水泥的数据翻译 关于水泥的中英文对照文章
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[\u8bcd\u5178]concrete;
[\u4f8b\u53e5]\u53ef\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6dfb\u52a0\u5242\u53bb\u63a7\u5236\u6c34\u6ce5\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3001\u51dd\u56fa\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u80fd\u3002
Various additives are used to control density, setting time, strength and flow properties.
International best practice values of energy consumption for cement production
For the international best practices at each stage of production, data were gathered from public literature sources, plants, and vendors of equipment. These data and calculations are described below.
--Raw materials and fuel preparation
Energy used in preparing the raw material consists of preblending (prehomogenization and proportioning), crushing, grinding and drying (if necessary) the raw meal which is mostly limestone. All materials are then homogenized before entering the kiln. Solid fuels input to the kiln must also be crushed, ground, and dried. Best practice for raw materials preparation is based on the use of a longitudinal preblending store with either bridge scraper or bucket wheel reclaimer or a circular preblending store with bridge scraper reclaimer for preblending (prehomogenization and proportioning) at 0.5 kWh/t raw meal, a gyratory crusher at 0.38 kWh/t raw meal, an integrated vertical roller mill system with four grinding rollers and a high-efficiency separator at 11.45 kWh/t raw meal for grinding, and a gravity (multi-outlet silo) dry system at 0.10 kWh/t raw meal for homogenization. Based on the above values, the overall best practice value for raw materials preparation is 12.05 kWh/t raw material. Ideally this value should take into account the differences in moisture content of the raw materials as well as the hardness of the limestone. Higher moisture content requires more energy for drying and harder limestone requires more crushing and grinding energy. If drying is required, best practice is to install a preheater to dry the raw materials, which decreases the efficiency of the kiln. For BEST Cement, it is assumed that pre-heating of wet raw materials is negligible and does not decrease the efficiency of the kiln.
Solid fuel preparation also depends on the moisture content of the fuel. It is assumed that only coal needs to be dried and ground and that the energy required for drying or grinding of other materials is insignificant or unnecessary. Best practice is to use the waste heat from the kiln system, for example, the clinker cooler (if available) to dry the coal. Best practice using an MPS vertical roller mill is 10-36 kWh/t anthracite, 6-12 kWh/t pit coal, 8-19 kWh/t lignite, and 7-17 kWh/t petcoke or using a bowl mill is 10-18 kWh/t product. Based on the above, it is assumed that best practice for solid fuel preparation is 10 kWh/t product.
--Additives preparation
In addition to clinker, some plants use additives in the final cement product. While this reduces the most energy intensive stage of production (clinker making), as well as the carbonation process which produces additional CO2 as a product of the reaction, some additives require additional electricity for blending and grinding (such as fly ash, slags and pozzolans) and/or additional fuel for drying (such as blast furnace and other slags).
Additional requirements from use of additives are based on the differences between blending and grinding Portland cement (5% additives) and other types of cement (up to 65% additives). Portland Cement typically requires about 55 kWh/t for clinker grinding, while fly ash cement (with 25% fly ash) typically requires 60 kWh/t and blast furnace slag cement (with 65% slag) 80 kWh/t (these are typical grinding numbers only used to determine the additional grinding energy required by additives, not best practice; for best practice refer to data below in cement grinding section). It is assumed that only fly ash, blast furnace and other slags and natural pozzolans need additional energy. Based on the data above, fly ash will require an additional 20 kWh/t of fly ash and slags will require an additional 38 kWh/t of slag. It is assumed that natural pozzolans have requirements similar to fly ash. These data are used to calculate cement grinding requirements. For additives which are dried, best practice requires 0.75 GJ/t (26 kgce/t) of additive. Generally, only blast furnace and other slags are dried. Those additives that need to be dried (the default is all slags, although the user can enter this data as well in the production input sheet) best practice requires an additional 0.75 GJ/t (26 kgce/t) of additive.
