高中化学有机官能团能与哪些物质反应总结 高中化学各官能团能与那些物质反应？比如羧基可与氢氧化钠反应什...
\u8c01\u80fd\u5e2e\u5fd9\u603b\u7ed3\u4e00\u4e0b\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6709\u673a\u5316\u5b66\u4e2d\u5404\u79cd\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u7c7b\u578b\u554a\uff0c\u8d8a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8d8a\u597d1\u3002\u5364\u5316\u70c3\uff1a\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\uff0c\u5364\u539f\u5b50 \u5728\u78b1\u7684\u6eb6\u6db2\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u201c\u6c34\u89e3\u53cd\u5e94\u201d\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u9187 \u5728\u78b1\u7684\u9187\u6eb6\u6db2\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u201c\u6d88\u53bb\u53cd\u5e94\u201d\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e0d\u9971\u548c\u70c3
2\u3002\u9187\uff1a\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\uff0c\u9187\u7f9f\u57fa \u80fd\u4e0e\u94a0\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u6c22\u6c14 \u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u6d88\u53bb\u5f97\u5230\u4e0d\u9971\u548c\u70c3\uff08\u4e0e\u7f9f\u57fa\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u78b3\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u4e0a\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u6d88\u53bb\uff09 \u80fd\u4e0e\u7fa7\u9178\u53d1\u751f\u916f\u5316\u53cd\u5e94 \u80fd\u88ab\u50ac\u5316\u6c27\u5316\u6210\u919b\uff08\u4f2f\u9187\u6c27\u5316\u6210\u919b\uff0c\u4ef2\u9187\u6c27\u5316\u6210\u916e\uff0c\u53d4\u9187\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u50ac\u5316\u6c27\u5316\uff09
3\u3002\u919b\uff1a\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\uff0c\u919b\u57fa \u80fd\u4e0e\u94f6\u6c28\u6eb6\u6db2\u53d1\u751f\u94f6\u955c\u53cd\u5e94 \u80fd\u4e0e\u65b0\u5236\u7684\u6c22\u6c27\u5316\u94dc\u6eb6\u6db2\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210\u7ea2\u8272\u6c89\u6dc0 \u80fd\u88ab\u6c27\u5316\u6210\u7fa7\u9178 \u80fd\u88ab\u52a0\u6c22\u8fd8\u539f\u6210\u9187
4\u3002\u915a\uff0c\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\uff0c\u915a\u7f9f\u57fa \u5177\u6709\u9178\u6027 \u80fd\u94a0\u53cd\u5e94\u5f97\u5230\u6c22\u6c14 \u915a\u7f9f\u57fa\u4f7f\u82ef\u73af\u6027\u8d28\u66f4\u6d3b\u6cfc\uff0c\u82ef\u73af\u4e0a\u6613\u53d1\u751f\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u915a\u7f9f\u57fa\u5728\u82ef\u73af\u4e0a\u662f\u90bb\u5bf9\u4f4d\u5b9a\u4f4d\u57fa \u80fd\u4e0e\u7fa7\u9178\u53d1\u751f\u916f\u5316
5\u3002\u7fa7\u9178\uff0c\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\uff0c\u7fa7\u57fa \u5177\u6709\u9178\u6027\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u9178\u6027\u5f3a\u4e8e\u78b3\u9178\uff09 \u80fd\u4e0e\u94a0\u53cd\u5e94\u5f97\u5230\u6c22\u6c14 \u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8fd8\u539f\u6210\u919b\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u201d\uff09 \u80fd\u4e0e\u9187\u53d1\u751f\u916f\u5316\u53cd\u5e94
6\u3002\u916f\uff0c\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\uff0c\u916f\u57fa \u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u6c34\u89e3\u5f97\u5230\u9178\u548c\u9187
\u9187\u3001\u915a\uff1a\u7f9f\u57fa(-OH)\uff1b\u4f2f\u9187\u7f9f\u57fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d88\u53bb\u751f\u6210\u78b3\u78b3\u53cc\u952e\uff0c\u915a\u7f9f\u57fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u548cNaOH\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210\u6c34\uff0c\u4e0eNa2CO3\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210NaHCO3\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u91d1\u5c5e\u94a0\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210\u6c22\u6c14
\u919b\uff1a\u919b\u57fa(-CHO)\uff1b \u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u94f6\u955c\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u6590\u6797\u8bd5\u5242\u53cd\u5e94\u6c27\u5316\u6210\u7fa7\u57fa\u3002\u4e0e\u6c22\u6c14\u52a0\u6210\u751f\u6210\u7f9f\u57fa\u3002
\u916e\uff1a\u7fb0\u57fa(\uff1eC=O)\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u6c22\u6c14\u52a0\u6210\u751f\u6210\u7f9f\u57fa
\u7fa7\u9178\uff1a\u7fa7\u57fa(-COOH)\uff1b\u9178\u6027\uff0c\u4e0eNaOH\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210\u6c34\uff0c\u4e0eNaHCO3\u3001Na2CO3\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3
\u785d\u57fa\u5316\u5408\u7269\uff1a\u785d\u57fa(-NO2)\uff1b
\u80fa\uff1a\u6c28\u57fa(-NH2). \u5f31\u78b1\u6027
\u70ef\u70c3\uff1a\u53cc\u952e\uff08\uff1eC=C\uff1c\uff09\u52a0\u6210\u53cd\u5e94\u3002
