各国文化背景 英文 南非的历史文化、背景、及国家特色、习俗的英文版介绍是什么？
5\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u82f1\u6587\u4ecb\u7ecdAdvertisement
Windows Live® Search ResultsUnited States History web site
We are a non profit educational site on this history of the United States. ... Enter your e-mail address to receive e-mail when this page is updated. Your Internet e-mail address:
History - United States History presidents and statistics
History - United States History is a non profit educational website on this history of the United States
United States History
American Studies Sites. History and the Internet: A Guide by Patrick D. Reagan (McGraw-Hill) Locating Information on the Internet (Library of Congress) Using Primary Sources on the ...
See all search results in
Windows Live® Search ResultsAlso on Encarta
• 7 tips for funding an online degree
• How to succeed in the fashion industry without being a top designer
• Presidential Myths Quiz
United States History
Encyclopedia Article
Find | Print | E-mail | Blog It
Multimedia
267 items
Article Outline
Introduction; Early Cultural Interaction ; Colonial Experiments; Growth of the English Colonies; Resistance and Revolution; Forging a New Nation; Launching the Nation: Federalists and Jeffersonians; United States Expansion; Social Development: North and South; Jacksonian Democracy; Coming of the Civil War; The Civil War; Reconstruction; The Trans-Mississippi West; Industrialization and Urbanization; Imperialism; Progressivism and Reform; America and World War I; America in a New Age; The Great Depression; America and World War II; The Cold War; A World of Plenty; The Liberal Agenda and Domestic Policy: The 1960s; Foreign Policy, Vietnam War, and Watergate; End of the 20th Century ; The Early 21st Century; More Information
I Introduction
Print this section
United States History, story of how the republic developed from colonial beginnings in the 16th century, when the first European explorers arrived, until modern times. As the nation developed, it expanded westward from small settlements along the Atlantic Coast, eventually including all the territory between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the middle of the North American continent, as well as two noncontiguous states and a number of territories. At the same time, the population and the economy of the United States grew and changed dramatically. The population diversified as immigrants arrived from all countries of the world. From its beginnings as a remote English colony, the United States has developed the largest economy in the world. Throughout its history, the United States has faced struggles, both within the country\u2014between various ethnic, religious, political, and economic groups\u2014and with other nations. The efforts to deal with and resolve these struggles have shaped the United States of America into the 21st century.
This is one of seven major articles that together provide a comprehensive discussion of the United States of America. For more information on the United States, please see the other six major articles: United States (Overview), United States (Geography), United States (People), United States (Culture), United States (Economy), and United States (Government).
II Early Cultural Interaction
Print this section
Early American history began in the collision of European, West African, and Native American peoples in North America. Europeans \u201cdiscovered\u201d America by accident, then created empires out of the conquest of indigenous peoples and the enslavement of Africans. Yet conquest and enslavement were accompanied by centuries of cultural interaction\u2014interaction that spelled disaster for Africans and Native Americans and triumph for Europeans, to be sure, but interaction that transformed all three peoples in the process.
A Native America in 1580
The lands and human societies that European explorers called a New World were in fact very old. During the Ice Ages much of the world\u2019s water was bound up in glaciers. Sea level dropped by hundreds of feet, creating a land bridge between Alaska and Siberia. Asians walked across to become the first human inhabitants of the Americas. Precisely when this happened remains unknown, but most scientists believe it occured before 15,000 years ago. When the last glaciers receded about 10,000 years ago (thus ending this first great migration to America), ancestors of the Native Americans filled nearly all of the habitable parts of North and South America. They lived in isolation from the history\u2014and particularly from the diseases\u2014of what became known as the Old World. See also First Americans.
\u5357\u975e(South-Africa)
\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u8d70\u8fdb\u5357\u975e,\u611f\u53d7\u5b83\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5e95\u8574\u548c\u4f18\u7f8e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u98ce\u5149.
South Africa is a country which is little more than a remote (\u9065\u8fdc\u7684) and mysterious (\u795e\u79d8\u7684) land for most Chinese people. But recently\uff0c the Chinese Government listed it as one of four new countries open to Chinese tourists. So\uff0c now it may be your next holiday choice.
From modern art galleries (\u753b\u5eca) to ancient (\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684) cave paintings\uff0c museums to cultural (\u6587\u5316\u7684) villages\uff0c you can taste the rich history of cultures in this vast land.
A traditional Zulu village\uff0c for example\uff0c is a favourite place to visit. The Zulus are an ancient tribe (\u90e8\u843d) in South Africa. Guests are greeted with traditional Zulu etiquette(\u793c\u4eea) and entertained with dances and songs. It is part of their traditional culture that only the unmarried girls and young men dance\uff0c staying in separate groups.
