缺省路由的概述 什么是缺省路由？
ospf\u91cc\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48OSPF\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u7f3a\u7701\u7684\u8def\u7531\u91cd\u5206\u5e03\u8fdbOSPF\u8fdb\u7a0b\u57df\u5185\uff0c\u611f\u67d3\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\u4e5f\u5b66\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u3002
\u6bd4\u5982\u6240\u6709OSPF\u57df\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2aASBR\u53bb\u5f80\u5916\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u524d\u7f00\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u5206\u5e03\u8fdb\u6765\u8ba9\u5176\u4ed6\u8def\u7531\u5668\u83b7\u5f97\u5916\u90e8\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u524d\u7f00\uff1f\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5728ASBR\u4e0a\u52a0\u4e00\u6761\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u9759\u6001 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 x.x.x.x \u6216\u8005 ip default-network x.x.x.x\u3002
\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6ce8\u610fOSPF\u6bd4\u8f83\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c2\u4e2a\u533a\u522b\uff1a
1.default-information originate [metric cost] [metric-type type]
\u53ea\u6709\u672c\u5730\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u624d\u80fd\u5e7f\u64ad\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u5230OSPF\u57df\u5185\u3002\uff08\u8981\u5148\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u624d\u89e6\u53d1\u5411ospf\u57df\u5185\u901a\u544a\uff09
2.default-information originate always [metric cost] [metric-typetype]
\u5373\u4f7f\u672c\u5730\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5e7f\u64ad\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u3002\uff08always\u53c2\u6570\u603b\u662f\u89e6\u53d1\u5411OSPF\u57df\u5185\u901a\u544a\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5916\u90e8\u8def\u7531\u4e0d\u53ef\u8fbe\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u8def\u7531\u9ed1\u6d1e\u3002\uff09
\u5f53OSPF\u5e7f\u64ad\u4e00\u6761\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u5e7f\u64ad\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5668\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2aASBR\u3002
\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531 Default route
\u8def\u7531\u8868\uff08routing table\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u6307\u660e\u4fe1\u606f\u5305\uff08packet\uff09\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u4e0d\u5728\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u65f6\u7684\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u9759\u6001\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u5339\u914d\u7684\u8def\u7531\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8def\u7531\u3002\u5728\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u4ee5\u76ee\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e3a0.0.0.0\u3001\u5b50\u7f51\u63a9\u7801\u4e3a0.0.0.0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u5305\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u5740\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u8def\u7531\u76f8\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c06\u4f7f\u7528\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u8f6c\u53d1\u8be5\u6570\u636e\u5305\u3002
\u5728WEB\u7ba1\u7406\u754c\u9762\u2014>\u5feb\u901f\u5411\u5bfc\u4e2d\u914d\u7f6e\u5b8c\u4e0a\u7f51\u63a5\u5165\u7ebf\u8def\uff08\u4e3b\u7ebf\u8def\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728WEB\u7ba1\u7406\u754c\u9762\u2014>\u57fa\u672c\u914d\u7f6e\u2014>ISP\u914d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u914d\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e3b\u7ebf\u8def\u548c\u5907\u4efd\u7ebf\u8def\u540e\uff0cHiPER\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u4e3b\u7ebf\u8def\uff08\u5907\u4efd\u7ebf\u8def\uff09\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u53ef\u5728WEB\u7ba1\u7406\u754c\u9762\u2014>\u7cfb\u7edf\u72b6\u6001\u2014>\u8def\u7531\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\u4fe1\u606f\u2014>\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4fe1\u606f\u5217\u8868\u67e5\u770b\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\u8def\u7531\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5373\u76ee\u6807\u5730\u5740\u4e3a\u201c0.0.0.0/0\u201d\u7684\u9759\u6001\u8def\u7531\u3002
\u5982\u679c\u4e3b\u7ebf\u8def\uff08\u5907\u4efd\u7ebf\u8def\uff09\u4e3a\u9759\u6001IP\u6216\u52a8\u6001IP\u4e0a\u7f51\u65b9\u5f0f\u65f6\u3002
RIP\u4e2d\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\uff08\u6bbf\u540e\u7f51\u5173\uff09
RIP\u81ea\u52a8\u901a\u544a\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u8fd0\u884cRIP\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5668\u3002\u914d\u7f6e\u4e86\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u7684RIP\u8def\u7531\u5668\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\uff1a
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.1.82 to network 0.0.0.0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.1.82
\u63a5\u53d7\u8be5\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u7684\u5176\u4ed6RIP\u8def\u7531\u5668\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5982\uff1a
