谁有《鲁宾逊漂流记》的读书笔记啊？也就是摘抄。要英文的！！！急救啊~~ predicament 怎么记
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I INTRODUCTION
Nepal, officially Kingdom of Nepal, constitutional monarchy in South Asia. Locked within the rugged ranges of the Himalayas, Nepal is bounded by the Tibet region of China on the north and India on the south, east, and west. It was cut off from the rest of the world until the early 1950s, when a palace revolution and the subsequent overthrow of the autocratic Rana dynasty marked the beginning of Nepal\u2019s emergence into the modern world. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city.
II LAND AND RESOURCES
Nepal covers an area of 147,181 sq km (56,827 sq mi). It is divided into four topographical zones: the Great Himalayas, the Middle Himalayas, the Outer Himalayas, and the Tar\u0101i. The highest zone is the Great Himalayas, in northern Nepal. Eight of the ten highest mountains in the world are located either wholly or partially in this area. These include Mount Everest (8,850 m/29,035 ft), K\u0101nchenjunga (8,598 m/28,209 ft), Mak\u0101lu (8,481 m/27,825 ft), Dhaul\u0101giri (8,172 m/26,811 ft), and Annap\u016brna 1 (8,091 m/26,545 ft).
To the south of the Great Himalayas are the Middle Himalayas, dominated in Nepal by the Mah\u0101bh\u0101rat Range, with peaks averaging less than 3,000 m (9,900 ft). Several rivers run through Nepal\u2019s Middle Himalayas including the Seti, Karnali, Bheri, Kali Gandaki, Trisuli, Sun Kosi, Arun, and Tamur. In the Middle Himalayan zone most rivers converge and form four main river systems: the Karnali, Narayani, Gandaki, and Kosi, which traverse the Mah\u0101bh\u0101rat Range through deep gorges, making navigation difficult or impossible.
South of the Middle Himalayas lies the Siw\u0101lik Range of the Outer Himalayas, with an average elevation of about 1,000 to 2,000 m (about 3,300 to 6,600 ft). This area of Nepal has a number of flat valleys well suited to agriculture.
The Tar\u0101i, a generally flat, fertile lowland, is the southernmost topographic zone in Nepal. Much of this area comprises the northern extension of the Gangetic Plain of India. Rivers rising in the Himalayas emerge in the Tar\u0101i and continue southward, some of them becoming tributaries of the Ganges in northern India. The Tar\u0101i is susceptible to flooding, which occurs regularly with the summer monsoon runoff from the mountains. The fertile soils of the Tar\u0101i make up a major agricultural area where nearly half the country\u2019s population lives.
A Plant and Animal Life
Forests occupy 27 percent of Nepal\u2019s land area. The Tar\u0101i supports extensive hardwood and bamboo forests in areas not cleared for agriculture or resettlement. On the lower slopes of the mountains, pines flourish amid oaks and wildflowers. Firs and shrubs thrive in the higher regions, most notably the tree rhododendron, Nepal\u2019s national flower, which produces beautiful red and pink blooms from March to April. Smaller plants, such as mosses and grasses, grow at elevations above 3,700 m (12,000 ft). Above the snow line of the Great Himalayas (higher than about 4,300 m/about 15,000 ft) no vegetation grows.
Deforestation is a major problem in Nepal. The country lost half its forests between 1950 and 1980 because of increased demand for fodder, fuelwood, and land for agriculture and settlement. Much of the deforestation has taken place in the Tar\u0101i, although the Middle and Great Himalayan regions have also experienced serious deforestation. With the assistance of the United States and international agencies, Nepal has embarked on several programs to extend and restore its forest cover.
The wildlife of the Tar\u0101i includes tigers, leopards, deer, and elephants. The Royal Chitwan National Park, located in the Tar\u0101i, was set aside to house and protect endangered wildlife such as the rhinoceros, tiger, sloth bear, gaur (a large species of ox), and Ganges River dolphin. Wild goats, sheep, and wolves live at higher elevations, and yak are herded by local people.