\u7094\u70c3\uff1a\u4e09\u952e\uff08-C\u2261C-\uff09 \u52a0\u6210\u53cd\u5e94
\u919a\uff1a\u919a\u952e\uff08-O-\uff09 \u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u9187\u7f9f\u57fa\u8131\u6c34\u5f62\u6210
\u78fa\u9178\uff1a\u78fa\u57fa\uff08-SO3H\uff09 \u9178\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u7531\u6d53\u786b\u9178\u53d6\u4ee3\u751f\u6210
\u8148\uff1a\u6c30\u57fa\uff08-CN\uff09
\u916f: \u916f (-COO-) \u6c34\u89e3\u751f\u6210\u7fa7\u57fa\u4e0e\u7f9f\u57fa\uff0c\u9187\u3001\u915a\u4e0e\u7fa7\u9178\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210
\u6ce8: \u82ef\u73af\u4e0d\u662f\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u82b3\u9999\u70c3\u4e2d\uff0c\u82ef\u57fa(C6H5-)\u5177\u6709\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u82ef\u57fa\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u90fd\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u82ef\u57fa\u662f\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2
\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2:\u662f\u6307\u51b3\u5b9a\u5316\u5408\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u7279\u6027\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6216\u539f\u5b50\u56e2. \u6216\u79f0\u529f\u80fd\u56e2\u3002
\u5364\u7d20\u539f\u5b50\u3001\u7f9f\u57fa\u3001\u919b\u57fa\u3001\u7fa7\u57fa\u3001\u785d\u57fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u9971\u548c\u70c3\u4e2d\u6240\u542b\u6709\u78b3\u78b3\u53cc\u952e\u548c\u78b3\u78b3\u53c1\u952e\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\uff0c\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u5728\u6709\u673a\u5316\u5b66\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b5\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002
1\uff0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b
\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u4f9d\u636e\u6709\u7ec4\u6210\u3001\u78b3\u94fe\u3001\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u548c\u540c\u7cfb\u7269\u7b49\u3002\u70c3\u53ca\u70c3\u7684\u884d\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u4f9d\u636e\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53ef\u7531\u4e0b\u5217\u4e24\u8868\u770b\u51fa\u6765\u3002
\u70c3\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\uff1a
\u70c3\u7684\u884d\u751f\u7269\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u6cd5\uff1a
2\uff0e\u4ea7\u751f\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f02\u6784\u548c\u79cd\u7c7b\u5f02\u6784
\u4e2d\u5b66\u5316\u5b66\u4e2d\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7684\u540c\u5206\u5f02\u6784\u79cd\u7c7b\u6709\u78b3\u94fe\u5f02\u6784\u3001\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f02\u6784\u548c\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u5f02\u6784\u4e09\u79cd\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540c\u7c7b\u6709\u673a\u7269\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u540c\u5206\u5f02\u6784\u662f\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f02\u6784\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u9762\u4e00\u6c2f\u4e59\u70ef\u76848\u79cd\u5f02\u6784\u4f53\u5c31\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u78b3\u78b3\u53cc\u952e\u53ca\u6c2f\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5f02\u6784\u3002
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u539f\u5b50\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5374\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7c7b\u522b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u5f02\u6784\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u76f8\u540c\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u6570\u7684\u919b\u548c\u916e\uff0c\u76f8\u540c\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u6570\u7684\u7fa7\u9178\u548c\u916f\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5f62\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6709\u673a\u7269\u79cd\u7c7b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f02\u6784\u3002
3\uff0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e00\u7c7b\u6216\u51e0\u7c7b\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28
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4\uff0e\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u5b83\u57fa\u56e2\u7684\u6027\u8d28
