元曲的简介 元曲的简单介绍
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元曲原本来自所谓的“蕃曲”、“胡乐”,首先在民间流传,被称为“街市小令”或“村坊小调”。随着元灭宋入主中原,它先后在大都(今北京)和临安(今杭州)为中心的南北广袤地区流传开来。 元曲有严密的格律定式,每一曲牌的句式、字数、平仄等都有固定的格式要求。虽有定格,但并不死板,允许在定格中加衬字,部分曲牌还可增句,押韵上允许平仄通押,与律诗绝句和宋词相比,有较大的灵活性。所以读者可发现,同一首“曲牌”的两首有时字数不一样,就是这个缘故(同一曲牌中,字数最少的一首为标准定格)。
元曲是汉民族灿烂文化宝库中的一朵灿烂的花朵,它在思想内容和艺术成就上都体现了独有的特色,和唐诗宋词明清小说鼎足并举,成为我国文学史上一座重要的里程碑。
元代是元曲的鼎盛时期。一般来说,元杂剧和散曲合称为元曲,杂剧是戏曲,散曲是诗歌,属于不同的文学体裁。但也有相同之处。两者都采用北曲为演唱形式。因此,散曲,剧曲又称之为乐府。散曲是元代文学主体。不过,元杂剧的成就和影响远远超过散曲,因此也有人以“元曲”单指杂剧,元曲也即“元代戏曲”。
关于曲牌
古代的音乐把调称为宫调,只要是乐曲,均是由若干音所组成,
五音或七音,归纳其音列就叫调式,在古代乐律总共有十二律吕
,乐音有五音二变,律吕的名称于周朝就有了,而十二律吕均为
半音阶,六个单数半音称为律,六个双数半音称为吕,合称六律
、六吕,统称律吕,亦称十二律。而这十二律吕是古时候定音律
时所用吹管的名称,也因为其短不一,故产生的音也就高低不同
了,依唐〔杜佑通典〕第一百四十三卷乐部三载,比例是以黄钟
的长九寸为准,用〔三分损一,三分益一〕和〔隔八相生〕计算
。十二律吕以〔黄钟〕声最低,黄钟以上递高半音阶。至应钟止
这相当于西洋音乐的十二调。对照如下:
黄钟=C
大吕=#C或降C
太簇=D
夹钟=#D或降E
姑洗(显音)=E
中吕=F
蕤宾=#F或D
林钟=G
夷则=#G或降A
南吕=A
无射=#A或降B
应钟=B
以上十二律管再配合七音阶:
宫=(简谱1)(古名.上)
商=2(尺)
角=3(工)
变征=#3(凡)
征=5(六)
羽=6(五)
变(闰)宫=#6(乙)
互相〔旋宫〕亦是以某一律管为宫声依次而推,共可得八十四调
。但这已超出人类耳朵的极限。故到了唐代只剩苏歧婆的二十八
调。又到至今的南北曲其通行的只剩下六宫十二调如下:
六宫:仙吕、南吕、黄钟、中吕、正宫、道宫。
十二调:羽调、大石、小石、般涉、商角、高平、揭指、商调、
角调、越调、双调、宫调。
在六宫十二调中揭指、宫调、角调皆有目无词。道宫、羽调、小
石、般涉、商角、高平则曲牌甚少。常用的宫调仅仙吕、南吕、
黄钟、中吕、正宫、大石、商调、越调、双调。即是所谓的〔九
宫〕这九宫亦是宋时的俗名,经过旋宫后名子又不一样了。俗名
跟古名还有现代乐调及笛色如下:
正宫(黄钟宫)=A
小工调或尺调、大石调(黄钟商)=B
小工调或尺调 、中吕宫(夹钟宫)=C
小工调或尺调、双调(夹钟商)=D
乙调或正工调、南吕宫(林钟宫)=E
凡调、仙吕宫(夷则宫)=F
小工调或尺调、商调(夷则商)=G
六调或凡调或小工调、黄钟宫(无射调)G六调或凡调、越调(
无射商)=A 六调或凡调或小工调。
声情
元曲的宫调各具声情,音乐韵律皆可从其宫调中显现,元人芝庵
〔唱论〕:大凡声音各应于律吕。分做作六吕十一调,共计十七
宫调。如下:
仙吕宫唱:〔清新绵邈〕
南吕宫唱:〔感叹伤悲〕
中吕宫唱:〔高下闪赚〕
黄钟宫唱:〔富贵缠绵〕
正宫唱:〔惆怅雄壮〕
道宫唱:〔飘逸清幽〕
