Docker 概述

本文翻译自docker官网： https://docs.docker.com/get-started/overview/#docker-architecture

Docker is an open platform for developing, shipping, and running applications.
Docker enables you to separate your applications from your infrastructure so
you can deliver software quickly. With Docker, you can manage your infrastructure
in the same ways you manage your applications. By taking advantage of Docker's
methodologies for shipping, testing, and deploying code quickly, you can
significantly reduce the delay between writing code and running it in production.

Docker provides the ability to package and run an application in a loosely isolated
environment called a container. The isolation and security allow you to run many
containers simultaneously on a given host. Containers are lightweight and contain
everything needed to run the application, so you do not need to rely on what is
currently installed on the host. You can easily share containers while you work,
and be sure that everyone you share with gets the same container that works in the
same way.

Docker provides tooling and a platform to manage the lifecycle of your containers:

Fast, consistent delivery of your applications

Docker streamlines the development lifecycle by allowing developers to work in
standardized environments using local containers which provide your applications
and services. Containers are great for continuous integration and continuous
delivery (CI/CD) workflows.

Consider the following example scenario:

Responsive deployment and scaling

Docker's container-based platform allows for highly portable workloads. Docker
containers can run on a developer's local laptop, on physical or virtual
machines in a data center, on cloud providers, or in a mixture of environments.

Docker's portability and lightweight nature also make it easy to dynamically
manage workloads, scaling up or tearing down applications and services as
business needs dictate, in near real time.

Running more workloads on the same hardware

Docker is lightweight and fast. It provides a viable, cost-effective alternative
to hypervisor-based virtual machines, so you can use more of your compute
capacity to achieve your business goals. Docker is perfect for high density
environments and for small and medium deployments where you need to do more with
fewer resources.

Docker uses a client-server architecture. The Docker client talks to the
Docker daemon , which does the heavy lifting of building, running, and
distributing your Docker containers. The Docker client and daemon can
run on the same system, or you can connect a Docker client to a remote Docker
daemon. The Docker client and daemon communicate using a REST API, over UNIX
sockets or a network interface. Another Docker client is Docker Compose,
that lets you work with applications consisting of a set of containers.

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The Docker daemon ( dockerd ) listens for Docker API requests and manages Docker
objects such as images, containers, networks, and volumes. A daemon can also
communicate with other daemons to manage Docker services.

The Docker client ( docker ) is the primary way that many Docker users interact
with Docker. When you use commands such as docker run , the client sends these
commands to dockerd , which carries them out. The docker command uses the
Docker API. The Docker client can communicate with more than one daemon.

A Docker registry stores Docker images. Docker Hub is a public
registry that anyone can use, and Docker is configured to look for images on
Docker Hub by default. You can even run your own private registry.

When you use the docker pull or docker run commands, the required images are
pulled from your configured registry. When you use the docker push command,
your image is pushed to your configured registry.

When you use Docker, you are creating and using images, containers, networks,
volumes, plugins, and other objects. This section is a brief overview of some
of those objects.

An image is a read-only template with instructions for creating a Docker
container. Often, an image is based on another image, with some additional
customization. For example, you may build an image which is based on the ubuntu
image, but installs the Apache web server and your application, as well as the
configuration details needed to make your application run.

You might create your own images or you might only use those created by others
and published in a registry. To build your own image, you create a Dockerfile
with a simple syntax for defining the steps needed to create the image and run
it. Each instruction in a Dockerfile creates a layer in the image. When you
change the Dockerfile and rebuild the image, only those layers which have
changed are rebuilt. This is part of what makes images so lightweight, small,
and fast, when compared to other virtualization technologies.

A container is a runnable instance of an image. You can create, start, stop,
move, or delete a container using the Docker API or CLI. You can connect a
container to one or more networks, attach storage to it, or even create a new
image based on its current state.

By default, a container is relatively well isolated from other containers and
its host machine. You can control how isolated a container's network, storage,
or other underlying subsystems are from other containers or from the host
machine.

A container is defined by its image as well as any configuration options you
provide to it when you create or start it. When a container is removed, any changes to
its state that are not stored in persistent storage disappear.

The following command runs an ubuntu container, attaches interactively to your
local command-line session, and runs /bin/bash .

When you run this command, the following happens (assuming you are using
the default registry configuration):

Docker is written in the Go programming language and takes
advantage of several features of the Linux kernel to deliver its functionality.
Docker uses a technology called namespaces to provide the isolated workspace
called the container . When you run a container, Docker creates a set of
namespaces for that container.

These namespaces provide a layer of isolation. Each aspect of a container runs
in a separate namespace and its access is limited to that namespace.

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