. Currently developed countries of the aging degree greatly exceed the developing country while developed countries aging degree of most serious is Japan, 27%, followed by Italy and Germany.
Cause the aging of the population immediate cause is the birth rate and mortality of decreased, but in social arises-whether, cause the aging population mainly has the following four reasons: one is that people's aging, The modern society of industrialization caused social structure and family structure changes, 3 it is the development of modern medical science is the continuation of the elderly life provides scientific guarantee, The fourth is urbanization and modernization of society developed.
The biggest impact caused by aging population for the old society is the attention of tall. For the first time since the 1970s aging with the fastest Japanese speaking, the degree of its cause the main influence has four aspects. One is the Labour population decline, the enterprise rising costs, and labor structure changes. The increase of elderly labor to make technology applied updates, and expanded enterprise labor cost. 2 it is saving descending, money supply more nervous. But also cause a third affecting medical cost. This makes the social burden. Because the elderly often body immunity function is the worst. The fourth is rapidly aging population, make endowment system is piled family much heavier.
The Japanese government facing the problem, issued a series of major policy: 1, improve pensionable age; 2, cut pay level, 3 and improve the government's burden of proportion. Pension age will increase from 65 to 70 years of age, and pension of reducing the number of can change of various ages asymmetry. But these policy at the same time, external criticisms of Japan will daily increase.
For a man, raising the old man is a duty, but at the same time, such liability but make social age structure change, the stability of the society, it has caused some effect exactly how to balance the relationship between the two? This is a long-term problem
可以不…………
绛旓細"China's population aging of savings rate of analyzing the impact of
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绛旓細浜哄彛鑰侀緞鍖栧紩璧蜂簡浜轰滑瀵逛竴绯诲垪鐨勭ぞ浼氬拰鍋ュ悍闂鐨勫叧娉紝杩欎簺闂褰撲腑浠ョ嫭灞呰佸勾浜虹殑骞哥鎰熸渶涓虹獊鍑恒傚悗鍗婂彞鐨勪富璇氨鏄墠闈㈢殑concerns.
绛旓細population issue hindering people's living and development.Developed countries are facing the aging population ,which may cause slow population growth,even continually as well as higher rate of death;on the other hand, it may also lead to lower birth rate and natural growth.Apart from...
绛旓細3锛 浣犳槰澶╁湪鏍″洯閲岄亣鍒扮殑浜烘潵鑷嫳鍥姐倅ou met in the campus yesterday from the people of the United kingdom.4锛 鏄ㄥぉ璁╂垜鍞竴寮蹇冪殑浜嬪氨鏄亣瑙佹垜鐨勮佹湅鍙嬨倀he only thing that made me happy yesterday is to meet my old friend.5锛 鎴戜滑鍦ㄤ埂涓嬭鐨勯偅浜涘嫟鍔崇殑鍐滄皯鍜屼粬浠殑骞哥鐢熸椿鐪熸槸...
绛旓細涓枃 » 鑻辫 缈昏瘧 妤间笂浣跨敤goole缈荤殑锛侊紒锛丳resently, our country aging of populations development is rapid, and presents the unique characteristic. In the social development, the old population grew unceasingly to our country rural community safeguards has had the major impact. ...
绛旓細The country whose population of the elderly people has reached a dangerous level, is among the world鈥檚 most developed countries 杩欎釜鍥藉鐨浜哄彛鐨勮佸勾浜鸿揪鍒颁簡鍗遍櫓鐨勬按骞筹紝鏄笘鐣屼笂鏈鍙戣揪鐨勫浗瀹朵箣涓 甯屾湜瀵逛綘鏈甯姪锛
绛旓細At present, China's population structure has existed unbalancedly, oneof its performance stratification planes is China's population oldage. But in China's city, the population old age has already had theimpact to the old-age insurance, although the old-age insuranceunceasingly is ...
绛旓細With the development of China's economic and social transformation, the improvement of the material life, improve medical facilities extend the life of the population, the aging of the population gradually prominent. According to the World Health Organization's definition of a country or ...
绛旓細浼犵粺瑙傚康璁や负,浜哄姏璧勬簮绠＄悊瀹炶返鍙互浣滀负绠＄悊宸ュ叿婵鍔卞拰鎸界暀鑰佸憳宸(Kooij et al .,2008),鍥犳鏄竴绉嶅簲瀵圭殑鎸戞垬涓庤“鑰佺浉鍏崇殑鍔冲姩鍔涖傜劧鑰,鏈変汉璁や负,浜哄彛鑰佸寲瑕佹眰鏂扮殑浜哄姏璧勬簮绠＄悊绠＄悊鏀跨瓥,閫傚悎鑰佸憳宸(鏌灄鏂,2003),鍛煎悂鏇村鐨勭爺绌跺湪浜哄姏璧勬簮绠＄悊瀹炶返鐨勫奖鍝嶏紝鑰佸憳宸ュ惧悜浜庢彁鍓嶉浼戙傚笇鏈涜兘澶甯姪鎮紝缁欐垜鍔犲垎...