大石唱:〔风流蕴藉〕
小石唱:〔绮丽妩媚〕
高平唱:〔条畅晃漾〕
般射唱:〔拾缀坑崭〕
歇指唱:〔急并虚歇〕
商角唱:〔悲伤宛转〕
双调唱:〔健捷激袅〕
商调唱:〔凄怆怨慕〕
角调唱:〔呜咽悠扬〕
宫调唱:〔典雅沉重〕
越调唱:〔陶写冷笑〕
小令专用曲牌:
黄钟:人月圆.括地风.昼夜乐.红衲祅(又名:红锦袍).贺
圣朝。
正宫:鹦鹉曲(又名:黑漆弩).甘草子.汉东山(又名:撼动
山).绿幺遍.普天乐.青纳祅。
仙吕:锦橙梅.太常引.三番玉楼人.元和令。
南吕:干荷叶(翠盘秋).三棒鼓声频。
中吕:乔捉蛇.鹘打兔.四换头.摊破喜来春。
大石:初生月儿.阳关三叠。
小石:青杏儿.天上谣.归来乐。
商调:百字知秋令.秦楼月.玉抱肚.桃花浪.芭蕉延寿。
越调:糖多令.平湖乐(又名:小桃红).霜角。
双调:百字折桂令.胡捣练.大德歌.快活年.十棒鼓.祅神急
.骤雨打新荷.楚天遥.播海令.青玉案.皂旗儿.枳郎儿.华
严赞.河西六娘子.
山丹花.鱼游春水.河西水仙子。
小令套数兼用曲牌:
黄钟:出队子.节节高.者刺古.醉花阴.喜迁莺.四门子.挂
金索.竹枝歌(又名:竹枝儿)滴溜子.鲍老催.双声子.太平
令.黄龙衮。
正宫:叨叨令.塞鸿秋.脱布衫.小梁州.醉太平(凌波曲).
六幺遍.双鸳鸯.风入松.梁州令.雁过声。
仙吕:寄生草.游四门.后庭花.醉扶归.醉中天.一半儿.四
季花.青哥儿.忆王孙.后庭花破子.皂罗袍.好姐姐.桂枝香
。
南吕:四块玉.玉交枝(玉娇枝).一枝花.香柳娘.宜春令.
三学士。
中吕:迎仙客.上小楼.快活三.朝天子(又名:朝天曲.谒金
门).四边静.红锈鞋(又名:朱履曲).十二月.山坡羊.满
庭芳.醉高歌.喜春来.卖花声.尧民歌.斗鹌鹑.粉蝶儿.醉
春风.石榴花.耍孩儿.鲍老儿.剔银灯.蔓菁菜.缕缕金.行
香子.榴花泣.绕红楼.驻云飞.水红花。
大石:念奴娇。
商调:梧叶儿(又名:碧梧秋.知秋令).满堂红.凉亭乐.黄
莺儿.踏莎行.盖天旗.应天长.绕池游.字字锦.不是路.满
园春.上京马.金菊香.高阳台.浪来里。
越调:黄蔷薇.庆元贞.天净沙.寨儿令(又名:柳营曲).祝英
台.亭前柳.下山虎.五韵美.五般宜.蛮牌令.黑麻令.江神
子。
双调:沽美酒.秋江送.殿前欢(又名:燕引雏.风引雏.小妇
孩儿).对玉环.胡十八.钱丝泫.一锭银.庆东原.阿纳忽.
拨不断.水仙子(又名:湘妃怨、湘妃引、凌波仙、冯夷曲).
庆宣和.落梅风(又名:寿阳曲、落梅引).潘妃曲(又名:步
步娇).清江引(又名:江儿水)碧玉萧.折桂令(又名:蟾宫
曲、折桂回、天香引).驻马听.沉醉东风.转调淘金令.夜行
船.乔木查.捣练子.孝顺歌.锁南枝.浆水令.锦衣香.太平
令.摊破金字令.夜雨打梧桐.双玉供.嘉庆子.尹令.品令。
小令杂剧兼用曲牌:
黄钟:古水仙子.古寨儿令.古神杖儿.挂金索.降黄龙。
正宫:端正好.滚绣球.倘秀才.笑和尚.呆骨朵.破阵子.锦
缠道.新荷叶.柳穿鱼.刷子带芙蓉.渔灯映芙蓉。
仙吕:赏花时.点绛唇.混江龙.油葫芦.天下乐.哪咤令.鹊
踏枝.村里迓鼓上马娇.胜葫芦.柳叶儿.金盏儿.元和令.游
四门.后庭花.普贤歌.鹊桥仙.解三酲.望吾乡.一封书.醉
罗歌.奉时春.摊破金字令.夜雨打梧桐.双赤子.画眉儿.鹅
鸭满渡船.千秋舞霓裳。
南吕:金字经(又名:阅金经、西番经).贺新郎.斗虾蟆.牧
羊关.红芍药.哭皇天.乌夜啼.满江红.十样锦.步蟾宫.渔
灯儿.锦渔灯.锦上花.锦中拍.锦后拍.恁麻郎.金钱花.粉
孩儿.会河阳.摊破地锦花.越恁好.刘泼帽.朝天懒.秋夜月
.东瓯令.金莲子.玄鹤鸣。
中吕:齐天乐.红衫儿.白鹤子.般涉哨遍.沁园春.泣颜回.