\u6709\u673a\u7269\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u56e2\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u5bf9\u70c3\u57fa\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u70c3\u57fa\u5bf9\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u542b\u6709\u591a\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4e2d\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3002
\u2460 \u9187\u3001\u82ef\u915a\u548c\u7fa7\u9178\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u91cc\u90fd\u542b\u6709\u7f9f\u57fa\uff0c\u6545\u7686\u53ef\u4e0e\u94a0\u4f5c\u7528\u653e\u51fa\u6c22\u6c14\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6240\u8fde\u7684\u57fa\u56e2\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u9178\u6027\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\u3002
R-OH \u4e2d\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0eNaOH\u3001Na2CO3\u53cd\u5e94\uff1b
C6H5-OH \u6781\u5f31\u9178\u6027\uff0c\u6bd4\u78b3\u9178\u5f31\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u6307\u793a\u5242\u53d8\u8272\uff0c\u80fd\u4e0eNaOH\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0eNa2CO3\u53cd\u5e94\uff1b
R-COOH \u5f31\u9178\u6027\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9178\u7684\u901a\u6027\uff0c\u80fd\u4e0eNaOH\u3001Na2CO3\u53cd\u5e94\u3002
\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u7fa7\u9178\u4e2d\uff0c\u7fa7\u57fa\u4e2d\u7684\u7fb0\u57fa\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4f7f\u5f97\u7f9f\u57fa\u4e2d\u7684\u6c22\u6613\u4e8e\u7535\u79bb\u3002
\u2461 \u919b\u548c\u916e\u90fd\u6709\u7fb0\u57fa(>C=O)\uff0c\u4f46\u919b\u4e2d\u7fb0\u57fa\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u8fde\u63a5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c22\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u916e\u4e2d\u7fb0\u57fa\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u4e0a\u8fde\u63a5\u7740\u70c3\u57fa\uff0c\u6545\u524d\u8005\u5177\u6709\u8fd8\u539f\u6027\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6bd4\u8f83\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e3a\u5f31\u6c27\u5316\u5242\u6240\u6c27\u5316\u3002
\u2462 \u540c\u4e00\u5206\u5b50\u5185\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u56e2\u4e5f\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5982\u82ef\u915a\uff0c-OH\u4f7f\u82ef\u73af\u6613\u4e8e\u53d6\u4ee3(\u81f4\u6d3b)\uff0c\u82ef\u57fa\u4f7f-OH\u663e\u793a\u9178\u6027(\u5373\u7535\u79bb\u51faH+)\u3002\u679c\u7cd6\u4e2d\uff0c\u591a\u7f9f\u57fa\u5f71\u54cd\u7fb0\u57fa\uff0c\u53ef\u53d1\u751f\u94f6\u955c\u53cd\u5e94\u3002
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5\uff0e\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6027\u8d28\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u4e0a
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1. \u80fd\u4e0eNa\u6216K\u53cd\u5e94\u653e\u51faH2 \u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u6709\uff1a\u9187\u7f9f\u57fa\u3001\u915a\u7f9f\u57fa\u3001\u7fa7\u57fa\u3001\u78fa\u9178\u57fa\u7b49\u3002 2. \u80fd\u4e0e Na2CO3 \u6eb6\u6db2\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u6709\uff1a\u915a\u7f9f\u57fa\u3001\u7fa7\u57fa\u3001\u78fa\u9178\u57fa\u7b49\u3002 3. \u80fd\u4e0eNaHCO3\u6eb6\u6db2\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u6709\uff1a\u7fa7\u57fa\u3001\u78fa\u9178\u57fa\u7b49\u3002 4. \u80fd\u4e0eNaOH\u6eb6\u6db2\u53d1\u751f\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u6709\uff1a\u915a\u7f9f\u57fa\u3001\u7fa7\u57fa\u3001\u78fa\u9178\u57fa\u3001\u916f\u57fa\u3001C-X\u952e\u7b49\u3002 5. \u80fd\u4e0eH2\u53d1\u751f\u52a0\u6210\u53cd\u5e94\uff08\u5373\u80fd\u88ab\u8fd8\u539f\uff09\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u6709\uff1a\u78b3\u78b3\u53cc\u952e\u3001\u78b3\u78b3\u53c1\u952e\u3001\u919b\u57fa\u3001\u916e\u7fb0\u57fa\u3001\u82ef\u73af\u7b49\u3002 6. \u4e0d\u6613\u4e0e H2 \u53d1\u751f\u52a0\u6210\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u6709\uff1a\u7fa7\u57fa\u3001\u916f\u57fa\u7b49\u3002 7. \u80fd\u88ab\u6c27\u5316\uff08\u5177\u6709\u8fd8\u539f\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u71c3\u6027\u9664\u5916\uff09\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u56e2\u6709
官能团的结构及反应特点：
A、醇羟基： 跟钠发生置换反应、可能脱水成烯或醚、可能氧化成醛或酮、酯化反应
B、酚羟基： 弱酸性、易被氧气氧化成粉红色物质、显色反应、与浓溴水和硝酸发生取代反应
C、醛基：可被还原或加成（与H2反应生成醇）、可被氧化（O2、银镜反应、与新制Cu(OH)2悬浊液、能使酸性KMnO4溶液、溴水褪色）
D、羧基： 具有酸的通性、能发生酯化反应
E、碳碳双键和碳碳叁键：能使溴水、酸性KMnO4溶液褪色、能发生加成和加聚反应
F、酯基： 能发生水解反应
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绛旓細涓庨挔鍙嶅簲鐨瀹樿兘鍥锛氶唶缇熷熀锛岄厷缇熷熀锛岀晶鍩轰笌姘㈡哀鍖栭挔鍙嶅簲鐨勫畼鑳藉洟锛氶厷缇熷熀锛岀晶鍩轰笌纰抽吀閽犲弽搴旂殑瀹樿兘鍥細閰氱緹鍩猴紝閱囩緹鍩轰笌纰抽吀姘㈤挔鍙嶅簲鐨勫畼鑳藉洟锛氱晶鍩
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