基础英语知识点
基础英语知识点大全
在我们平凡的学生生涯里,相信大家一定都接触过知识点吧!知识点就是一些常考的内容,或者考试经常出题的地方。那么,都有哪些知识点呢?下面是我收集整理的基础英语知识点,欢迎阅读与收藏。
第一部分、基础知识
1.字母:26个字母的大小写
大写:ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
小写:abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
2.语音:元音的发音 五个元音字母:AEIOU
12个单元音:长元音:/ɑ:/,/ :/,/ :/, /i:/,/u:/
短元音:/ / /e/ /i/ / / /∧/ /u/ / /
3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词
4.句子:大小写,标点符号
第二部分、语法知识
一、名词:名词单复数,名词的格
(一)名词单复数
1.一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
3.以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries
4.以―f或fe‖结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives
5.不规则名词复数:
man-men,
woman-women,
policeman-policemen,
policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice
child-children,
foot-feet,
tooth-teeth,
fish-fish,
people-people,
Chinese-Chinese,
Japanese-Japanese
不可数名词的复数就是原型: paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
(二)名词的格
1.有生命的东西的名词所有格:
(1) 单数后加 ‘s 如: Lucy‘s ruler my father‘s shirt
(2)以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ‘如: his friends‘ bags
(3)不以s 结尾的复数后加 ‘s children‘s shoes
并列名词中,如果把 ‘s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有;
如:Tom and Mike‘s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加‘s.
如:Tom‘s and Mike‘s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
2.表示无生命东西的名词通常用― of +名词‖来表示所有关系:
如:a picture of the classroom a map of China
二、冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:
(一) 不定冠词:a / an
元音读音开头的`可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an hour an old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /
(二)定冠词:the
定冠词的用法:
1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk.
2.复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
3.谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren‘t at school.
4.在序数词前: John‘s birthday is February the second.
5.用于固定词组中: in the morning / afternoon / evening 不用冠词的情况:
(1)专有名词前:China is a big country.
(2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:
This is my baseball.
(3)复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can‘t swim. They are teachers.
(4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It‘s Sunday.
(5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.
(6)球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.
(7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.
(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.
(9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
三、形容词,副词:比较级,最高级
(一)、形容词的比较级
1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
2.形容词加er的规则:
⑴ 一般在词尾加er ;
⑵ 以字母e 结尾,加r ;
⑶ 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;
⑷ 以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。
3.不规则形容词比较级:
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
(二)副词的比较级
1.形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动) ⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后 ⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后
2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)
四、 数词:基数词,序数词
(一)基数词
1.1-20
one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
2.21-99
先说―几十‖,再说―几‖,中间加连字符。
23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
3.101—999
先说―几百‖,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three
4.l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个―,‖,第一个―,‖前为thousand.第二个―,‖前为million,第三个―,‖前为billion 1,001→one thousand and one
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion
(二)序数词
1.一般在基数词后加th
eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
2.不规则变化
one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth
3.以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th
twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth
4.从二十一后的―几十几‖直至―几百几十几‖或―几千几百几十几‖只将个位的基数词变为序数词。
twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth 基数词转为序数词的口诀: 基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.
一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d. 八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。 ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.
若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。
五、介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等
(一).at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。
at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)
(二).on表示具体日期。
注:(1)关于"在周末"的几种表示法:
at(on)the weekend在周末---特指
at(on)weekends在周末---泛指
over the weekend在整个周末
during the weekend在周末期间
(2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas而不说on Christmas
(3)在(刚……)的时候。
On reaching the city he called up his parents. 一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。
(三).in.表示"时段"、"时期",在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。 in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)
六、动词:
动词的四种时态:
(一)一般现在时:
一般现在时的构成
1.be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如: I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如: We study English. 我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 动词+s的变化规则
(1)一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
(2)以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3.以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies
(二)一般过去时:
动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:
1.、规则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry
– carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing – sang , eat – ate ,
see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,
are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt
(三)一般将来时: 基本结构:
①be going to + do;
②will+ do. be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.
(四)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词
动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则:
① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing
③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting
第三部分、句 法
一、陈述句
(一)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如:I‘m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.
There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.
(二)、否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如:I‘m not a student. She is not(isn‘t) a doctor.
He does not (doesn‘t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren‘t) four fans in our classroom. He will not (won‘t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn‘t) watch TV yesterday evening.
二. 疑问句
(一)一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用―yes‖,或―no‖来回答。
(二)特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用―yes 、no‖来回答。
(三)There be句型
There be 句型与have, has的区别:
1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)
2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is 主语是复数,be 动词用are 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。
3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。
4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。
5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。
6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。
7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:
How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语? How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语 ?
8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是: What‘s + 介词短语?
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