B Natural Resources
Fertile soils are limited to the Tar\u0101i and some of the larger valleys of the Middle Himalayas. Some 20.3 percent of the country\u2019s total land area is cultivated\u2014a figure that includes hillsides with thin, poor soils terraced for farming. Due to population pressure, the percentage of Nepal\u2019s cultivated area has increased from only 10 percent in the 1960s.
Nepal\u2019s mineral resources are limited. Low-grade deposits of iron ore are found in the mountains near Kathmandu. Small deposits of copper exist in many areas and small reserves of mica have been found in the hills northeast of Kathmandu. Mineral extraction and transport is a major problem due to the country\u2019s rugged terrain.
C Climate
Nepal\u2019s climate varies according to elevation. The Tar\u0101i of southern Nepal has a tropical monsoon climate characterized by rainy summers and the southwest winds of the monsoon, and almost dry winters. The effect of the southern monsoon climate extends northward into mountain valleys. In the Middle Himalayan valleys the amount of precipitation varies with the extent of exposure to the rain-bearing monsoon winds. Several high valleys located in the rain shadow (area where precipitation is partially blocked by mountains) are dry. In the Kathmandu Valley the average rainfall is about 2,300 mm (about 90 in), most of which occurs from June to September. Between elevations of about 500 and 2,700 m (about 1,640 and 8,860 ft) there is a warm temperate climate; between about 2,700 and 3,000 m (about 8,860 and 9,840 ft) a cool temperate climate prevails. Between about 3,500 and 4,100 m (about 11,480 and 13,450 ft) summers are cool and winters are very cold. Above 4,100 m (about 13,450 ft) a severely cold, alpine climate prevails.
III THE PEOPLE OF NEPAL
Nepal had a population of 18,462,081 at the time of the 1991 census. The average population density at the time was 125 persons per sq km (329 per sq mi), although nearly half the people were concentrated in the narrow Tar\u0101i region. In contrast, the 2002 population estimate was 25,873,917. The population has grown rapidly since 1950 when there were only 9 million people. Although the government has sponsored family planning since the 1950s, these programs have been slow to affect Nepal\u2019s population growth. In 2002 the population was increasing at an annual rate of 2.3 percent. Only 12 percent of the population lived in urban areas in 2000. Major cities include Kathmandu, Lalitpur (Patan), Bhaktapur, Bir\u0101tnagar, and B\u012brganj.
A Ethnic Groups, Languages, and Religion
Nepal\u2019s indigenous population consists of two major groups, the Indo-Nepalese, whose ancestors migrated into the country from the south, and the Tibeto-Nepalese, whose ancestors entered Nepal from the north. Although intermingling between the two groups has occurred, cultural, linguistic, and religious differences exist both between and within the two groups. The Indo-Nepalese group comprises people who speak Sanskrit-derived languages and are strict adherents to Hinduism. Nepali, the official language, is derived from Sanskrit. Differences within the Indo-Nepalese group are marked more by caste (a system of social hierarchy) than by ethnicity. The Tibeto-Nepalese group comprises several different ethnic groups including Newar, Bhutia, Sherpa, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, and Limbu people. Although most of the Tibeto-Nepalese speak Nepali, each ethnic group also has its own language. While the majority of Nepali people practice Hinduism, the official religion, a strong shamanist element remains in the religious practices of many Tibeto-Nepalese ethnic groups (see Shaman). Buddhism is also important within the country. Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in Lumbin\u012b, in present-day Nepal. There is also a small Muslim population mainly located in the Tar\u0101i.
