请问，在英语语法中的独立主格结构的组成和它的用法是什么，一定要在句首吗？是一个句子吗？ 英语里面的独立主格结构是什么意思？
\u8bf7\u5e2e\u6211\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u6709\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u524d\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u540d\u8bcd\u6216\u8005\u4ee3\u8bcd\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bcd\u3002\u524d\u540e\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u5177\u6709\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8c13\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u5728\u53e5\u4e2d\u505a\u72b6\u8bed\uff0c\u591a\u7528\u4e8e\u4e66\u9762\u8bed\u3002
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u4f34\u968f\u7b49\u3002
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u529f\u80fd
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u7ed8\u6027\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u6216\u4f34\u968f\u60c5\u51b5\u7b49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
1) \u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4
The meeting being over, all of us went home. \u5f00\u5b8c\u4f1a\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u56de\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. \u5979\u5e72\u5b8c\u4e86\u6d3b\uff0c\u5750\u4e0b\u6765\u559d\u8336\u3002
2\uff09 \u8868\u793a\u6761\u4ef6
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. \u82e5\u6761\u4ef6\u6709\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u3002
3\uff09 \u8868\u793a\u539f\u56e0
There being no taxis, we had to walk. \u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u597d\u6b65\u884c\u3002
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. \u591c\u53c8\u9ed1\u53c8\u51b7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u628a\u5979\u88f9\u5f97\u4e25\u4e25\u5b9e\u5b9e\u7684\u3002
4\uff09 \u8868\u793a\u4f34\u968f\u60c5\u51b5
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. \u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u90fd\u662f\u826f\u5bfc\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u94f6\u5219\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\uff1a
1. \u540d\u8bcd/\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u8bcd+\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u3002\u540d\u8bcd/\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e3b\u8c13\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5982\uff1a
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn\u201dt know what to say. \u59d1\u5a18\u4e24\u773c\u671b\u7740\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u597d\u3002
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. \u5982\u679c\u65f6\u95f4\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u660e\u5929\u53bb\u90ca\u6e38\u3002
2. \u540d\u8bcd/\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u8bcd+\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u3002\u540d\u8bcd/\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u52a8\u5bbe\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5982\uff1a
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. \u968f\u7740\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u8d28\u91cf\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u3002
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn\u201dt see the words on the blackboard. \u7531\u4e8e\u773c\u955c\u6454\u574f\u4e86\uff0c\u5979\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u9ed1\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u5b57\u3002
3. \u540d\u8bcd/\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u8bcd+\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u3002\u540d\u8bcd/\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u4e3b\u8c13\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e14\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u5177\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u5982\uff1a
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. \u501f\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e7\u96f6\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u98de\u673a\u6a21\u578b\u3002
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. \u4ed6\u4eec\u9053\u522b\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u4e86\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53bb\u4e86\u4e66\u5e97\u3002
4. \u540d\u8bcd/\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u8bcd+\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u3002\u5982\uff1a
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. \u90a3\u67b6\u98de\u673a\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u7a7a\u96be\uff0c\u65e0\u4e00\u4eba\u751f\u8fd8\u3002
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. \u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u4eba\u7f3a\u5e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53d6\u6d88\u3002
5. \u540d\u8bcd/\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u8bcd+\u526f\u8bcd\u3002\u5982\uff1a
He put on his sweater wrong side out. \u4ed6\u628a\u6bdb\u8863\u7a7f\u53cd\u4e86\u3002
The meeting over, they all went home. \u4f1a\u8bae\u4e00\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u90fd\u56de\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002
6. \u540d\u8bcd/\u4e3b\u683c\u4ee3\u8bcd+\u4ecb\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u3002\u5982\uff1a
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. \u90a3\u7537\u5b69\u624b\u91cc\u62ff\u7740\u4e66\u53bb\u6559\u5ba4\u3002
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. \u739b\u4e3d\u9760\u8fd1\u706b\u7089\u5750\u7740\uff0c\u80cc\u5bf9\u7740\u95e8\u3002