扑灯蛾.驮环着.添字红绣鞋.古轮台。
大石:玉楼春。
商调:望远行.河西后庭花.集贤宾.逍遥乐.醋葫芦.吴小四
.二郎神.簇御林.琥珀猫儿墬.山坡五更.侥侥令.园林好.
双雁儿。
越调:凭栏人.酒旗儿.调笑令.秃厮儿.圣药王.麻郎儿.络
丝娘.雪里梅.紫花儿序.东原乐.棉搭絮.拙鲁速.金蕉叶.
鬼三台.祝英台近.杏花天.豹子令.水底鱼.忆多娇.斗黑麻
。
双调:得胜令.春闺苑.乔牌儿.雁儿落.挂玉钩.豆叶黄.七
弟兄.梅花酒.收江南.搅筝琶.川拨棹.甜水令(又名:滴滴
金).蛾郎儿.字字双.雁儿舞.武陵花.三仙桥.三月海棠.
新水令.豆叶儿.柳摇金.姐姐带五马.五供养。
带过曲所用曲牌:
正宫:脱布衫带过小梁州.小梁州带过风入松。
仙吕:后庭花带过青哥儿.哪咤令带过鹊踏枝、寄生草。
南吕:玉交枝带过四块玉.骂玉郎带过采茶歌.骂玉郎带过感皇
恩采茶歌。
中吕:
喜春来带过普天乐.齐天乐带过红衫儿.
快活三带过朝天子四边静.快活三带过朝天子.
醉高歌带过红绣鞋.醉高歌带过摊破喜春来.
醉高歌带过喜春来.十二月带过尧民哥.
越调:黄蔷薇带过庆元贞.
双调:水仙子带过折桂令.雁儿落带过得胜令(鸿门凯歌).
雁儿落带过清江引碧玉萧.江儿水带过碧玉萧.
竹枝儿带过侧砖儿.锦上花带过清江引碧玉萧.
一锭银带过大德歌.沽美酒带过快活年.
殿前喜带过播海令大喜人心.
梅花酒带过七兄弟.沽美酒带过太平令.
楚天遥带过清江引.对玉环带过清江引.
中吕带过双调:醉高歌带过殿前欢.满庭芳带过青江引。
正宫带过双调:叨叨令带过折桂令。
中吕带过仙吕:山坡羊带过青哥儿。
元曲中作者经常用原曲牌另填一曲,平仄未必相同,谓之幺篇,如(去声标“去”,宜用去声标“厶”韵位标“△”,可叶可不叶标“▲”,句中暗韵标“∧”。字声通用标“×”)
:
【侍者金童】散套首牌。宋词牌同,诸宫调小异,南曲不同。[幺篇]同始调,首二句字声略异,须连用。
平平去上,上去平平上△。×仄平平平去上△,平平厶平平仄上△(平)。×仄平平,仄平平仄△。
[幺篇]平平×厶,平平平去平△(上)。×仄平平平去上△,平平厶平平仄上△(平)。×仄平平,仄平平仄△。
【降黄龙衮】“衮”亦作“滚”。[幺篇]同始调,须连用。诸宫调全异。南曲[降黄龙]、[黄龙衮]亦异。
×平平去,×平平仄△。仄平平,平平仄,平平平仄△。去平平去,平平平上△。仄仄平平,去平平上△。
【文如锦】散套首牌。有[幺篇]换头,须连用。诸宫调属[双调],稍异。
仄平平△,×平×仄平平去△。×平×仄,×仄×平△。平仄仄,仄平平△,仄厶平,平平上△。×仄×平,×平×仄△。×××仄,×××厶,×仄平平△。仄平平△,×平×仄,仄×平厶△。
[幺篇]换头 减三字首句,以下平仄略异。
×仄平平平厶平△,×平×平,×平×厶△。平仄仄,仄平平△,仄厶平,平平上△。×平×仄,×平×厶△。×××仄,×××厶,×仄平平△。仄平平△,×仄平平,仄×平厶△。
元代的曲
