怎么辨别是现在分词还是动名词？是定语从句还是同位语从句？ 怎样区分英语中that引导的是定语从句还是同位语从句？
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现在分词由动词加ing构成。
非谓语动词中的现在分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中作定语、表语、补语或状语。
一、现在分词的两个基本特点。
1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行。例如： a developing country. 一个发展中的国家， boiling water 沸水， rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。（试比较： a developed country 一个发达国家， boiled water 白开水， risen sun 升起的太阳）
2. 在语态上表示主动。例如： the ruling class 统治阶级， the exploiting class 剥削阶级。（试比较： the ruled class 被统治阶级， the exploited class 被剥削阶级）
二、掌握现在分词的基本功能。
1. 现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。也可以说明被修饰词的性质和特征，此时可换成相应的定语从句。例如：
① There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light.
② He saw a flying bird and raised his bow.
③ I was satisfied with the exciting speech.
2. 现在分词作状语时，可作时间、条件、结果、原因和伴随状语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，因此要注意人称、时态和语态的一致性。例如：
① The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
② European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
③Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.
3. 现在分词作补足语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。例如：
① Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes.
② The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
4. 现在分词的独立主格结构作状语。例如：
① With his lips still trembling, he couldn't say a word.
②“ Mama! ” he cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. “妈妈！”他突然哭着喊，泪水从他的脸上流下来。（这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构 tears rolling down his cheeks 作状语。）
③ Weather permitting, we'll go to the Great wall. 如果天气允许的话，我们就去长城。（这里需要用现在分词的独立主格结构 Weather permitting 作状语。）
区别:
动名词和现在分词都是由v＋ing构成，在句中都能作表语和定语，而且都保留着动词的一些特征，有其完成式和被动态。那么v＋ing形式到底是现在分词还是动名词呢？下面有五种区别方法：
（1）如果v＋ing形式与被修饰名词逻辑上是主谓关系，就是现在分词，它相当于定语从句；如果逻辑上没有主谓关系，则是动名词，它可以用介词for加上这个动名词来代替，该介词短语应放在被修饰名词之后。例如：
1）a moving blackboard正在移动的黑板（moving：现在分词，a moving blackboard=a blackboard which is moving）
2）a walking tractor手扶拖拉机（walking：现在分词，awalking tractor=a tractor which is walking）
（2）如果v＋ing形式是说明主语怎么样，表示的是主语的形状、特征的是现在分词，现在分词起着形容词和副词的作用，在句中作宾补和状语，一般用how提问，后不带宾语，但可用very，so，quite等词修饰，也可用more和most分别构成比较级和最高级。如果v＋ing形式是说明主语是什么，即主语的具体内容，强调主语的行为、功能和用途的则为动名词。动名词起着名词的作用，在句中作主语和宾语，一般用what提问，也可用状语来修饰，但不能用程度副词very，much等修饰。例如：
1）The news is very exciting．（exciting：现在分词）
2）Laying eggs is her full－time job．（laying：动名词）
（3）动名词作表语，和主语间可以划等号，甚至可以交换位置。如上述例句2）可改写成：Her full－time job is layingeggs．而现在分词充当表语，不能同主语划等号，因此不能同主语换位置。例句1）不能改写成：Exciting is the news．
（4）v＋ing前有冠词、物主代词、名词所有格或指示代词的是动名词；用来构成复合形容词的v＋ing形式和独立主格结构中所用的v＋ing形式的是现在分词。例如：
1）His coming was unexpected．（coming：动名词）
2）The Chinese are brave and hard－working．（working：现在分词）
（5）朗读时，如果v＋ing形式与它修饰的名词均有句子重音的为现在分词；如果v＋ing有句子重音，被它修饰的名词没有句子重音的则为动名词。
同位语从句和定语从句一样通常都放在由名词充当的先行词后面, 且其先行词和关联词特点与定语从句先行词及关联词特点十分相似,极易混淆,不过两者的区别还是十分明显的。
1. 从句性质不同
同位语从句属于名词性从句,是用来进一步解释或补充说明前面的名词;而定语从句是用来说明先行词的性质或特征,起修饰或限制的作用,与先行词的关系是修饰与被修饰的关系,从句相当于形容词。
例1:The plan that you will go there next week has to be changed.你准备下周去那里的计划得改变.
析:认真分析语境含义及句子结构可知,从句为The plan的具体内容,因此该句为同位语从句。
例2:The news that he told me was false.他告诉我的消息是假的。
析:认真分析语境含义和句子结构可知,从句是用来修饰The news的, 因此该句为定语从句。
2.关联词作用不同
定语从句的关联词在从句中作主语、宾语、时间状语、地点状语和原因状语等,而同位语从句的关联词在从句中不担任成分。
例1:The plan that I”ll stay there for a week can”t come true.我要在那儿呆一周的计划不能实现。
析:分析句子成分可知,that在从句中不作任何成分,因此该句为同位语从句。
例2:The plan that he raised was reasonable.他提出的计划合理。
析:that在从句中作宾语,因此该句为定语从句。
3．同位语从句先行词不同
同位语从句的先行词就是被同位语从句修饰的名词,因为它和同位语从句在内容上相同,因此常为一些体现一定内容的名词,如:hope, plan, fact, news, problem, truth, idea, information等,此时同位语从句具体介绍这些名词的内容。同位语从句的先行词虽然体现同位语从句的内容,但在同位语从句中并不充当成分。
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绛旓細鎴戝埌涓嶅悓鐨勫湴鏂规梾娓革紝瑙佸埌涓栫晫鍚勫湴鏈夎叮鐨勪汉銆傦紙鍓嶇疆瀹氳锛4銆佷綔鐘惰锛鐜板湪鍒嗚瘝鍋氱姸璇琛ㄧず鏃堕棿锛屽師鍥狅紝缁撴灉锛屼即闅忕瓑銆備緥鍙ワ細Tony sat in his empty restaurant feeling very sad.锛堜即闅忥級鎵樺凹鍧愬湪浠栭偅绌鸿崱鑽＄殑椁愬巺鎰熻寰堜激蹇冦備簩銆鍔ㄥ悕璇 1銆佷綔涓昏 渚嬪彞锛歋wimming is a good sport in ...