B Education
Under the Rana family, which ruled Nepal from 1846 to 1951, only the upper class had access to education. After the 1951 revolution, Nepal established an education system with free primary education for all children. Primary school begins at the age of 6 and lasts until age 10. Secondary education that follows lasts until the age of 15. Attendance of primary school was near universal for boys, but only 100 percent of primary school-aged girls were enrolled in 1998. Secondary school enrollment included only 48 percent (56.4 percent of the boys of that age group and 38 percent of the girls) in 1998. Formal schooling in Nepal is constrained by economic and cultural factors such as a bias against educating girls and a need for children to work at home or in the fields. In 2001 the literacy rate was estimated at 61 percent of the adult population, with a large gap between male and female literacy rates. Only 44 percent of the female population was literate in 2001 compared to 77 percent of the males. Urban areas have higher literacy rates than rural areas. In 1990 Nepal launched a 12-year literacy program targeting 8 million people between the ages of 6 and 45 years old. Tribhuvan University, founded in Kathmandu in 1959, is the only doctoral-granting institution of higher education in Nepal. Nepal also has a number of colleges, all of which are either affiliated with, or follow standards set by, Tribhuvan University.
C Way of Life
Nepal\u2019s society is predominantly rural. Social life in the village revolves around the family, which is headed by the father. Extended families sometimes break apart as sons separate from parents and brothers from each other in search of additional land. Family property is divided equally among sons at the time of separation. Consequently, family land holdings are extremely fragmented. Villagers often pool resources and labor to implement village-level projects such as irrigation ditches or channels. Rice is the food staple in most parts of the country. Barley, millet, and potatoes are important food staples in the Himalayas.
In Nepal women are generally subordinate to men and have less access to education, economic resources, and political power. Their plight, however, varies from one ethnic group to another. Among Tibeto-Nepalese communities female status is relatively better than in Indo-Nepalese communities. Generally, women work harder and longer than men, taking care of household chores, fetching water and animal fodder, and farming. Women in upper-class families, however, have maids who do household work and other menial chores.
A revival of artistic and intellectual expression occurred in Nepal after the overthrow of Rana rule in the early 1950s. Nepali works of poetry and literature emphasize patriotism and national pride. Hindu and Buddhist religious values inspire the expression of Nepali artists. The lives of gods, saints, and heroes and the relationship of the individual to society and the universe are explored in sculpture, architecture, and drama. Numerous temples and shrines in the Kathmandu Valley display the skill and highly developed aesthetic sense of Nepali artists. Favorite recreational activities of the Nepali include music and dance. Religious ceremonies involve the use of drums and musical instruments preserved since ancient times. In rural areas devotional songs are an important part of cultural life. Radio Nepal schedules folk music programs to foster the traditional culture of the country.
IV ECONOMY
The United Nations (UN) classifies Nepal as one of the least developed countries in the world. The country\u2019s gross domestic product (GDP) was $5.5 billion in 2000, with an estimated per capita GDP of $240. Several factors have contributed to Nepal\u2019s underdevelopment, including its landlocked geography, rugged terrain, lack of natural resources, and poor infrastructure. China, India, Japan, the United States, and several European nations have made large investments in Nepal\u2019s economy through foreign aid since 1952. Still, the country\u2019s economic growth has been slow. Nepal\u2019s economy is characterized by heavy dependence on foreign aid, a narrow range of exports, increasing economic disparity between the mountain areas and the more developed Tar\u0101i region, excessive governmental control and regulation, and inefficient public enterprises and administration. In addition, the economy has not kept pace with the country\u2019s high population growth. In particular, the slow growth of agriculture has resulted in food shortages and malnutrition for some of Nepal\u2019s people.
A Agriculture and Manufacturing
Agriculture dominates Nepal\u2019s economy. It provides a livelihood for 79 percent of the population and contributes 40 percent of GDP. The Tar\u0101i is the main farming region of the country. Rice and corn are major food crops; potato, oilseed, sugarcane, jute, and tobacco are major cash crops. Nepal\u2019s industrial base is limited. Most industries are based on agricultural raw materials or dependent on various imported materials, mostly from India. Large manufacturing plants are owned and operated by the government. Major manufactured products include jute, sugar, cigarettes, beer, matches, shoes, cement, and bricks. Traditional cottage industries such as basket and carpet weaving are also important to Nepal\u2019s economy.
