结合日本的 地理，历史，社会，政治，经济，文化，谈谈对日本概况的了解 介绍日本地理概况，包括自然，人文，经济等各方面
\u6c42\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u65e5\u672c\u6982\u51b5\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6587\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u5e38\u8bc6\uff09\u3010History\u3011
The first signs of occupation on the Japanese Archipelago appeared with a Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC, followed from around 14,000 BC by the J\u014dmon period, a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. Decorated clay vessels from this period, often with plaited patterns, are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world.[3][4][5]
The Yayoi period, starting around the third century BC, introduced new practices, such as wet-rice farming, iron and bronze-making and a new style of pottery, brought by migrants from China or Korea. With the development of Yayoi culture, a predominantly agricultural society emerged in Japan.[6][7][8][9]
The Japanese first appear in written history in China\u2019s Book of Han. According to the Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku.
A middle J\u014dmon period vessel (3000 to 2000 BC).
A middle J\u014dmon period vessel (3000 to 2000 BC).
The Great Buddha in Kamakura (1252).
The Great Buddha in Kamakura (1252).
Japan was first introduced to Buddhism from Baekje of the Korean Peninsula, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by China.[10] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the Asuka period.[11]
The Nara period of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered around an imperial court in the city of Heij\u014d-ky\u014d, or modern day Nara. In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720).[12] (Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though. Before Nara, Fujiwara-ky\u014d and Asuka served as capitals of the Yamato state.)
In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-ky\u014d for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to Heian-ky\u014d (modern day Kyoto) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium.[13] This marked the beginning of the Heian period, during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and literature. Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, Kimi ga Yo were written during this time.[14]
Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival Taira clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura. After Yoritomo's death, the H\u014dj\u014d clan came to rule as regents for the shoguns. Zen Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185\u20131333) and became popular among the samurai class. The Kamakura shogunate managed to repel Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a kamikaze, or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo, who was soon himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336.[15] The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyo), and a civil war erupted (the Ōnin War) in 1467 which opened a century-long Sengoku period.[16]
During the sixteenth century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (Nanban trade).
Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi invaded Korea twice, but following several defeats by Korean and Ming China forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598.[17]
After Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed sh\u014dgun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo). The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as Buke shohatto to control the autonomous daimyo. In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period. The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued during this period through contacts with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku, or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves.[18]
On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought Japan into economic and political crises. The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state unified under the name of the Emperor (Meiji Restoration). Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u20131895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904\u20131905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin.[19]
The early twentieth century saw a brief period of "Taisho democracy" overshadowed by the rise of expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence and territorial holdings. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931. As a result of international condemnation for this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, joining the Axis powers in 1941.[20]
In 1937, Japan invaded other parts of China, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937\u20131945), after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.[21] On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base in Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. This act brought the United States into World War II. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with the Soviet Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 (Victory over Japan Day).[22] The war cost Japan millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, was convened by the Allies (on May 3, 1946) to prosecute Japanese leaders for war crimes such as the Nanking Massacre.[23]
In 1947, Japan adopted a new pacifist constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended by the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952[24] and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved spectacular growth to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery.[25]
\u3010Government and politics\u3011
Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.[26] The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne.
Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives, containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age,[2] with a secret ballot for all elective offices.[26] The liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived coalition government formed from opposition parties in 1993.[27] The largest opposition party is the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan.
The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. The position is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. Yasuo Fukuda currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan.[28]
Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. However, since the late nineteenth century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably France and Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on the German model. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan.[29] Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber-stamp approval of the Emperor. The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation.[26] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.[30] The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes.[29]
\u3010Economy\u3011
Close government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation among others have helped Japan become the second largest economy in the world,[51] after the United States, at around US$4.5 trillion in terms of nominal GDP[51] and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity.[52]
Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation and telecommunications are all major industries. Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods.[53] Construction has long been one of Japan's largest industries, with the help of multi-billion dollar government contracts in the civil sector. Distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy have included the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks in closely-knit groups called keiretsu and the guarantee of lifetime employment in big corporations.[54] Recently, Japanese companies have begun to abandon some of these norms in an attempt to increase profitability.[55]
With a market capitalization of more than US$4 trillion, the Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.