7. There being +\u540d\u8bcd\uff08\u4ee3\u8bcd\uff09\u5982\uff1a
There being nothing else to do, we went home. \u6ca1\u6709\u522b\u7684\u4e8b\u53ef\u505a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u56de\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. \u6ca1\u6709\u518d\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e8b\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5ba3\u5e03\u6563\u4f1a\u3002
8. It being +\u540d\u8bcd\uff08\u4ee3\u8bcd\uff09\u5982\uff1a
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. \u7531\u4e8e\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u7684\u7f18\u6545\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u5173\u90fd\u4f11\u606f\u3002
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. \u7531\u4e8e\u4eca\u5929\u662f\u5047\u65e5\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5546\u5e97\u90fd\u5173\u95e8\u4e86\u3002
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff1a
1\uff09\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e0e\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u3002
2\uff09\u540d\u8bcd\u6216\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e0e\u540e\u9762\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\uff0c\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\uff0c\u526f\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9a \u5f0f\uff0c\u4ecb\u8bcd\u7b49\u662f\u4e3b\u8c13\u5173\u7cfb\u3002
3\uff09\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e00\u822c\u6709\u9017\u53f7\u4e0e\u4e3b\u53e5\u5206\u5f00\u3002
\u4e3e\u4f8b\uff1a
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
\u8003\u8bd5\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u653e\u5047\u3002
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
\u603b\u7edf\u88ab\u8c0b\u6740\u4e86\uff0c\u4e3e\u56fd\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6c89\u6d78\u5728\u60b2\u54c0\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
\u5982\u679c\u5929\u6c14\u5141\u8bb8\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u660e\u5929\u53bb\u770b\u4f60\u3002
This done, we went home.
\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u56de\u5bb6\u3002
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
\u4f1a\u8bae\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u60f3\u65e9\u70b9\u56de\u5bb6\u3002
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
\u4ed6\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u623f\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u8033\u6735\u51bb\u574f\u4e86\u3002
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
\u4ed6\u5939\u7740\u672c\u539a\u4e66\uff0c\u8d70\u51fa\u4e86\u56fe\u4e66\u9986
\u6ce8\uff1a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u5728\u5176\u524d\u52a0\u4e0a\u4ecb\u8bcdwith\u3002
\u5982\uff1aDon\u2019t sleep with the windows open. \u522b\u5f00\u7740\u7a97\u7761\u89c9\u3002
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. \u4ed6\u548c\u8863\u8eba\u5728\u5e8a\u4e0a\u3002
She came in with a book in her hand. \u5979\u624b\u91cc\u62ff\u7740\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u8d70\u4e86\u8fdb\u6765\u3002
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. \u4ed6\u6ca1\u7184\u706f\u5c31\u7761\u7740\u4e86\u3002
I won\u2019t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. \u56e0\u4e3a\u5988\u5988\u6709\u75c5\uff0c\u6211\u65e0\u6cd5\u53bb\u5ea6\u5047\u3002
He sat there with his eyes closed. \u4ed6\u95ed\u76ee\u5750\u5728\u90a3\u513f\u3002
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. \u6574\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5348\u4ed6\u90fd\u9501\u7740\u95e8\u5728\u623f\u91cc\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002
I can\u2019t go out with all these clothes to wash. \u8981\u6d17\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u6211\u65e0\u6cd5\u51fa\u53bb\u4e86\u3002
\u4f7f\u7528\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u56db\u70b9\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a
1.\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u4e0e\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u5f53\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e0e\u4e3b\u53e5\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u53d6\u4ee3\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u518d\u4fdd\u7559\u8fde\u8bcd\u3002\u5982\uff1aAfter class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.\u4e0b\u8bfe\u540e\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5f88\u5feb\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u8bfe\u5ba4\u3002
2. \u4e0d\u80fd\u7701\u7565being (having been)\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u5728\u4e0b\u5217\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684being\uff08\u6216having been\uff09\u4e0d\u80fd\u7701\u7565\u3002
(1) \u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8bed\u662f\u4ee3\u8bcd\u65f6\u3002\u5982\uff1aIt being Sunday, we went to church.\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u661f\u671f\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u4e86\u505a\u793c\u62dc\u3002
(2)\u5728There being\uff0b\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\uff1aThere being no bus, we had to go home on foot.\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6b65\u884c\u56de\u5bb6\u3002
