美国国会中的唯一一位物理学家是谁? 美国科学家富兰克林

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\u827e\u8428\u514b\u00b7\u725b\u987f\uff08Isaac Newton\uff0c1643.1.4-1727.3.31\uff09\u2014\u2014\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u57281687\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u91cc\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e07\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u548c\u4e09\u5927\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u5f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u73b0\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u4ecd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4e07\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u7b49\u529b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u6b64\u540e\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002

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\u4f3d\u5229\u7565(Galileo Galilei\uff0c1564-02-15\u20141642-01-08)\u2014\u2014\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c06\u5b9a\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u5f15\u5165\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4ed6\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u30021590\u5e74\uff0c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5728\u6bd4\u8428\u659c\u5854\u4e0a\u505a\u4e86\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u94c1\u7403\u540c\u65f6\u843d\u5730\u201d\u7684\u8457\u540d\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u4e9a\u91cc\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u201c\u7269\u4f53\u4e0b\u843d\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u91cd\u91cf\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u201d\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002\u4ed6\u521b\u5236\u4e86\u5929\u6587\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u6765\u89c2\u6d4b\u5929\u4f53\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6708\u7403\u8868\u9762\u7684\u51f9\u51f8\u4e0d\u5e73\uff0c\u5e76\u4eb2\u624b\u7ed8\u5236\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e45\u6708\u9762\u56fe\u3002\u5148\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6728\u661f\u7684\u56db\u9897\u536b\u661f\u3001\u592a\u9633\u9ed1\u5b50\u3001\u592a\u9633\u7684\u81ea\u8f6c\u3001\u91d1\u661f\u548c\u6c34\u661f\u7684\u76c8\u4e8f\u73b0\u8c61\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u73b0\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002

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\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u666e\u6717\u514b\uff08Max Planck\uff0c1858\u5e744\u670823\u65e5\u20141947\u5e7410\u67084\u65e5\uff09\u5168\u540d\uff1a\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u666e\u6717\u514b\uff08\u5fb7\u8bed\uff1aMax Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck\uff09\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\uff08\u91cf\u5b50\u8bba\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\uff09\u91cd\u8981\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u666e\u6717\u514b\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u56e0\u53d1\u73b0\u80fd\u91cf\u91cf\u5b50\u800c\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5e76\u57281918\u5e74\u8363\u83b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002\u666e\u6717\u514b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9c9c\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6ce2\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5e38\u6570k\u3002\u4ed6\u6cbf\u7740\u6ce2\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u7684\u601d\u8def\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u51fa\u6ce2\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5e38\u6570\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5411\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u5c0a\u5d07\u7684\u6ce2\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u6559\u6388\u8868\u793a\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06k\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u6ce2\u5c14\u5179\u66fc\u5e38\u6570\u3002\u666e\u6717\u514b\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5e38\u6570k\u548ch\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u4e4b\u65e0\u6127\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u30021929\u5e74\u4e0e\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5171\u540c\u83b7\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u666e\u6717\u514b\u5956\u7ae0\u3002

\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c
\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\uff08Michael Faraday\uff0c1791\u5e749\u670822\u65e5\uff5e1867\u5e748\u670825\u65e5\uff09\u82f1\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5316\u5b66

\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u81ea\u5b66\u6210\u624d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u751f\u4e8e\u8428\u91cc\u90e1\u7ebd\u56e0\u987f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d2b\u82e6\u94c1\u5320\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u4ec5\u4e0a\u8fc7\u5c0f\u5b66\u30021831\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u529b\u573a\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6027\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u3002[\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u548c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u4f11\u827e\u5c14\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5982\u201c\u7535\u6781\u201d\u3001\u201c\u79bb\u5b50\u201d\u7b49\u8033\u719f\u80fd\u8be6\u7684\u5b57\u3002\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u6234\u7ef4\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u52a9\u624b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u662f\u9ea6\u514b\u601d\u97e6\u7684\u5148\u5bfc\u30021831\u5e7410\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u73b0\u7535\u78c1\u611f\u5e94\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5728\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4f1f\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u53f0\u53d1\u7535\u673a\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u53f0\u5c06\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u52a8\u80fd\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7535\u80fd\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u3002\u867d\u7136\u88c5\u7f6e\u7b80\u964b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5374\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53d1\u7535\u673a\u7684\u7956\u5148\u3002