The rich cultural diversity (\u591a\u6837\u6027) of South Africa is matched by its natural diversity. Wilderness trails (\u91ce\u5916\u8ffd\u730e)\uff0c or safaris (\u6e38\u730e)\uff0c open up the wild bush (\u704c\u6728\u4e1b) to visitors.
There is nothing like standing in the middle of nowhere and getting a close-up view of a black rhino (\u7280\u725b) or lion. In the vast silence\uff0c you are surrounded by the smell of grass with only the sound of your heartbeat for company.
And South Africa is the land of gold. Johannesburg (\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5185\u65af\u5821) was once the biggest gold mining area in the world. And there are many old mines to visit. (about 190 words)
American music is heard all over the world, such as through Channel V, VH1 and by singers such as Michael Jackson, Tina Turner, Madonna, Whitney Houston, Cyndi Lauper, Mariah Carey, and the Backstreet Boys; American movies and television shows can be seen almost anywhere[citation needed], including icons like Star Wars, Titanic and The Matrix; American sports figures are widely known, such as Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, Venus Williams, Mike Tyson and Michael Johnson; and American movie actors and actresses are widely recognized such as Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, Brad Pitt, Marilyn Monroe, Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Cruise. This is in very stark contrast to the early days of the American republic, when the country was generally seen as an agricultural backwater with little to offer the culturally advanced world centers of Europe and Asia. At the beginning of her third century, nearly every major American city offers classical and popular music; historical, scientific and art research centers and museums; dance performances, musicals and plays; outdoor art projects and internationally significant architecture. This development is a result of both contributions by private philanthropists and government funding.
Literature
Main article: Literature of the United States
In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the nineteenth century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, would be recognized as America's other essential poet. Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Toni Morrison in 1993. Ernest Hemingway, the 1954 Nobel laureate, is often named as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century.[1] A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), and F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925)—may be dubbed the "Great American Novel." Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States.
Poetry
Main article: Poetry of the United States
The poetry of the United States naturally arose first during its beginnings as the Constitutionally-unified thirteen colonies (although prior to this, a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies[2]). Unsurprisingly, most of the early colonists' work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form, diction, and theme. However, in the 19th century, a distinctive American idiom began to emerge. By the later part of that century, when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad, poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avant-garde.
This position was sustained into the 20th century to the extent that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential English-language poets in the period during World War I.[3] By the 1960s, the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write. Toward the end of the millennium, consideration of American poetry had diversified, as scholars placed an increased emphasis on poetry by women, African Americans, Hispanics, Chicanos and other subcultural groupings. Poetry, and creative writing in general, also tended to become more professionalized with the growth of creative writing programs in the English studies departments of campuses across the country.
Comic books
Main article: American comic book
Since the invention of the comic book format in the 1930s, the United States has been the leading producer with only the British comic books (during the inter-war period and up until the 1970s) and the Japanese manga as close competitors in terms of quantity.
Comic book sales began to decline after World War II, when the medium was competing with the spread of television and mass market paperback books. In the 1960s, comic books' audience expanded to include college students who favored the naturalistic, "superheroes in the real world" trend initiated by Stan Lee at Marvel Comics. The 1960s also saw the advent of the underground comics. Later, the recognition of the comic medium among academics, literary critics and art museums helped solidify comics as a serious artform with established traditions, stylistic conventions, and artistic evolution.
Television
Main article: Television in the United States
Television is one of the major mass media of the United States. Ninety-nine percent of American households have at least one television and the majority of households have more than one.[citation needed]
Dance
Main article: Dance in the United States
There is great variety in dance in the United States, it is the home of the Lindy Hop and its derivative Rock and Roll, and modern square dance (associated with the United States of America due to its historic development in that country--nineteen U.S. states have designated it as their official state dance) and one of the major centers for modern dance. There is a variety of social dance and concert or performance dance forms with also a range of traditions of Native American dances.
Visual arts
Main article: Visual arts of the United States
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, American artists primarily painted landscapes and portraits in a realistic style. A parallel development taking shape in rural America was the American craft movement, which began as a reaction to the industrial revolution. Developments in modern art in Europe came to America from exhibitions in New York City such as the Armory Show in 1913. After World War II, New York replaced Paris as the center of the art world. Painting in the United States today covers a vast range of styles.
Architecture
Main article: Architecture of the United States
The United States has a history of architecture that includes a wide variety of styles.
The United States of America is a relatively young country, and the Native Americans did not leave any buildings comparable to the grandeur of those in Mexico or Peru. For this reason, the overriding theme of American Architecture is modernity: the skyscrapers of the 20th century are the ultimate symbol of this modernity.[citation needed]
Architecture in the US is regionally diverse and has been shaped by many external forces, not only English. US Architecture can therefore be said to be eclectic, something unsurprising in such a multicultural society.