--Kiln
Clinker production can be split into the electricity required to run the machinery, including the fans, the kiln drive, the cooler and the transport of materials to the top of the preheater tower (\u201ckiln preheaters\u201d and \u201ccooler system\u201d), and the fuel needed to dry, to calcine and to clinkerize the raw materials (\u201cprecalcination\u201d, if applicable, and the \u201ckiln\u201d). Best practice for clinker making mechanical requirements is estimated to be 22.5 kWh/t clinker, while fuel use has been reported as low as 2.85 GJ/t (97.3 kgce/t) clinker.
Final grinding
Best practice for cement grinding depends on the cement being produced, measured as fineness or Blaine (cm2/g). In 1997, it was reported that the Horomill required 25 kWh/tonne of cement for 3200 Blaine and 30 kWh/tonne cement for 4000 Blaine. We make the following assumptions regarding Chinese cement types: 325 = a Blaine of less than or equal to 3200; 425 = a Blaine of approximately 3500; 525 = a Blaine of about 4000; and, 625 = a Blaine of approximately 4200. More recent estimates of Horomill energy consumption range between 16 and 19 kWh/tonne. We used best practice values for the Horomill for 3200 and 4000 Blaine and interpolated and extrapolated values based on an assumed linear distribution for 3500 and 4200 Blaine. We estimated lowest quality cement requires 16 kWh/tonne and that 3500 Blaine is 8% more than 3200 Blaine (17.3 kWh/tonne), 4000 Blaine is 20% more than 3200 Blaine (19.2 kWh/tonne), and 4200 Blaine is 24% more than 3200 Blaine (19.8 kWh/tonne). We then used these values to estimate the values of other types of cement, based on more or less grinding that would be needed for any additives. We assumed common Portland cement grinding required similar energy as pure Portland cement, that blended slag and fly ash cements were on average, 65% slag and 35% fly ash, that grinding pozzolans required similar energy as grinding slags (at a similar ratio of 65%) and that limestone cement contained 5% extra limestone with grinding requirements similar to grinding slag.
--Other production energy uses
Some cement facilities have quarries on-site, and those generally use both trucks and conveyors to move raw materials. If applicable to the cement facility, quarrying is estimated to use about 1% of the total electricity at the facility.
Other production energy includes power for auxiliaries and conveyors within the facility. (We have excluded packaging from our analysis). Total power use for auxiliaries is estimated to require about 10 kWh/t of clinker at a cement facility. Power use for conveyors is estimated to require about 1 to 2 kWh/t of cement. Lighting, office equipment, and other miscellaneous electricity uses are estimated to use about 1.2% of the total electricity at the facility.
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\u751f\u6599\u5236\u5907\u7684\u80fd\u8017\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u6599\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u77f3\u7070\u77f3\uff09\u7684\u9884\u6df7\u5408\uff08\u9884\u5747\u5316\u548c\u914d\u6599\uff09\u3001\u7834\u788e\u3001\u7c89\u78e8\u548c\u70d8\u5e72\uff08\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7269\u6599\u5728\u5165\u7a91\u4e4b\u524d\u90fd\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5145\u5206\u7684\u5747\u5316\u3002\u5165\u7a91\u7684\u56fa\u4f53\u71c3\u6599\u4e5f\u8981\u5148\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7834\u788e\u3001\u7c89\u78e8\u548c\u70d8\u5e72\u3002\u751f\u6599\u5236\u5907\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u503c\u8ba1\u7b97\u4f9d\u636e\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u9884\u6df7\u5408\u91c7\u7528\u5e26\u6865\u5f0f\u522e\u677f