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.1.17 to network 0.0.0.0
R* 0.0.0.0/0 [120/1] via 192.168.1.17, 00:00:02, Ethernet0
ospf\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u751f\u6210\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5
a).\u6b63\u5e38\u533a\u57df\u7f3a\u7701\u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531
\u6b63\u5e38\u533a\u57df\u4ea7\u751f\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u5e76\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u6b63\u5e38\u533a\u57df\u53d1\u9001\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a
\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff1a\uff08\u53ef\u9009\uff09
global
ip default-network net_address\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u7f51\u6bb5\u53f7\uff09 \u6216
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 via_ip_address
\u6ce8\uff1a\u5f53\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8def\u7531\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u672c\u5730ASBR\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u544a\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u914d\u7f6e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u3002\u7528\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u5c31\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u628a\u8be5\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u901a\u544a\u7ed9\u533a\u57df\u5185\u90e8\u3002\u5982\uff1aBGP\u2014OSPF\u4e2d\uff0cEBGP\u901a\u544a\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531B* 0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 10.1.1.2 \u8fdb\u6765\u3002
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff1a
router ospf process
default-information originate [always] [metric value] [metric-type value] [route-map name]
\u6ce8\uff1aalways\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u8def\u7531\u7ffb\u52a8\uff08Flag\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u6b21\u7ffb\u52a8\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u9001\u4e00\u6761LSA5\u3002Always\u53c2\u6570\u9002\u5408\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u94fe\u8def\u4e0e\u5916\u754c\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u8fd9\u65f6\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2aASBR\u901a\u544a\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u8fdb\u6765\u3002
\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65\uff1a
global
ip classless
\u8fd9\u65f6\u8be5\u8def\u7531\u5668\u7f3a\u7701\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u67610.0.0.0/0 \u7684O*E2\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u544a\u7ed9\u533a\u57df\u5185\u5176\u4ed6\u8def\u7531\u5668\uff0c\u4f7f\u8be5\u8def\u7531\u5668\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u53f0ASBR\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86Internet\u7684ASBR\u4e0a\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u3002
route-map\u53c2\u6570\u8fc7\u6ee4\u54ea\u4e9b\u7f51\u6bb5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u901a\u544a\u8fdb\u6765\u3002
b).stubby\u548ctotal stubby\u533a\u57df
\u5230\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u533a\u57df\u7684ABR\u7f3a\u7701\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u67610.0.0.0/0\u7684O*IA\u6c47\u603b\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u544a\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u533a\u57df\u5185\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8def\u7531\u5668\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9700\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\u3002
c).NSSA\u533a\u57df
\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u88abFlooded\u8fdb\u5165NSSA\u533a\u57df\u3002
\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff1a
global
ip default-network net_address \u6216
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 via_ip_address
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b65\uff1a
router ospf process
area area-id nssa default-information-originate [no-redistribution]
default-information originate always
\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b65\uff1a
global
ip classless
\u8fd9\u65f6\u8be5\u8def\u7531\u5668\u7f3a\u7701\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u6761O*N2 0.0.0.0/0 via w.x.y.z\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u544a\u7ed9\u8be5nssa\u533a\u57df\u5185\u5176\u4ed6\u8def\u7531\u5668\u3002
No-redistribution\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5f53\u8def\u7531\u5668\u662f\u4e00\u4e2aNSSA ABR\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8ba9\u201credistribute\u201d\u547d\u4ee4\u53ea\u5c06\u8def\u7531\u5f15\u5165\u5230\u6807\u51c6\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5f15\u5165\u5230NSSA\u533a\u57df\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u53c2\u6570\u3002\uff08\u8be5ABR\u8fde\u63a5\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u5417\uff1f\uff09
Ospf\u7684\u533a\u57df\u95f4\u8def\u7531\u6c47\u603b\uff08summary\uff09
\u8981\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5b50\u7f51\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u8def\u7531\u6c47\u603b
ABR\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u8def\u7531\u6c47\u603b\u540e\u518d\u901a\u544a\u7ed9ospf\u4e2d\u7684BackBone Area0\u5185\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5668\u3002