B Services
Tourism represents a growing sector of the economy. Foreign tourism is primarily confined to Kathmandu Valley and major national parks such as the Sagarmatha National Park (around the Mount Everest area), Annap\u016brna Conservation Area, and Royal Chitwan National Park. Tourism has created demands for services and materials that are slowly changing the ecology, environment, and economy of the Himalayan region. Sherpas, well known for assisting as guides on Himalayan treks and mountain-climbing expeditions, benefit from Nepal\u2019s growing popularity as a tourist destination.
A unique part of Nepal\u2019s economy are the famous Gurkha mercenaries. Beginning with a treaty signed with British-controlled India in the early 1800s, young Nepali men served in the British, and later Indian, armies. Known for their brave fighting skills, these mercenaries have fought in nearly every major war, and with UN peacekeeping forces. Nepal receives more than $50 million in hard currency annually from soldiers\u2019 salaries sent home, pensions, and other Gurkha-related payments.
C Energy
Most of the energy consumed in Nepal comes from traditional sources such as fuelwood, the use of which contributes to deforestation. Tremendous potential exists for hydroelectric power development, but growth is inhibited by terrain, lack of infrastructure, and insufficient capital investment. Nepal has harnessed only a fraction of its potential hydropower. The country is heavily reliant on India for imported, nonrenewable sources of power such as oil and kerosene.
D Transportation and Communications
Nepal has a relatively underdeveloped network of roads. There are some main roads, which connect major cities and stretch to the borders of both India and China. However, the main means of transportation is the network of footpaths and trails that interlace the mountains and valleys. There is also a small railway along the Indian border. The government-owned Royal Nepal Airlines was the only commercial airline until 1992, when the government permitted other airlines to operate. Now a number of airlines provide domestic service between Nepal\u2019s major cities as well as to its remote regions. International service is available to India, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, Pakistan, and Japan. Tribhuvan International Airport outside Kathmandu is the main airport. There are also several smaller airstrips serving domestic air travel in Nepal.
Nepal has limited telecommunication services. Postal services have improved in recent years but are still inaccessible to many Nepalese. Few people own telephones, although most urban areas have public telephone services. Radio Nepal broadcasts programs in Nepali and English to more than 90 percent of the population. Television programming is limited, but programs from overseas are available via satellite in remote parts of the country. The major newspapers in Nepal include the Gorkhapatra, Nepali Hindi Daily, Samaya, and Daily News; freedom of the press was guaranteed under Nepal\u2019s 1990 constitution.
E Foreign Trade
For geographical and historical reasons, most of Nepal\u2019s trade is with India. Attempts have been made to diversify trade by making new agreements with China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Thailand, Germany, and Japan. Nepal has a growing trade deficit with India. Major exports are clothing, carpets, grain, and leather goods. Major imports are petroleum products, fertilizer, and machinery.
F Currency and Banking
Nepal\u2019s monetary unit is the Nepalese rupee (71.09 Nepalese rupees equal U.S. $1; 2000 average). It is issued from the country\u2019s central bank, Nepal Rastra Bank (founded in 1956). Indian rupees are still used in Nepal, although less widely than before trade disputes between the two countries in 1989.
V GOVERNMENT
Nepal\u2019s government is a constitutional monarchy. In response to major pro-democracy protests, Nepal adopted a new constitution in 1990 that established a multiparty democracy but preserved the king\u2019s status as chief of state. The 1990 constitution ended nearly 30 years of absolute monarchy in which the king dominated Nepal\u2019s politics and political parties were banned. Nepal has universal suffrage beginning at the age of 18.
A Executive and Legislature
Executive powers are vested in the king and a council of ministers, composed of a prime minister and other ministers. The king appoints the leader of the majority party in parliament as prime minister. Other ministers are appointed from parliament by the king upon the recommendation of the prime minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible for the day-to-day administration of Nepal.