3. \u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u7528\u7269\u4e3b\u4ee3\u8bcd\u6216\u51a0\u8bcd\u5728\u201c\u540d\u8bcd\uff08\u6216\u4ee3\u8bcd\uff09\uff0b\u4ecb\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u201d\u6784\u6210\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u7528\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6027\u7269\u4e3b\u4ee3\u8bcd\u548c\u51a0\u8bcd\u3002\u5982\uff1a Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\u5c0f\u59d0\u8d70\u8fdb\u4e86\u8bfe\u5ba4\uff0c\u624b\u91cc\u62ff\u7740\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83with\u7684\u590d\u5408\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5982\uff1aMiss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. \u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u6ca1\u6709\u6240\u6709\u683c\u5f62\u5f0fThe chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. \u4e3b\u7f16\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u5f00\u4f1a\u3002(\u6bd4\u8f83\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\u590d\u5408\u7ed3\u6784\u3002)
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7528\u6cd5
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u793a\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u4f34\u968f\u60c5\u51b5\u7b49\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u6216\u5e76\u5217\u53e5\u3002
1. \u7528\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed\uff1aThe work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. \u5de5\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u56de\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002
2. \u7528\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u72b6\u8bed\uff1aWeather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. \u5982\u679c\u5929\u6c14\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u660e\u5929\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u6b21\u6d77\u6ee8\u5c0f\u6e38\u3002
3. \u7528\u4f5c\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u8bed\uff1aAn important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. \u56e0\u4e3a\u660e\u5929\u8981\u53d1\u8868\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u71ac\u591c\u5230\u5f88\u665a\u3002
4. \u7528\u4f5c\u4f34\u968f\u72b6\u8bed\uff1aHe was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).\u4ed6\u8eba\u5728\u8349\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e24\u624b\u4ea4\u53c9\u6795\u5728\u8111\u540e\u3002
5.\u8868\u793a\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\u660e\uff1aWe redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. \u6211\u4eec\u52a0\u500d\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e72\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u3002
*\u6ce8\uff1a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u539f\u56e0\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u653e\u5728\u53e5\u9996\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u539f\u56e0\u65f6\u8fd8\u53ef\u653e\u5728\u53e5\u672b\uff1b\u8868\u4f34\u968f\u72b6\u51b5\u6216\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\u660e\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e76\u5217\u53e5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u653e\u4e8e\u53e5\u672b\u3002
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u5999\u9898\u8d4f\u6790
\u8bf7\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u4e00\u9053\u9898\uff1a
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
\u3010\u5206\u6790\u3011\u6b64\u9898\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8bef\u9009B\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u540c\u5b66\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53e5\u4e2d\u9017\u53f7\u540e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u9650\u5236\u6027\u7684\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\uff0cwhose \u5728\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u7528\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed\u4fee\u9970\u5176\u540e\u7684\u540d\u8bcd owner\u3002\u6b64\u5206\u6790\u4ece\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5929\u8863\u65e0\u7f1d\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u9519\u7684\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7a7a\u683c\u540e\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u8c13\u8bed\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53e5\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6709\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684 seated \u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6ce8\u610f\uff0cseat \u7528\u4f5c\u52a8\u8bcd\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u603b\u662f\u53ca\u7269\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u8981\u4e48\u63a5\u5bbe\u8bed\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u7528\u4e8e\u88ab\u52a8\u8bed\u6001\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u82e5\u5728 seated \u524d\u52a0\u4e0a\u52a9\u52a8\u8bcd is\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9B\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u82e5\u5c06 seated \u6539\u4e3asitting\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e94\u9009\u62e9B\uff09\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6b64\u9898\u6700\u4f73\u7b54\u6848\u9009A\u3002
\u8bf7\u518d\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
\u7b2c(1)\u5e94\u9009B\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u9009C\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684 translated \u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd(\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd)\uff0c\u82e5\u9009C\uff0c\u5219\u8be5\u4ece\u53e5\u65e0\u8c13\u8bed\uff1b\u7b2c(2)\u5e94\u9009D\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53e5\u4e2d\u6709\u8c13\u8bed were translatedD\u3002
