到底analytical method 和 empirical method 有什么不同 急求 土木工程外文翻译

\u5230\u5e95analytical method \u548c empirical method \u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u540c

Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence Research can

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K.A.S. Susantha \uff0c Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami*

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Uniaxial stress\u2013strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubes

K.A.S. Susantha, Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami *

Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
Received 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001

Abstract
A method is presented to predict the complete stress\u2013strain curve of concrete subjected to triaxial compressive stresses caused by axial load plus lateral pressure due to the confinement action in circular, box and octagonal shaped concrete-filled steel tubes. Available empirical formulas are adopted to determine the lateral pressure exerted on concrete in circular concrete-filled steel columns. To evaluate the lateral pressure exerted on the concrete in box and octagonal shaped columns, FEM analysis is adopted with the help of a concrete\u2013steel interaction model. Subsequently, an extensive parametric study is conducted to propose an empirical
equation for the maximum average lateral pressure, which depends on the material and geometric properties of the columns. Lateral pressure so calculated is correlated to confined concrete strength through a well known empirical formula. For determination of the post-peak stress\u2013strain relation, available experimental results are used. Based on the test results, approximated expressions to predict the slope of the descending branch and the strain at sustained concrete strength are derived for the confined concrete in columns having each type of sectional shapes. The predicted concrete strength and post-peak behavior are found to exhibit good
agreement with the test results within the accepted limits. The proposed model is intended to be used in fiber analysis involving beam\u2013column elements in order to establish an ultimate state prediction criterion for concrete-filled steel columns designed as earthquake resisting structures. •2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Concrete-filled tubes; Confinement; Concrete strength; Ductility; Stress\u2013strain relation; Fiber analysis

1. Introduction

Concrete-filled steel tubes (CFT) are becoming increasingly popular in recent decades due to their excellent earthquake resisting characteristics such as high ductility and improved strength. As a result, numerous experimental investigations have been carried out in recent years to examine the overall performance of CFT columns [1\u201311]. Although the behavior of CFT columns has been extensively examined, the concrete core confinement is not yet well understood. Many of the previous research works have been mainly focused on investigating the performance of CFT columns with various limitations. The main variables subjected to such limitations were the concrete strength, plate width-to- thickness (or radius-to-thickness) ratios and shapes of the sections. Steel strength, column slenderness ratio and rate of loading were also additionally considered. It is understandable that examination of the effects of all the above factors on performances of CFTs in a wider range, exclusively on experimental manner, is difficult and costly. This can be overcome by following a suitable numerical theoretical approach which is capable of handling many experimentally unmanageable situations. At present, finite element analysis (FEM) is considered as the most powerful and accurate tool to simulate the actual behavior of structures. The accurate constitutive relationships for materials are essential for reliable results when such analysis procedures are involved. For example, CFT behavior may well be investigated through a suitable FEM analysis procedure, provided that appropriate steel and concrete material models are available. One of the simplest yet powerful techniques for the examination of CFTs is fiber analysis. In this procedure the cross section is discretized into many small regions where a uniaxial constitutive relationship of either concrete or steel is assigned. This type of analysis can be employed to predict the load\u2013displacement relationships of CFT columns designed as earthquake resisting structures. The accuracy involved with the fiber analysis is found to be quite satisfactory with respect to the practical design purposes.

At present, an accurate stress\u2013strain relationship for steel, which is readily applicable in the fiber analysis, is currently available [12]. However, in the case of concrete, only a few models that are suited for such analysis can be found [3,8,9]. Among them, in Tomii and Sakino\u2019s model [3], which is applicable to square shaped columns, the strength improvement due to confinement has been neglected. Tang et al. [8] developed a model for circular tubes by taking into account the effect of geometry and material properties on strength enhancement as well as the post-peak behavior. Watanabe et al. [9] conducted model tests to determine a stress\u2013strain relationship for confined concrete and subsequently proposed a method to analyze the ultimate behavior of concrete-filled box columns considering local buckling of component plates and initial imperfections. Among the other recent investigations, the work done by Schneider [10] investigated the effect of steel tube shape and wall thickness on the ultimate strength of the composite columns. El-Tawil and Deierlein [11] reviewed and evaluated the concrete encased composite design provisions of the American Concrete Institute Code (ACI 318) [13], the AISC-LRFD Specifications [14] and the AISC Seismic Provisions [15], based on fiber section analyses considering the inelastic behavior of steel and concrete.