Sculpture
Main article: Sculpture of the United States
The history of sculpture in the United States reflects the country's 18th century foundation in Roman republican civic values as well as Protestant Christianity.
Theater
Main article: Theater in the United States
Theater of the United States is based in the Western tradition, mostly borrowed from the performance styles prevalent in Europe, especially England. Today, it is heavily interlaced with American literature, film, television, and music, and it is not uncommon for a single story to appear in all forms. Regions with significant music scenes often have strong theater and comedy traditions as well. Musical theater may be the most popular form: it is certainly the most colorful, and choreographed motions pioneered on stage have found their way onto movie and television screens. Broadway in New York City is generally considered the pinnacle of commercial U.S. theater, though this art form appears all across the country. Off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway diversify the theatre experience in New York. Another city of particular note is Chicago, which boasts the most diverse and dynamic theater scene in the country. Regional or resident theatres in the United States are professional theatre companies outside of New York City that produce their own seasons. There is also community theatre and showcase theatre (performing arts group). Even tiny rural communities sometimes awe audiences with extravagant productions.
Cuisine
Main article: Cuisine of the United States
Mainstream American culinary arts are similar to those in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain. Traditional American cuisine uses ingredients such as turkey, white-tailed deer venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup, indigenous foods employed by Native Americans and early European settlers. Slow-cooked pork and beef barbecue, crab cakes, potato chips, and chocolate chip cookies are distinctively American styles. Soul food, developed by African slaves, is popular around the South and among many African Americans elsewhere. Syncretic cuisines such as Louisiana creole, Cajun, and Tex-Mex are regionally important. Iconic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. So-called French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed.[4] Americans generally prefer coffee to tea, with more than half the adult population drinking at least one cup a day.[5] Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk (now often fat-reduced) ubiquitous breakfast beverages.[6] During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans' caloric intake rose 24%;[4] frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what health officials call the American "obesity epidemic." Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular; sugared beverages account for 9% of the average American's daily caloric intake.[7]
Fashion
Main article: Fashion in the United States
Apart from professional business attire, fashion in the United States is eclectic and predominantly informal. Blue jeans were popularized as work clothes in the 1850s by merchant Levi Strauss, a German immigrant in San Francisco, and adopted by many American teenagers a century later. They are now widely worn on every continent by people of all ages and social classes. Along with mass-marketed informal wear in general, blue jeans are arguably U.S. culture's primary contribution to global fashion.[8] The country is also home to the headquarters of many leading designer labels such as Ralph Lauren and Calvin Klein. Labels such as Abercrombie & Fitch, American Eagle, Hollister, and Eckō cater to various niche markets.
Popular culture
American popular culture has expressed itself through nearly every medium, including movies, music, and sports. Mickey Mouse, Barbie, Elvis Presley, Madonna, Aerosmith, Babe Ruth, Baseball, American football, Basketball, screwball comedy, G.I. Joe, jazz, the blues, Rap & Hip Hop, The Simpsons, Michael Jackson, Superman, Gone with the Wind, Marilyn Monroe, Michael Jordan, Indiana Jones, Sesame Street, Catch-22—these names, genres, and phrases have joined more tangible American products in spreading across the globe.
It is worth noting that while the U.S. tends to be a net exporter of culture, it absorbs many other cultural traditions with relative ease, for example: origami, soccer, anime, and yoga.
Exportation of popular culture
The United States is an enormous exporter of entertainment, especially television, movies and music. This readily consumable form of culture is widely and cheaply dispersed for entertainment consumers worldwide. It's even considered to be an "entertainment superpower" along with Europe, India, and Japan. Part of this is because America owns so much foreign property and has so many military personnel serving overseas (Japan for instance).
Many nations now have two cultures: an indigenous one and globalized/American popular culture[citation needed]. That said, what one society considers entertainment is not necessarily reflective of the "true culture" of its people. More popular syndicated programs cost more, so overseas entertainment purchasers often choose older programs that reflect various, and dated, stages of United States cultural development. Pop culture also tends to neglect the more mundane and/or complex elements of human life.
这里介绍的是美国文化 多方面的 你可以挑选几个来说 有别的问题 可以站短我 希望可以帮到你~~~
扩展阅读：中英文自动翻译器 ... 各国文化英文翻译 ... 各国国名及国人英语 ... 翻译中文转英文 ... 中英文在线翻译 ... 英转中翻译器 ... 免费的翻译器 ... 中英文互翻译 ... 各国国名 语言 国人的英文 ...