\u518d\u8bf7\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u4e00\u4f8b\uff1a
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
\u3010\u5206\u6790\u3011\u6b64\u9898\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u7b2c(2)\u9898\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e24\u53e5\u95f4\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e76\u5217\u8fde\u8bcdand\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e76\u5217\u53e5\uff0c\u6545\u5e94\u9009B\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u9009C\u3002
\u8bf7\u505a\u505a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u9898(\u7b54\u6848\u5747\u4e3aB)\uff1a
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\uff08Absolute Structure\uff09\u662f\u7531\u540d\u8bcd\u6216\u4ee3\u8bcd\u52a0\u4e0a\u5206\u8bcd\u7b49\u6784\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u4fee\u9970\u6574\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u6216\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e0e\u5176\u540e\u7684\u5206\u8bcd\u7b49\u6784\u6210\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u8c13\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u76f8\u5f53\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u53ef\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e3b\u53e5\u524d\u3001\u4e3b\u53e5\u4e2d\u6216\u4e3b\u53e5\u672b\uff0c\u5e38\u7531\u9017\u53f7\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u4e3b\u53e5\u5206\u5f00\u3002
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6784\u6210\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u540d\u8bcd(\u4ee3\u8bcd)+\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\uff08\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u3001\u526f\u8bcd\u3001\u4e0d\u5b9a\u5f0f\u3001\u4ecb\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u7b49\uff09\u3002
\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aThere being nothing else to do, they have gone away. \u7531\u4e8e\u65e0\u4e8b\u53ef\u505a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u3002\uff08\u4ee3\u8bcd\uff0b\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\uff09
\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u63cf\u7ed8\u6027\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u6216\u4f34\u968f\u60c5\u51b5\u7b49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982:
1\u3001 \u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4His first play a success, he wrote another.\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5267\u672c\u6210\u529f\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u5199\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5267\u672c\u3002
2\u3001 \u8868\u793a\u6761\u4ef6
The teacher to help us, we will succeed.\u6709\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u3002
3\u3001\u8868\u793a\u539f\u56e0It being Sunday, they had no classes.\u7531\u4e8e\u662f\u661f\u671f\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4e0a\u8bfe\u3002
4\u3001\u8868\u793a\u4f34\u968f\u60c5\u51b5He lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head.\u4ed6\u8138\u671d\u5929\uff0c\u5934\u6795\u7740\u624b\u8eba\u7740\u3002
\u6269\u5c55\u8d44\u6599
\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a
1\u3001 \u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u5206\u53e5\u548c\u4e3b\u53e5\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u542b\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u4e3b\u8bed\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u975e\u8c13\u8bed\u5206\u53e5\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u533a\u522b\u3002
2\uff0e \u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u52a8\u8bcd\u662f\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u8fd8\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\uff1a \u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\u5982\u679c\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8bed\u548c\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u4e3b\u8c13\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8bed\u548c\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u52a8\u5bbe\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u3002
3\uff0e \u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u3002
4\uff0e \u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u6001\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u5982\u679c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e3b\u53e5\u52a8\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u6001having done\uff0c \u6839\u636e\u60c5\u51b5\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u7528\u4e3b\u52a8\u8fd8\u662f\u88ab\u52a8\u3002
独立主格结构
（一）：独立主格的概念
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
（二）：独立主格的功能
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
（三）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（四） 独立主格结构的特点：
(1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
2. With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raised【raising亦可】.
典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
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绛旓細鑰屼笖鏁翠釜鐘惰涓惈鏈夐潪璋撹鍔ㄨ瘝鐨勯昏緫涓昏锛屼笖閫昏緫涓昏涓庨潪璋撹鍔ㄨ瘝涔嬮棿鐨勯昏緫鍏崇郴鏄垚绔嬬殑锛堜竴瀹氳纭繚杩欎釜閫昏緫涓昏涓嶆槸鏁翠釜鍙ュ瓙鐨勪富璇級銆傞偅涔堣繖涓綔鈥滅姸璇濈殑缁撴瀯灏辨槸涓涓鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯銆侶is hand waving in the air, the little boy ran away.灏忕敺瀛╄窇寮浜嗭紝浠栫殑鎵嬪湪绌轰腑鎸ュ姩鐫銆傦紙鍒掔嚎閮ㄥ垎涓虹嫭绔...
