韩非子主道原文及翻译
一、韩非子主道原文改写1. 道，宇宙万物的起点，是非观念的基准。因此，明智的君主守持道的初始，以洞察万物的根源；治理法纪，以明白善恶的端倪。故而，保持虚静以观其变，令名声自显，令事务自成。在虚空中洞察真实之情，在宁静中知晓行动之正。言辞自行其名，行事自行其形；形名相合，君主便无为而治，任其自然。因此说：君主不应显露欲望，否则臣下将加以修饰。
2. 君主不应显露意图，否则臣下将展示其差异。故而云：摒弃偏好与厌恶，臣下才会显露本色；去除旧习与智慧，臣下才会自我完备。故君主有智而不依赖思虑，使万物各得其所；有贤德而不依赖行为，观察臣下的所依循；有勇力而不依赖怒气，使群臣尽其武勇。因此，去智而明智自现，去贤而功业自成，去勇而力量自强。
3. 君主与臣下各守其职，百官各有常法，按能力任用他们，这叫作习惯常法。故而说：静默无位而处之泰然，莫测其所在；明君在上无为，而臣下敬畏在下。明君之道，使智者竭其思，君主从而断事，故君主不躬亲智慧；使贤者尽其材，君主从而任之，故君主不躬亲才能；有功则君主享其贤，有过则臣下担其责，故君主不躬亲名誉。
二、译文改写
1. The Dao is the origin of all things and the criterion for right and wrong. Therefore, a wise ruler guards the beginning to understand the source of all things, and studies the criterion to understand the causes of success and failure. Hence, maintain vacuity and stillness in dealing with all things, allowing names to be self-determined and affairs to resolve themselves. In vacuity, one discerns the reality; in stillness, one knows the proper course of action. Those who speak name themselves, and those who act shape their own forms. When form and name correspond, the ruler rules without doing anything, and things take their natural course. It is said: "The ruler should not reveal his desires; if the ruler shows his desires, his ministers will decorate themselves."
2. The ruler should not reveal his intentions; if he does, his ministers will present themselves differently. Therefore it is said: "Abandon likes and dislikes, and the ministers will reveal their true colors; discard the old and the wise, and the ministers will prepare themselves." Therefore, a wise ruler does not rely on intelligence to think, but allows all things to know their place; he does not rely on virtue to act, but observes his ministers' dependencies; he does not rely on courage to be fierce, but allows his ministers to fully display their valor.
3. Ministers and the ruler each keep to their duties, and all officials follow established norms. They are employed according to their abilities, which is called习惯常法 (xíguàn chángfǎ). Hence it is said: "Be silent and unnamed, yet remain tranquil; be unknown and let ministers fear below. The way of a wise ruler is to let the intelligent exhaust their thoughts, and then the ruler can make judgments, so the ruler does not need to personally engage in intelligence; let the virtuous perfect their abilities, and the ruler can appoint them, so the ruler does not need to personally engage in ability; if there is merit, the ruler possesses it, and if there is blame, the ministers bear it, so the ruler does not need to personally engage in reputation.
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