词的创作衰落下来后,继之而起的一种诗体,就是元代的散曲。“散曲”是和“剧曲”相对存在的。剧曲是用于表演的剧本,写各种角色的唱词、道白、动作等;散曲则只是用作清唱的歌词。从形式上看,散曲和词很相近,不过在语言上,词要典雅含蓄,而散曲要通俗活泼;在格律上,词要求得严格,而散曲就更自由些。散曲从体式分两类:“小令”和“散套”。小令又叫叶儿,体制短小,通常只是一支独立的曲子(少数包含二三支曲子)。散套则由多支曲子组成,而且要求始终用一个韵。散曲的曲牌也有各式各样的名称,如《叼叨令》、《刮地风》、《喜春来》、《山坡羊》、《红绣鞋》之类,这些名称多很俚俗,这也说明散曲比词更接近民歌。元代散曲作者今天知道名字的有200多人,留下的作品有4000多首。著名散曲作者有关汉卿、马致远、张养浩、张可久、睢〔suī虽〕景臣、乔吉、刘致等。
1、唐诗简介
唐诗泛指创作于唐朝的诗。唐诗是中华民族最珍贵的文化遗产,是中华文化宝库中的一颗明珠,同时也对周边民族和国家的文化发展产生了很大影响。
唐诗的形式是多种多样的。唐代的古体诗,主要有五言和七言两种。近体诗也有两种,一种叫做绝句,一种叫做律诗。绝句和律诗又各有五言和七言之不同。所以唐诗的基本形式基本上有这样六种:五言古体诗,七言古体诗,五言绝句,七言绝句,五言律诗,七言律诗。
2、宋词简介
宋词是一种新体诗歌,宋代盛行的一种汉族文学体裁,标志宋代文学的最高成就。宋词句子有长有短,便于歌唱。因是合乐的歌词,故又称曲子词、乐府、乐章、长短句、诗余、琴趣等。始于汉,定型于唐、五代,盛于宋。宋词是中国古代汉族文学皇冠上光辉夺目的明珠,在古代汉族文学的阆苑里,她是一座芬芳绚丽的园圃。她以姹紫嫣红、千姿百态的神韵,与唐诗争奇,与元曲斗艳,历来与唐诗并称双绝,都代表一代文学之盛。后有同名书籍《宋词》。
宋词的代表人物主要有苏轼(豪放派)、辛弃疾、柳永(婉约派)、李清照。
3、元曲简介
元曲又称夹心。元曲是盛行于元代的一种文艺形式,包括杂剧和散曲,有时专指杂剧。 杂剧,宋代以滑稽搞笑为特点的一种表演形式。元代发展成戏曲形式,每本以四折为主,在开头或折间另加楔子。每折用同宫调同韵的北曲套曲和宾白组成。如关汉卿的《窦娥冤》等。流行于大都(今北京)一带。明清两代也有杂剧,但每本不限四折。 散曲,盛行于元、明、清三代的没有宾白的曲子形式。内容以抒情为主,有小令和散套两种。
元曲
元曲是中华民族灿烂文化宝库中的一朵奇葩,它在思想内容和艺术成就上都体现了独有的特色,和唐诗宋词鼎足并举,成为我国文学史上三座重要的里程碑。
元曲原本来自所谓的“蕃曲”、“胡乐”,首先在民间流传,被称为“街市小令”或“村坊小调”。
随着元灭宋入主中原,它先后在大都(今北京)和临安(今杭州)为中心的南北广袤地区流传开来。
元曲有严密的格律定式,每一曲牌的句式、字数、平仄等都有固定的格式要求。但虽有定格,又并不死板,允许在定格中加衬字,部分曲牌还可增句。所以读者可发现,同一首“曲牌”的两首有时字数不一样,就是这个缘故(同一曲牌中,字数最少的一首为标准定格)。
与律诗绝句和宋词相比,有较大的灵活性。
元曲将传统诗词、民歌和方言俗语揉为一体,形成了诙谐、洒脱、率真的艺术风格,对词体的创新和发展带来极为重要的影响。
继唐朝诗、宋词之后蔚为一文学之盛的元曲有着它独特的魅力:一方面,元曲继承了诗词的清丽婉转;一方面,元代社会使读书人位于“八娼九儒十丐”的地位,政治专权,社会黑暗,因而使元曲放射出极为夺目的战斗的光彩,透出反抗的情绪;锋芒直指社会弊端,直斥“不读书最高,不识字最好,不晓事倒有人夸俏”的社会,直指“人皆嫌命窘,谁不见钱亲”的世风。元曲中描写爱情的作品也比历代诗词来得泼辣,大胆。这些均足以使元曲永葆其艺术魅力。