With a market capitalization of more than US$4 trillion, the Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.
Japan is also home to some of the largest financial services companies, business groups and bank such as Sony, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi and Toyota. It is also home to the world's largest bank by asset, Japan Post Bank (US$3.2 trillion)[56] and others such as Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (US$1.2 trillion[57]), Mizuho Financial Group (US$1.4 trillion[58]) and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (US$1.3 trillion[59]). The Tokyo Stock Exchange with a market capitalization of over 549.7 trillion Yen as of December 2006 stands as the second largest in the world.[60]
From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called a "miracle": a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s.[61] Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, largely because of the after-effects of over-investment during the late 1980s and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered in 2000 to 2001 by the deceleration of the global economy.[53] However, the economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.[62]
Because only about 15% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation,[63] a system of terrace farming is used to build in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area. However, Japan's small agricultural sector is also highly subsidized and protected. Japan must import about 50%[64] of its requirements of grain and fodder crops other than rice, and it relies on imports for most of its supply of meat. In fishing, Japan is ranked second in the world behind China in tonnage of fish caught. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch.[53] Japan relies on foreign countries for almost all oil and food.
Transportation in Japan is highly developed. As of 2004, there are 1,177,278 km (731,683 miles) of paved roadways, 173 airports, and 23,577 km (14,653 miles) of railways.[53] Air transport is mostly operated by All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL). Railways are operated by Japan Railways Group among others. There are extensive international flights from many cities and countries to and from Japan.