The 1990 constitution established a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature consisting of a house of representatives and a national council. The House of Representatives has 205 members directly elected by the voters. The National Council has 60 members: 10 nominated by the king, 35 elected by the House of Representatives, and 15 elected by an electoral college comprising the voters, chairs, and deputy chairs of villages, towns, and districts. Members of parliament serve five-year terms unless the parliament is dissolved earlier upon recommendation of the prime minister.
B Judiciary
The judiciary is made up of three tiers: the Supreme Court, appellate courts, and district courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court. The chief justice is appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. Other judges of the three courts are appointed on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.
C Political Parties
Major political parties include the Nepali Congress Party (NCP), a reform-oriented centrist party, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), or CPN-UML. Both of these parties operated illegally in Nepal from exile in India until the 1990 reforms lifted the ban on political parties. The pro-royal National Democratic Party (NDP) was formed prior to the first democratic elections in 1991. In 1998 a faction within the CPN-UML broke away to form a new party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist), or CPN-ML.
D Social Services
Nepal has significant health care problems and receives aid through foreign agencies and religious groups. Diseases and chronic infections have been particularly prevalent in rural areas, including goiter, tuberculosis, and dysentery. Cases of leprosy continue to exist in some areas. Another chronic problem in Nepal is malnutrition, which is particularly severe in hill and mountain regions where people often experience food shortages.
E Defense
In 2001 Nepal\u2019s defense force consisted of an army of about 46,000. There is no air force, altho
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predicament
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Novel the most attractive places is Robinson's character. He adventurous, dares to pursue free, free life. Even stranded on a desert island, and never discouraged. So, Robinson on a desert island and set up their own physical and spiritual kingdom. Facing life predicament, Robinson actions, shows a manly character and viewpoints hero ecru. Embodies the bourgeois rise period of creative spirit and pioneering spirit. Now, in the west, "Robinson" has become the pronoun of adventurers and thousands of readers hero.
Robinson Crusoe became listerature immortal masterpiece, also lies in its authenticity and extraordinary artistic expression. Open your book first page: "keep this book to offer those everywhere depend on their parents of teenagers, rely on school friends."
We need to have Crusoe that struggle spirit.
In his thought, there is nothing what humans can overcome the difficulties, and as long as humans make full use of their own wisdom and hands, all problems will be readily solved. We learn, too, have to believe in yourself have the ability to learn, so that each subject in the learning process will have a stream of dynamic constantly prompted us forward. In the meantime, still must be in complete each event masterpiece.
Robinson self-esteem, self-confidence, self-reliance, self-improvement, never satisfied, unwilling mediocre spirit, Tell me Robinson by their own honest, kindhearted, wisdom and determination to create, to develop. His spirit is worth learning!
先用中文写出来，再在“qq拼音输入法”里翻译。百度地图
and spiritual kingdom. Facing life predicament, Robinson actions, shows a manly character and viewpoints hero ecru. Embodies the bourgeois rise period of creative spirit and pioneering spirit. Now, in the west, "Robinson" has become the pronoun of adventurers and thousands of readers hero.
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绛旓細銆婇瞾婊ㄩ婃紓娴佽銆嬭涔︾瑪璁绡囦竴: 璇汇婇瞾婊ㄩ婃紓娴佽銆嬫椂,鎴戠湅鍒颁簡鎵夐〉涓婄殑鈥滆皑浠ユ涔﹀鐚粰閭ｄ簺鏃舵椂澶勫渚濊禆鐖舵瘝銆佷緷璧栧鏍＄殑闈掑皯骞存湅鍙嬩滑鈥濊繖鍙ヨ瘽,瑙夊緱鏈夌偣涓嶆湇姘,蹇冮噷鍢鍜曠潃:鈥滃埆灏忕灖浜嗘垜浠!鎴戝掕鐪嬬湅,浣犲嚟浠涔堣繖涔堣鈥︹︹濅絾鏄垜璇诲畬鍚,鎴戞浘涓鐩存濊冪潃杩欐牱涓涓棶棰:濡傛灉鎴戞槸椴佹花閫娾︹ 濡傛灉鎴戞槸椴佹花閫,褰撹埞鍦...