但相形之下,元曲的流传绝不及唐诗宋词之广,这是人们对元曲的体式感到陌生缘故,我们在此对其予以简略介绍。
元曲有杂剧、散曲之分。散曲又有套数,小令带过曲之别。
我国古代音乐把调节器式叫保重宫调。曲的宫调出于隋唐燕乐,以琵琶四弦定为宫、商、角、羽四声,每弦上构成七调,宫声的七调叫“宫”,其他的都调,共得二十八宫调。但在元曲中常用的,只有仙吕宫、南吕宫、黄钟宫、正宫、大石调、小石调、般涉调、商调、商角调、双调、越调十二种。每一种宫调均有其音律风格,故对于调子的选择,往往有一定的习惯。如王骥德在《曲律》中说:“用宫调须称事之悲欢苦乐,如游赏则用仙吕、双调等类;哀怨则有商调、越调等类。以调合情,容易感人。”
每一宫调都有不同曲牌。套数则由两支以上周一宫调的不同曲牌联缀而成。
曲源
在中国的文学史上,于元朝产生大变化,把诗词之美融入乐声中
而风行之,据考证,论曲起源可上溯至远古生民之始〔钧天九奏
〕〔葛天八阕〕,孔子亦诗三百篇作弦歌;安徽及湖南则以〔楚
辞九歌〕为祀歌,降至汉乐府〔延年协律〕、唐诗〔旗亭画壁〕
、宋词酒宴歌席,均以谱入管弦而歌之。曲为何能独得乐曲之名
?也因其与音乐关系比乐府、诗词更加的密切。是韵文学发展极
致,故能占魁。就中国的韵文文学,与音乐关系密不可分。以词
来说,其源于唐曲子,唐曲子则出于隋唐燕乐,宋词是倚声而作
,就是先有调,再按其所奏乐曲配词吟唱。又〔宋元戏曲考〕载
:就元曲三百三十五调其渊源,出于宋代大曲十一、唐宋词七十
五、诸宫调二十八。当时,文人便作另一种文学发展而拟之。宋
末,民间出现更多新乐曲;如元人杨朝英编集之〔太平乐府〕与
〔阳春白雪〕中之小令、散套、加上少数民族乐曲。宋词渐无法
满足当时需要,以致〔词〕在声乐上的地位就逐渐被〔曲〕取代
之。散曲之文学形式,约产生于宋金。在元明时期发展,乃是集
少数民族之乐曲,南北各地小调。〔南词叙录〕载:永嘉杂剧兴
,则又即村坊小曲而为之,本无宫调,亦罕节奏,徒取畸农,市
女顺口可歌而已,谚所谓〔随心令〕者,与入乐律宋词之大成如
〔秦月楼〕〔点绛唇〕〔太常引〕〔念奴娇〕又如曲调之〔柳外
楼〕即词调之〔忆王孙〕,及唐宋的〔大曲〕〔鼓子词〕〔传踏
〕〔诸宫调〕〔赚词〕等见于〔乐府诗集〕,北宋宣和年间,汴
京风行〔蕃曲〕即是少数民族之音乐,宋人曾敏行曾曰:宣和末
至京,街市鄙人,多歌蕃曲名曰:〔国朝〕〔四国朝〕〔六国朝
〕〔蛮牌序〕〔蓬蓬花〕等,其言至俚,一时士大夫亦皆歌之,
金朝女真乐曲亦传入,如北曲〔双调〕中〔风流体〕等,〔太和
正音谱曲论〕,元人周德清亦云:女真〔风流体〕等乐章,皆以
女真音声歌之,虽字有差误,不伤于音律者,不为害也,在<<中
原音韵>>北曲黄钟宫之〔者刺古〕双调之〔阿纳忽〕〔古都白〕
〔唐兀歹〕〔阿忽令〕,越调之〔拙鲁速〕,商调之〔浪来里〕
皆非北方汉族的曲调,应属于女真或蒙古乐曲。在明人王世贞<<
曲藻序>>:曲者,词之变,自金,元入主中国,所用胡乐,嘈杂
凄紧,缓急之间,词不能按,乃更为新声以媚之。
曲律
曲因是配合音乐的长短调,不论散曲或戏曲,其曲子前一般都标
明宫调和曲牌名,且每种曲牌都属于一定的宫调,但亦有(借宫
)。
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