Japan's main export partners are the United States 22.8%, China 14.3%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 6.8% and Hong Kong 5.6% (for 2006). Japan's main exports are transport equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals.[53] With very limited natural resources to sustain economic development, Japan depends on other nations for most of its raw materials; thus it imports a wide variety of goods. Its main import partners are China 20.5%, U.S. 12.0%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Australia 4.8%, South Korea 4.7% and Indonesia 4.2% (for 2006). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. Overall, Japan's largest trading partners are China and the United States.[65]
\u3010Culture and recreation\u3011
Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original J\u014dmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Bud\u014d, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan.[89] Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s.[90]
A traditional Japanese teahouse.
A traditional Japanese teahouse.
Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth.[91] Western music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop.[92] Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremony.[93]
The earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'y\u014dsh\u016b, all written in Chinese characters.[94] In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.[95] An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Sh\u014dnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel. During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the ch\u014dnin, the ordinary people. Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship.[95] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume S\u014dseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Akutagawa Ry\u016bnosuke, Tanizaki Jun'ichir\u014d, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors \u2014 Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).[95]
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地理位置
日本位于亚欧大陆东部、太平洋西北部，由数千个岛屿组成，众列岛呈弧形。日本东部和南部为一望无际的太平洋，西临日本海、东海，北接鄂霍次克海，隔海分别和朝鲜，韩国、中国、俄罗斯、菲律宾等国相望。日本北海道有世界最著名的渔场之一——北海道渔场，其成因是千岛寒流与日本暖流交汇。
面积和地区划分
日本包括北海道、本州、四国、九州4个大岛和其它6800多个小岛屿。 日本的总面积为：377,835平方公里，其中土地面积37万多平方千米，水域面积3,091平方公里，领海面积310000平方公里。日本是世界上填海造陆最多的国家，填海造陆的面积多达1600平方公里。
日本历史
约公元2世纪，日本各地有100多个部落（其中有的与东汉建立了关系）。 到了公元4世纪，在关西地方建立了比较大的国家，据说最终将它们统一起来的是当今天皇族的祖先。当时，日本国范围仅包括本州西部、九州北部及四国。 第一代天皇——神武天皇
经过一千多年，日本列岛上在4世纪后才出现比较统一的国家，所以很难对日本国诞生的确实年代作出准确的判定。据日本传说《古事记》和《日本书纪》，第一代天皇——神武天皇于公元前660年建国并即位，即位日相当于现在的公历2月11日，因此就把这一天定为“建国纪念日”。神武天皇，是圣德太子曾借道教辛酉年之说，编排的“皇纪”。推古九年正好是辛酉年，也是圣德太子在斑鸠宫推行改革的年份。辛酉年每60年出现一次，亦称一轮。按道皇居二重桥教的说法，每一轮辛酉年是发生变革之年。而第21轮的辛酉年则是发生彻底的大变革之年。 于是，圣德太子以推古九年（601年）为起点再往上推第21轮的辛酉年为日本建国之年。规定该年的阴历一月一日为神武天皇登极之日(阳历为2月21日)。按照这种推算法，公元1990年是皇纪2649年。结果把皇统向前多推算了大约一千年。在这一千年的空白中人为地安插了10位虚构的天皇。圣德太子按照这种逻辑编修了日本史。后人便加以延用至今。
樱花、和服、俳句与武士、清酒、神道教构成了传统日本的两个方面——菊与刀。在日本有著名的 "三道"，即日本民间的茶道、花道、书道。日本茶道