绛旓細鈥鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯鈥濇槸鐢卞悕璇嶆垨浠ｈ瘝浣滀负涓昏銆傗滅嫭绔嬩富鏍肩粨鏋勨濆湪鍙ヤ腑鐨勫姛鑳藉氨鐩稿綋浜庝竴涓甫鏈夎嚜宸变富璇殑鐘惰浠庡彞銆備紬鎵鍛ㄧ煡闈為檺鍒舵т粠鍙ラ氬父浠ヤ富鍙ョ殑鏌愪竴鎴愬垎浣滀负鑷繁鐨勯昏緫涓昏锛屼粠鑰屼緷闄勪簬涓诲彞銆傝屾湁浜涢潪闄愬埗鎬т粠鍙ュ拰鏃犲姩璇嶄粠鍙ュ甫鏈夎嚜宸辩殑涓昏锛屽湪缁撴瀯涓婁笌涓诲彞涓嶅彂鐢熷叧绯伙紝鍥犳鎴愪负鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯銆傚叾瀹烇紝铏界劧...
绛旓細涓绘牸鍚嶈瘝/浠ｈ瘝 + 涓嶅畾寮 涓绘牸鍚嶈瘝/浠ｈ瘝 +浠嬭瘝鐭 Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.with澶嶅悎缁撴瀯 涓 鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯 瀹冧滑閮藉彲浠ュ湪鍙ヤ腑浣滃師鍥犵姸璇,浼撮殢鐘跺喌鐘惰,鏉′欢鐘惰,鏃堕棿鐘惰鎴栫粨鏋滅姸璇敤,涓鑸篃鍙互鐩镐簰杞崲.铏界劧瀹冧滑鐨璇硶鍔熻兘鍜屾剰涔夌浉鍚,浣嗗叾缁撴瀯褰㈠紡鍜屽悕绉板嵈涓嶇浉鍚.w...
绛旓細鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯(Independent Genitive)鏈変袱閮ㄥ垎缁勬垚,鍓嶄竴閮ㄤ唤鏄悕璇嶆垨鑰呬唬璇,鍚庝竴閮ㄥ垎鏄潪璋撹鍔ㄨ瘝(涓嶅畾寮忋佸姩鍚嶈瘝鍜屽垎璇)鎴栧舰瀹硅瘝銆佸壇璇嶃佹垨浠嬭瘝鐭銆傚墠鍚庝袱閮ㄥ垎鍏锋湁閫昏緫涓昏皳鍏崇郴銆傜嫭绔嬩富鏍肩粨鏋勫湪鍙ヤ腑鍋氱姸璇,澶氱敤浜庝功闈㈣銆 鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯鏈韩涓嶆槸鍙ュ瓙,鍦ㄥ彞瀛愪腑浣滅姸璇,琛ㄧず鏃堕棿銆佸師鍥犮佹潯浠躲佷即闅忋佺洰鐨勭瓑銆傝〃绀烘椂闂 The...
绛旓細鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯鏄竴绉嶈嫳璇涓殑鐙珛鍙ュ瀷缁撴瀯銆傜嫭绔嬩富鏍肩粨鏋勬槸涓绉嶇壒娈婄殑璇硶鐜拌薄锛屽湪鑻辫涓嫭绔嬪瓨鍦紝涓嶉渶瑕佷緷璧栦簬涓诲彞鎴栧叾浠栧彞瀛愭垚鍒嗐傝繖绉嶇粨鏋勯氬父鐢变袱閮ㄥ垎缁勬垚锛氫竴鏄富璇姞鍔ㄨ瘝涓嶅畾寮忓垎璇嶅舰寮忔垨褰㈠璇嶇瓑鏋勬垚鐨勭煭璇紱浜屾槸璇ョ煭璇湪鍙ュ瓙涓殑浣嶇疆鐩稿鐙珛锛屾湁鑷繁鐨勯昏緫涓昏鎴栦緷璧栫壒瀹氱殑璇鏉ヤ綋鐜板叾鍚箟銆傚叾鏈澶...
