罗斯福新政中，在金本位制下滥发钞票照样可以实现货币贬值，那他为什么要废除金本位制呢？？求大神讲解~ 国际货币与金融经济学
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Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization has two main components: the globalization of markets and the globalization of production. In other words, it involves increased integration of product and resource markets, such as the international trade, the people immigration, and international investment
The Mercantilists\u2019 Views on Trade
The more gold and silver a nation had, the richer and more powerful it was.
Thus the way for a nation to become rich is to export more than it imported
The resulting export surplus would then be settled by an inflow of bullion or precious metals such as gold and silver.
Thus the mercantilists advocated restrictions on imports and incentives for exports.
X > M T gold inflow, but also few goods and poor consumers
Gold inflow T inflation (more money chasing fewer goods)
Inflation T fewer exports (foreigners search for better bargains), and more imports (nationals search for better bargains abroad.
A nation will import those goods in which it has an absolute cost disadvantage; it will export those goods in which it has an absolute cost advantage.
The less efficient nation should specialize in the production and export the good in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller (this is the commodity of its comparative advantage) and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater (this is the commodity of its comparative disadvantage).
Opportunity cost: the value of the next best alternative foregone as the result of making a decision.
The production possibility frontier: (or transformation curve) is a curve that shows the alternative combinations of the two goods that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.
indifference curves, which show the various combinations of two goods that give a consumer the same total level of satisfaction
demonstrating the h-o theorem
the nation differ in that one is relatively labor abundant while the other is relatively capital abundant.
1. a nation will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nation's relatively abundant factor and import the commodity whose requires the intensive use of the nation's relatively scarce factor.
2.test method:calculated the amount of labor and capital in a representative bundle's of 1 million dollar worth of U.S. exports and import substitutes for the year 1947.
3.result:U.S.import substitutes were more K-intensive than U.S.exports.
this is called the Leontief paradox.
TATIFF:is a tax levied on products as they move between nations.
Specific tariff:fixed monetary fee per unit of the product.
advalorem tariff:levied as a percentage of the value of the product(much like sales tax).
Compound tariff:a combination of the above,often levied on finished goods whose components are also subject to tariff if imported separately.
The Formula:e=(n-ab)\(1-a)
e:the rate of effective protection to producers of the final commodity.
n:the nominal tariff rate on consumers of the final commodity.
a:the ratio of the cost of the imported input to the price of the final commodity in the absence of tariffs
b:the nominal tariff rate on the imported input
quotas are a restriction on the quantity of a good that may be imported in any one period.
(1).effective of an increase in domestic demand
tariff:an increase in demand will leave the domestic price and domestic production unchanged but will result in higher consumption and imports than with an equivalent import quota.
quota:an increase in demand will result in a higher domestic price and greater domestic production than with an equivalent import tariff.
(2)revenue effect
tariff:the government will receive tax revenue/
quota:firms that receive import licenses
3.trade effect
tariff:the trade effect may be uncertain
quota:the trade effect is uncertain.it limits imports to the specified level with certainty.
reason:the shape or elasticity of Dx and Sx is often not known,making it difficult to estimate the import tariff required to restrict imports to desired level.
UR was to change import quotas into tariffs.
4.monopoly and government decesion
lobbying and bribing
seed of corruption
The tariff-rate quota is a two-tiered tariff
impact of an appreciating us dollar
pros:lower prices on foreign goods,keeps inflation down,foreign travel is cheaper
cons:exporters' products become more expensive abroad,imports-competing firms face price competition,travel more expensive for foreign tourists.
impact of a depreciating us dollar
pros:exporter can sell abroad more easily,less competition for US firms from imports,foreign tourism is encouraged
cons:higher prices on imports,upward pressure on inflation,travel abroad more expensive
因为正常情况下 金本位意味着一定的货币背后 必须有相应比例的黄金支撑 罗斯福新政奉行的是凯恩斯主义 振兴经济的原理有一条就是要多发货币 而这与金本位下所需的大量黄金储量是相悖的(一战时西方诸国为大量购买军备而滥印钞票放弃金本位也是因为这个原因 需要钱)
当时处在一个大萧条阶段 出现金融危机 民众不信任银行 选择将货币换成黄金 持在手中 流动资金更是会挤兑黄金 并外逃 导致美国国内的银行信用进一步恶性循环
罗斯福的新政所宣称的废除金本位只是暂时性 严格意义上讲 罗斯福的做法不能算是废除了金本位 他禁止美国人持有黄金 并实行定价收购 只是控制了国内所有作货币用途的黄金 并强制性为其定价 以此强制性控制了美元的价格 强制性控制了美元的信用 为日后布雷顿森林体系间接金本位 到最后尼克松逐步废除金本位打下基础
控制了全国的货币黄金 创造出一个相对稳定的 国内金融与经济情况后 会进一步吸引国际上的流动资本进入美国 吸引各国投资者将手中黄金兑换成美元 同时 美国可偷偷持有的将部分黄金运到国外(参见存款准备金) 运到那些同样对黄金需求大 但储量已极度匮乏的国家之中 以高价租借或者出售等方式获利
放弃金银本位后 货币背后不再有贵重金属做支撑 而改为以政府信用做支撑(政府为其货币撑腰 政府不倒或者不否认 该货币就一直是合法的)除此以外 货币不过是一张普通的纸片 人类进入法币时代
个人认为 逐步放弃金本位 人类社会发展的必然 某种程度上随着社会生产力的进步 每个人能够生产的财富就越多 总共生产出的财富 大大超过了国内甚至全球的黄金的储量 而且 一国如果如果过度依赖金银储量 坚决的实行金本位 就有可能导致在关键时刻内外交困 但法币会导致货币有可能被多发 货币每年有规律的 一定量的通货膨胀出现正是因此
1973金本位制可以分为金块本位制，金币本位制和金汇兑本位制
罗斯福（富兰克林罗斯福）时期，金币本位制实际上已经不存在
而金块本位制和金汇兑本位制是在1973年正式被废除的
二战后的布雷顿森林体系本质上仍将美元与黄金挂钩，是金汇兑本位制的一种
罗斯福废除金本位制的说法缺乏依据
而布雷顿森林体系的崩溃原因相对复杂，不是简单一句两句就能说明白的
也不只是制度设计的问题
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