\u5f0f\u53d6\u6599\u673a\u6216\u6597\u8f6e\u5f0f\u53d6\u6599\u673a\u7684\u7eb5\u5411\u9884\u5747\u5316\u5806\u573a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5e26\u6865\u5f0f\u522e\u677f\u5f0f\u53d6\u6599\u673a\u7684\u73af\u5f62\u9884\u5747\u5316\u5806\u573a\uff08\u7535\u80170.5kWh/t\u751f\u6599\uff09\uff1b\u7834\u788e\u91c7\u7528\u8f6c\u5b50\u7834\u788e\u673a\uff08\u7535\u80170.38kWh/t\u751f\u6599\uff09\uff1b\u751f\u6599\u7c89\u78e8\u91c7\u7528\u5e26\u9ad8\u6548\u9009\u7c89\u673a\u548c\u56db\u4e2a\u8f8a\u5b50\u7684\u7acb\u78e8\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u7535\u801711.45kWh/t\u751f\u6599\uff09\uff1b\u5747\u5316\u91c7\u7528\u91cd\u529b\u5f0f\uff08\u591a\u51fa\u53e3\u7b52\u4ed3\uff09\u70d8\u5e72\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\u7535\u80170.10kWh/t\u751f\u6599\uff09\u3002\u7efc\u5408\u4ee5\u4e0a\u80fd\u8017\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u751f\u6599\u5236\u5907\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u603b\u80fd\u8017\u4e3a12.05kWh/t\u751f\u6599\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u8be5\u80fd\u8017\u503c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u751f\u6599\u6c34\u5206\u548c\u77f3\u7070\u77f3\u786c\u5ea6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6c34\u5206\u8d8a\u5927\u5219\u70d8\u5e72\u80fd\u8017\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u77f3\u7070\u77f3\u786c\u5ea6\u8d8a\u9ad8\u5219\u7834\u788e\u548c\u7c89\u78e8\u80fd\u8017\u8d8a\u591a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u539f\u6599\u9700\u8981\u70d8\u5e72\uff0c\u5219\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u662f\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u70ed\u5668\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u7a91\u7684\u70ed\u6548\u7387\u3002\u201cBEST Cement\u201d\u5047\u8bbe\u70d8\u5e72\u6e7f\u539f\u6599\u7684\u80fd\u8017\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u8ba1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\u964d\u4f4e\u7a91\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u70ed\u6548\u7387\u3002
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--\u6df7\u5408\u6750\u5236\u5907
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\u7a91\u7cfb\u7edf
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已经翻译好了，你看看。按照你给的图片右上角的编号。
1. lime saturation factor：石灰饱和（度）因子
2. ratio of % Alumina to that of Iron Oxide：氧化铝与氧化铁的比率
3. Insoluble Residue 不溶残留物、不溶残渣（％质量）
4. Magnesia 氧化镁
5. Sulphuric Anhydrate 硫酸酐
6. Total Loss on Ignition 燃烧总损失
7. Total Chloride Content(% by Mass) 总氯化物含量
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS：物理要求
1. Fineness：优质
2. Specific Surface：特殊比表面积
3. Setting Time：静置时间 Initial：初始 Final：最终
4. Soundness：稳固
5. Expansion by：膨胀
Le-chatelier (mm) 勒沙特列（一种原理） Compressive Strength 压缩强度
CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
1. Magnesia：氧化镁
2. Insoluble Residue：不溶残留物、不溶残渣
3. Loss on Ignition：燃烧损失
4. Sulphuric Anhydrate：硫酸酐
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS：物理要求
1. Specific Surface：特殊表面积
2. Setting Time：静置时间
3. Soundness：稳固
4. Drying Shrinkage：干燥收缩
5. Compressive Strength：压缩强度
1. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
% Soluble Silica：可溶性硅
% Alumina：氧化铝
% Iron Oxide：氧化铁
% Lime：石灰
% Magnesia：氧化镁
% Insoluble Residue：不溶残留物、不溶残渣
% Sulphur Calculated at SO3：计算SO3中硫的含量
% Loss On Ignition：燃烧损失
% Chloride：氯化物
2. FINENESS：优质
Specific Surface：特殊比表面积
3. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH：压缩强度
4. SETTING TIME(minutes)：静置时间（分钟）
5. SOUNDNESS（稳固）
6. (a)Normal Consistency：正常结合
(b)Temp. during Testing：测试期间温度
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绛旓細Should be this:Cement net thick liquid flow degree
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