绛旓細) 2)Helayatfulllengthuponhisstomach,hisheadrestinguponhisleftforearm.(浠栫殑鑴婅儗鏈濆ぉ锛屽洓鑲几灞曪紝澶存灂鐫宸﹁噦锛岀洿鎸烘尯鍦拌洞浼忕潃銆) 3)Thecowardwasbacking,hisfacebeingdeathlypale,towardanotherroom.(閭ｄ釜鑳嗗皬楝煎悜鍙︿竴涓埧闂撮鍘伙紝鑴歌壊鐓炵櫧銆) 鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯澶氱敤浜庝功闈㈣锛屽挨鍏舵槸鎻忚堪鎬ц瑷涓紝鍦ㄥ彛璇拰闈...
绛旓細鐙珛涓绘牸鍦ㄥ疄闄呭簲鐢ㄤ腑骞朵笉澶氳锛屼富瑕佸嚭鐜版枃鐚腑銆備竴鑸鍥戒汉涔熶笉鏄緢浜嗚В杩欎竴缁撴瀯锛屼絾鐪熺殑纰板埌浜嗕粬鑲畾鑳界湅寰楁噦锛屽氨鍍忓挶浠鏋滃浠栨鏃璇硶瑙勫垯鍙█浣嗚瘝姹囩敤寰楀叓涔濅笉绂诲崄鍦拌浜涗粈涔堜粬涔熷惉寰楁噦銆傝娉曞氨鏄汉鐨勮瑷鎬濈淮鍦ㄨ繍琛岃繃绋嬩腑浜х敓鐨勯昏緫杩涜鏁寸悊鑰屾垚鐨勪骇鐗╋紝鏄牴鎹汉浠璇嗕簨鐗╃殑閫昏緫椤哄簭鏉ョ殑锛屼粠...
绛旓細鐙珛涓绘牸灞炰簬涓绉嶉珮绾鑻辫璇硶鐜拌薄 棣栧厛锛岀嫭绔嬩富鏍艰嚜韬苟涓嶆槸涓鍙ヨ瘽锛岃屾槸涓涓被浼肩煭璇殑鎴愬垎锛屽湪涓鍙ヨ瘽涓壆婕斿悇绉嶅悇鏍风殑瑙掕壊锛屾湁琛ㄥ師鍥犮佽〃鏉′欢銆佽〃鏂瑰紡銆佽〃浼撮殢銆佽〃鏃堕棿绛 涓句釜渚嬪瓙浣犲氨鎳備簡 1) 琛ㄧず鏃堕棿 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 寮瀹屼細鍚庢垜浠兘鍥炲浜嗐倀he meeting being...
绛旓細闂涓:鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯鍒板簳鏄粈涔堟剰鎬濆晩? 鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯鐨勭敤娉曞彲鍙傝冧笅闈㈢殑鍐呭:鐩镐俊瀵逛綘鏈夊府鍔.杩欎釜璇硶鐜拌薄鍦ㄩ珮涓槸甯歌鐨勪笖瑕佹帉鎻＄殑. 鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯 涓銆 鐙珛涓绘牸缁撴瀯鐨勫惈涔夊拰瀹炶川 鈥滅嫭绔嬩富鏍肩粨鏋勨(absolute construction)鍙堝彨鈥滅嫭绔嬬粨鏋勨,鏄甫鏈夎嚜宸变富璇殑闈炶皳璇姩璇嶅垎鍙ュ拰鏃犲姩璇嶅垎鍙ャ傜敱浜鍦ㄨ娉涓婃湁鑷繁鐨勯昏緫...