茶道也叫作茶汤（品茗会），自古以来就作为一种美感仪式受到上流阶层的无比喜爱。茶道是一种独特的饮茶仪式和社会礼仪。日本的茶道最早是由中国唐朝贞观年间传到日本的。在古代，日本与中国早有往来。盛唐时期，日本曾派大量使臣来中国，受中国影响较深。日本人民称“中国是日本茶道的故乡”，日本茶道和中国的潮汕工夫茶有些相似。 花道作为一种在茶室内再现野外盛开的鲜花的技法而诞生。因展示的规则和方法的有所不同，花道可分成20多种流派，日本国内也有许多传授花道各流派技法的学校。另外，在宾馆、百货商店等各种场所，可以欣赏到装饰优美的插花艺术。忌讳荷花，认为荷花是丧花。忌用山茶花，菊花是皇室家族的标志。 相扑来源于日本神道的宗教仪式。在奈良和平安时期，相扑是一种宫廷观赏运动，而到了镰仓战国时期，相扑成为武士训练的一部分。18世纪兴起了职业相扑运动，它与现在的相扑比赛极为相似。神道仪式强调相扑运动，比赛前的跺脚仪式（四顾）的目的是将场地中的恶鬼趋走，同时还起到放松肌肉的作用。场地上还要撒盐以达到净化的目的。相扑比赛在台子上进行。整个台子为正方形，中部为圆圈，其直径为4.55米。比赛时，两位力士束发梳髻，下身系一条兜带，近乎赤身裸体上台比赛。比赛中，力士除脚掌外任何部分不得触及台子表面，同时也不得超出圆圈。大力士的最高等级是“横纲”。下面是大关、关胁、小结、前颈，这四个等级被称为“幕内”，属于力士中的上层。再次是十两、幕下，除此之外还有更低级的三段目、序三段。处于序之口、序二段的学员只能做一些打水扫地之类的打杂工作，只有到了三段目的时候，师傅才会传授一些技术，而到了十两的学员就是职业相扑选手了，被称为“力士”，不仅有工资，而且还可以参加各种比赛赢取奖金。相扑手一旦达到了横纲，几乎就可以说是站在了日本相扑界的顶点，将拥有终身至高无上的荣耀。 和服是日本传统民族服装的称呼。它在日本也称“着物”。和服是仿照中国隋唐服式和吴服改制的，所以在日本被称为"吴服 服"和"唐衣"，和服是西方人对吴服的称谓，现在日本人已经接受了这个称谓，但是很多卖和服的商店，还是写着"吴服"。公元八至九世纪，日本一度盛行过“唐风”服装。以后虽有改变形成日本独特的风格，但仍含有中国古代服装的某些特色。妇女和服的款式和花色的差别是区别年龄和结婚与否的标志。日本最早的少女组合—早安少女组
柔道在全世界有广泛声誉。柔道的基本原理不是攻击、而是一种利用对方的力量的护身之术，柔道家的级别用腰带的颜色（初级∶白/高级∶黑）来表示。柔道是中国拳术的发展，源出少林之门。明末，中国的一位武林高手陈元赞将中国的传统武术传到扶桑（今日本），成为现代风行世界的柔道之先河。 剑道是指从武士重要武艺剑术中派生而出的日本击剑运动。比赛者按照严格的规则，身着专用防护具，用一把竹刀互刺对方的头、躯体以及手指尖。 空手道是由距今五百年前的古老格斗术和中国传入日本的拳法揉合而成的。空手道不使用任何武器、仅使用拳和脚，与其它格斗运动相比，是一种相当具有实战意义的运动形式。 书道，提起书法，相信不少人会认为它是中国独有的一门艺术。其实，书法在日本不仅盛行，更是人们修行养性的方式之一。古代日本人称书法叫“入木道”或“笔道”，直到江户时代（十七世纪），才出现“书道”这个名词。在日本，用毛笔写汉字而盛行书法，应当是在佛教传入之后。僧侣和佛教徒模仿中国，用毛笔抄录经书。 能剧是日本的传统戏剧，也是世界上现存的最古老的戏剧之一。能剧源于古代舞蹈戏剧形式和12世纪或13世纪在日本的神社和寺院举行的各种节庆戏剧。“能”具有才能或技能的意义。演员通过面部表情和形体动作暗示故事的本质，而不是把它表现出来。现在这一剧种在日本仍具有顽强的生命力。 合气道是日本一种以巧制胜的武术。
日本经济
日本经济高度发达，国民拥有很高的生活水平。GDP方面，2009年，按照国际汇率计算的话，日本国内生产总值5.068万亿美元，居世界第2位（2009年中国GDP4.98万亿美元）。人均国内生产总值39,731美元，是世界第17位。若以购买力平价计算，国内生产总值位居世界第3位（次于美国和中国；[第四名：印度]），人均国内生产总值是世界第23位。2004年末，日本在海外的纯资产达1.8万亿美元，也是世界最大。 政府以资本扶持工业与企业、强大的劳动力、高科技的发展以及较低的军事预算比例（占GDP的1%），帮助日本经济高速发展，并成为当今仅次于美国的科技强国及全球第三大经济体系。日本的经济特点是生产商、供应商和经销商的紧密结合、强大的企业联盟、紧密的团队合作、年功序列制、终身雇用制等 。 日本的服务业，特别是银行业、金融业、航运业、保险业以及商业服务业占GDP占最大比重，而且处于世界领导地位，首都东京不仅是全国第一大城市和经济中心，更是世界数一数二的金融、航运和服务中心。自二次大战后，日本的制造业得到迅速发展，尤其电子产业和汽车制造业。日本三菱是世界上仅次于美国通用的超级企业财阀，2007年仅在三菱旗下的世界五百强企业就达到了11家。日本的电子产业和高科技著名制造商包括索尼、松下、佳能、夏普、东芝、日立等公司。汽车业方面，日本公司的汽车生产量超越美国和德国，是全球最大的汽车生产国。其中丰田、马自达、本田和日产等制造商，均有出产汽车行销全球。日本拥有世界资产最庞大的银行邮储银行，三菱UFJ金融集团、瑞穗金融集团和三井住友金融集团在世界金融界占有举足轻重的地位。 日本经济自1960年代到1980年代保持了20多年的高度成长，被誉为奇迹：1960年代池田勇人内阁提出“所得倍增计划”，经济出现平均10%的增长；1970年代初期虽然遇到石油危机，平均仍有5%的增长；1980年代则为平均4%的增长。而从1990年代开始，日本经济趋于不景气，主要是由于1980年代末的过度投资所造成的资产膨胀，以及证券及房地产市场的“泡沫化”，最终在逾放比过高与日圆不断升值下，泡沫经济瓦解。政府改革经济的努力也没有立竿见影的成效。2002年2月以来日本的景气一直扩大，创下了战后最长的景气复苏期纪录，不少企业创造了历史最好业绩。
王八蛋的国家。
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