\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\uff08Benjamin Franlin,1706\uff5e1790\uff09\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u30021706\u5e741\u670827\u65e5\u751f\u4e8e\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u4eba\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u80a5\u7682\u548c\u8721\u70db\u5236\u9020\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5bb6\u5ead\u8d2b\u5bd2\uff0c\u4ece8\u5c81\u8d77\u53ea\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u5b66\u5c31\u8f8d\u5b66\u5f53\u4e86\u5b66\u5f92\uff0c\u4ece12\u5c81\u8d77\u5230\u4ed6\u5927\u54e5\u7684\u5370\u5237\u6240\u91cc\u5f53\u5b66\u5f92\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u957f\u671f\u4ece\u4e8b\u5370\u5237\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u523b\u82e6\u81ea\u5b66\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8bfb\u4e66\u662f\u6211\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5a31\u4e50\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u5e38\u5e38\u53bb\u627e\u522b\u4eba\u6216\u4e66\u5e97\u501f\u4e66\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u6df1\u591c\u8bfb\u4e66\uff0c\u6e05\u6668\u5c31\u53bb\u5f52\u8fd8\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u4ee5\u7b14\u540dRichard Saunders\u6295\u7a3f\uff0c\u62a5\u7eb8\u7f16\u8f91\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6587\u7ae0\u201c\u51fa\u81ea\u540d\u5bb6\u624b\u7b14\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ece\u4e66\u672c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4e60\u5404\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u8fd8\u8f97\u8f6c\u5230\u7ebd\u7ea6\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u3001\u8d39\u57ce\u7b49\u5730\u6d41\u6d6a\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u300221\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8d39\u57ce\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u5317\u7f8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u9752\u5e74\u81ea\u5b66\u56e2\u4f53\u201c\u5171\u8bfb\u793e\u201d\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u6280\u5e08\u3001\u978b\u5320\u3001\u74e6\u5320\u3001\u8bd7\u4eba\u7b49\u6bcf\u5468\u661f\u671f\u4e94\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u6587\u827a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e2\u4f53\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a1743\u5e74\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u54f2\u5b66\u4f1a\u30021769\u5e74\u4ed6\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u8be5\u4f1a\u7684\u4f1a\u957f\u300225\u5c81\u65f6\u4ed6\u53c8\u5728\u8d39\u57ce\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u5317\u7f8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5317\u7f8e\u516c\u5171\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u300245\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u521b\u529e\u8d39\u57ce\u5b66\u9662\uff08\u5373\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u3002

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\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u8363\u8a89\u30021753\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u79d1\u666e\u5229\u5956\u7ae0\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u5b66\u4f4d\u30021756\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c1772\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u9662\u58eb\uff0c1789\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u9662\u571f\u3002

\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5728\u7535\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u53ea\u5360\u5341\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u30021743\uff5e1744\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u5728\u8d39\u57ce\u548c\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u7684\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\uff08A.SPence\uff09\u535a\u571f\u5229\u7528\u73bb\u7483\u7ba1\u548c\u83b1\u987f\u74f6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7535\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6fc0\u8d77\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u63a2\u6c42\u6b32\u671b\u3002\u4ed6\u4e70\u4e0b\u4e86\u5168\u90e8\u5c55\u54c1\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u4ed6\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u7ed3\u8bc6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u67ef\u6797\u68ee\uff08Peter Cdlinson\uff09\u5f97\u77e5\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5bc4\u6765\u4e86\u5927\u6279\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u7535\u5b66\u8457\u4f5c\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6469\u64e6\u8d77\u7535\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u548c\u8d39\u57ce\u54f2\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7535\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u7d22\u3002

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\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f \uff08Franklin Roosevelt\uff091882\u5e741\u670830\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ebd\u7ea6\u30021900\u5e74\u81f31904\u5e74\u5c31\u8bfb\u4e8e\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\uff0c1905\u5e74\u8f6c\u5165\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5f8b\u5e08\u8003\u8bd5\u5408\u683c\u540e\u5373\u8f8d\u5b66\u3002 1910\u5e74\u4efb\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e02\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\uff0c1912\u5e74\u8fde\u4efb\u30021913\u5e74\u4efb\u6d77\u519b\u526f\u90e8\u957f\u30021921\u5e748\u6708\u4f11\u5047\u671f\u95f4\u60a3\u810a\u9ad3\u7070\u8d28\u708e\u75c7\uff0c\u4ecd\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u7531\u5176\u59bb\u4ee3\u4e3a\u53c2\u52a0\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002

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题主您好,这位叫做比尔福斯特。
在2008年当选为美国国会议员之前,物理学家、民主党人比尔·福斯特(Bill Foster)已在费米国家加速器实验室任职了20多年。现在,他是少数几位拥有博士学位的美国国会议员之一。福斯特表示,当前美国迫切需要更多有科学背景的政治家。在11月众议院或参议院的选举中,至少将有8名具有科学背景的候选人(虽然不一定拥有博士学位)参与角逐。
望采纳,谢谢。

是比尔·福斯特

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