绛旓細鍖哄埆锛1､鍔ㄥ悕璇嶅拰鐜板湪鍒嗚瘝閮藉彲浠ョ敤浜庣郴鍔ㄨ瘝涔嬪悗浣滆〃璇,鍖哄埆鏂规硶鏄:鈶犱綔琛ㄨ鐨勫姩鍚嶈瘝涓庝富璇寚鐨勬槸鍚屼竴浠朵簨,姝ゆ椂绯诲姩璇嶇浉褰撲簬鈥滄槸鈥,閫氬父鎶婁富璇拰琛ㄨ鐨勪綅缃簰鎹,璇硶鍜屾剰鎬濅笉鍙,渚嬪:My hobby is swimming.鍙敼涓篠wimming is my hobby.(鍙皢鍘熷彞涓殑涓昏涓庤〃璇綅缃簰鎹)鈶＄幇鍦ㄥ垎璇嶄綔琛ㄨ...
绛旓細鍔ㄥ悕璇嶅叿鏈夊悕璇嶇壒寰 鏁呬綔涓昏瀹捐鐨鏄姩鍚嶈瘝 鐜板湪鍒嗚瘝鍏锋湁鍓瘝鐗瑰緛鏁呬綔鐘惰鐨鏄幇鍦ㄥ垎璇 浜岃呬綔瀹氳鏃讹紝鏈変富璋撳叧绯荤殑鏄幇鍦ㄥ垎璇 濡 a swimming child.娌℃湁涓昏皳鍏崇郴锛岃〃绀虹敤閫旂殑鐨勬槸鍔ㄥ悕璇 濡 a swimming pool.浜岃呬綔琛ㄨ鏃讹紝涓昏鍙互鍜岃〃璇簰鎹㈢殑鏄姩鍚嶈瘝 濡 my job is teaching English銆備笉鑳戒簰鎹㈢殑...
绛旓細涓銆佸姩璇嶇殑-ing褰㈠紡鐢ㄤ綔涓昏鏃朵负鍔ㄥ悕璇锛鐜板湪鍒嗚瘝涓嶅彲浠ョ敤浣滀富璇1锛庡姩鍚嶈瘝鐢ㄤ綔涓昏.Reading French is easier than speaking it. 闃呰娉曟枃姣旇娉曡瀹规槗銆俆alking to him is talking to a wall. 鍜屼粬璇磋瘽绛変簬瀵圭墰寮圭惔銆係moking can cause cancer. 鍚哥儫浼氳嚧鐧屻侴rowing roses is her hobby. 绉嶇帿鐟...
绛旓細鍔ㄥ悕璇嶅拰鐜板湪鍒嗚瘝鍦ㄥ舰寮忔槸涓鏍风殑锛岄兘鏄姩璇嶅姞ing婕斿彉鑰屾垚鐨勶紝涓嶅悓鐨勪粬浠簩鑰呯殑鐢ㄦ硶鍜屼綔鐢 鐜板湪鍒嗚瘝鍙綔鐨勬垚鍒嗭細瀹氳锛岃〃璇紝鐘惰锛岃ˉ璇 鍔ㄥ悕璇嶅彲浣滅殑鎴愬垎锛氫富璇紝瀹捐锛岃〃璇紝瀹氳锛岀姸璇 浣滀富璇殑涓瀹鏄姩鍚嶈瘝 涓よ呬氦鍙夌殑閮ㄥ垎鍙弬瑙佷緥鍙ュ涓嬶細1锛氱疆浜庣郴鍔ㄨ瘝涔嬪悗浣滆〃璇細鈶犱綔琛ㄨ鐨勫姩鍚嶈瘝涓庝富璇寚鐨勬槸...
绛旓細鍗曚釜鐨鍒嗚瘝鎴栬鍔ㄥ悕璇閮藉彲鍋氬墠缃畾璇,浣嗗垎璇嶅線寰琛ㄧず琚慨楗拌瘝鎵鍙戝嚭鐨勫姩浣,鍗冲垎璇嶅姩浣滅殑閫昏緫涓昏鏄畠鎵淇グ鐨勮瘝;鍔ㄥ悕璇嶆墍淇グ鐨勮瘝涓嶈兘鍏呭綋鍏堕昏緫涓昏.a sleeping baby 鍒嗚瘝 a sleeping car 鍔ㄥ悕璇