router ospf process
area id range x.y.z.w mask
ABSR\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u8def\u7531\u6c47\u603b\u540e\u518d\u901a\u544a\u7ed9ospf\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8def\u7531\u5668\u3002
router ospf process
summary-address x.y.z.w mask
IGRP\u548cEIGRP\u4e2d\u901a\u544a\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531
\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u534f\u8bae\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc6\u522b0.0.0.0\u7684IP\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u9700\u7528\u547d\u4ee4
(global) ip default-network net_address\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u7f51\u6bb5\u53f7\uff09\u628a\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u5f53\u524d\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\u3002
\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5668\u7684\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u4e00\u6761\u5e26\u201c*\u201d\u7684candidate default\uff08\u5019\u9009\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\u8def\u7531\uff0c\u5982\uff1a
Gateway of last resort is not set
* 10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted, 1 subnets
\u8be5\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4f1a\u628a\u8fd9\u6761\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\u901a\u544a\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u8fd0\u884cIGRP\u6216EIGRP\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5668\uff0c\u5982\uff1a
Gateway of last resort is 172.16.3.1 to network 10.0.0.0
I* 10.0.0.0/8 [100/8639] via 172.16.3.1, 00:00:17, Ethernet0
\u5728EIGRP\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u7aef\u53e3\u505a0.0.0.0\u7684SUMMARY\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751fDEFAULT\u6216\u8005\u91cd\u5206\u5e03\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5
BGP\u4e2d\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531
(router) neighbor ip-address default-originate
\u4f46\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8bd5\u9a8c2500\u7cfb\u5217\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u4f7f\u7528\u8def\u7531\u5668\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u91cd\u542f\u3002
\u63a5\u53d7\u8be5\u8def\u7531\u7684EBGP\u8def\u7531\u5668\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\uff1a
B* 0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 192.168.1.226, 00:47:03
\u8def\u7531\u518d\u53d1\u5e03\u4e2d\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531
\u5f53\u6709\u4e00\u53f0\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fb9\u754c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u8fd0\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u8def\u7531\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u53cc\u5411\u518d\u53d1\u5e03\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u8def\u7531\u56de\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u8def\u7531\u8868\u3002\u53ef\u5728\u5bf9\u5916\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4f7f\u7528\u8def\u7531\u518d\u53d1\u5e03\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5185\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4f7f\u7528\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u7684\u5355\u5411\u8def\u7531\u518d\u53d1\u5e03\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\uff08\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\uff1a\u8def\u7531\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\u3001\u901a\u544a\u6bd4\u5185\u90e8\u8def\u7531\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u8def\u7531\u5ea6\u91cf\u503c\uff09
\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u542bclassful\u548cclassless\u8def\u7531\u534f\u8bae\u65f6\u3002\u8be5\u8fb9\u754c\u8def\u7531\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u628a\u5b83\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5168\u90e8\u5b50\u7f51\u8def\u7531\u6761\u76ee\u518d\u53d1\u5e03\u8fdbclassful\u7f51\u7edc\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u9700\u914d\u7f6e\u4e00\u6761\u7f3a\u7701\u8def\u7531\u4e3a\u5185\u90e8classful\u7f51\u7edc\u6307\u5411\u5916\u90e8\u7684classless\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u4e0e\u88ab\u52a8\u63a5\u53e3\u7ed3\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5982\uff1a
(global) ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 null0 \u5982\u679c\u6709\u5230\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u672a\u77e5\u7f51\u7edc\u65f6\uff0c\u4e22\u6389\u8be5\u5305\uff0c\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u6761ICMP\u6d88\u606f\u3002
\u6216(global) ip default-network net_address\u628a\u8def\u7531\u8868\u4e2d\u5f53\u524d\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7f51\u7edc\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u7531\u3002
缺省路由又称为默认路由，是一种特殊的静态路由，目的地址与掩码配置为全零（0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0）。当路由表中的所有路由都选择失败的时候，为使得报文有最终的一个发送地，将使用缺省路由。
缺省路由通常用相同的处理方式把报文指向另一个路由器。如果有其他路由匹配，则按照该路由规则转发相应的报文，否则该报文将被转发到该路由器的缺省路由。这个过程不断重复，直到一个数据包被传递到目的地。设备的缺省路由通常被也称为默认网关，它经常提供如数据包过滤，防火墙或代理服务器等功能。
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