In this study, an analytical approach based on the existing experimental results is attempted to determine a complete uniaxial stress\u2013strain law for confined concrete in relatively thick-walled CFT columns. The primary objective of the proposed stress\u2013strain model is its application in fiber analysis to investigate the inelastic behavior of CFT columns in compression or combined compression and bending. Such analyses are useful in establishing rational strength and ductility prediction procedures of seismic resisting structures. Three types of sectional shapes such as circular, box and octagonal are considered. A concrete\u2013steel interaction model is employed to estimate the lateral pressure on concrete. Then, the maximum lateral pressure is correlated to the strength of confined concrete through an empirical formula. A method based on the results of fiber analysis using assumed concrete models is adopted to calibrate the post-peak behavior of the proposed model. Finally, the complete axial load\u2013average axial strain curves obtained through the fiber analysis using the newly proposed material model are compared with the test results. It should be noted that a similar type of interaction model as used in this study has been adopted by Nishiyama et al. [16], which has been combined with a so called peak load condition line in order to determine the maximum lateral pressure on reinforced concrete columns.

Meanwhile, previous researches [17,18] indicate that the stress\u2013strain relationship of concrete under compressive load histories produces an envelope curve identical to the stress\u2013strain curve obtained under monotonic loading. Therefore, in further studies, the proposed confined uniaxial stress\u2013strain law can be extended to a cyclic stress\u2013strain relationship of confined concrete by including a suitable unloading/reloading stress\u2013strain rule.

二者之间的区别主要体现在以下方面：

1、获得方法的方式不同：analytical method是基于理性、科学的分析得出的方法，empirical method是基于日常经验得出的方法。

2、思考问题的出发点不同：empirical method认为人类知识起源于感觉，并以感觉的领会为基础。analytical method主张唯有理性推理而非经验观察才提供了最确实的理论知识体系。

analytical：

中文释义：

1、分析的；解析的；

2、（科学）分析的

英文释义：

1、using a logical method of thinking about sth in order to understand it, especially by looking at all the parts separately  

2、using scientific analysis in order to find out about sth

例句：She is a project manager for a mainframe manufacturing division of her company. Her cognitive style tends to be analytical.

安德烈是一个技术专家对于搜索引擎有着很深的理解他是公司制造部的项目经理她的认知风格倾向于解析型

empirical：

中文释义：以实验（或经验）为依据的；经验主义的

英文释义：based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories

例句： I have not been able to think of any conventional empirical tests that would distinguish between my views and the views of others.

我从来没有能够想到的任何传统的实证试验，将区分自己的看法和其他人的意见

扩展资料：

analytical ：

同义词：logical，investigative，diagnostic，systematic，critical

反义词：empirical

1、investigative. adj调查研究的；侦查的；Web研究型；调查的；调查性质的

例句：The editor encouraged him to move out of his comfort zone and try some 

investigative reporting.

编辑鼓励他大胆走出自己得心应手的领域，尝试做一些调查性报道

2、diagnostic. v.诊断；诊断程序（诊断计算机的错误）；adj.诊断的；判断的；Web特征的；用于诊断的；诊断性

例句：Reliance on history for diagnosis or further diagnostic evaluation is often needed.

诊断需要结合病史和更多的参考（诊断评估）

empirical：

同义词：experiential，experimental，firsthand，observed，practical

反义词：theoretical，analytical

1、experimental. adj以实验（或试验）为基础的；实验性的；试验性的；科学实验的；n.实验性的东西；Web试验音乐；试验的

例句：The result of comparison between the model-predicted data and experimental data 

shows that the model is of reliable precision.

通过模型预测结果与实验结果的比较，表明模型具有一定的精度

2、practical. adj际的；真实的；客观存在的；切实可行的；n.实习课；实践课；实验考核；Web实用的；实践的；实用性

例句：He wasn't ever discouraged, and he had a seemingly unlimited supply of practical 

ideas that could use a bit of technology.

他从来没有放弃过，他看上去好像是永动机一样的工作，提供各种源源不断的技术上的好点子

第一：analytical method是解析法，一般是理论上进行推导，演绎，得到确切的函数关系式或形成某一定理，其原理清晰，每一过程都有理论上的支持。
第二：empirical method是实验法，经验法，其更多的是依赖于实验，从实验数据中得到某一事物的某一特性的规律，其得到的公式往往成为经验公式，有适用的范围。工程上很多时候，都是经验法，都是以往对某一事物研究的经验累加，其有一定的理论支持（有时称为半经验公式），但不是所有时候都透彻清楚，只是使用它符合实际情况，能解决工程问题。

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