大家帮帮忙，有个学术性问题：清教主义思想在美国文学中的意义。 那位高人知道18、19世纪的美国清教徒思想对美国文学的影响？
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\u3010Abstract\u3011 The dissertation is a macro-study of Puritanism's influence upon the 17th-19th century American literature. As the main resource of American culture, Puritanism has exerted a far-reaching impact on American culture and literature. Perry Miller said: "If we can not understand Puritanism, we can not understand America". Although originated from Britain, it has greatly changed, from content to form, from national culture to spirit, in North America, with much greater influence than British one.Considered from the perspective of literature, Puritanism is a social force, as well as an emotional one. Based on this, the dissertation starts with the three values of American Puritanism, and sets up the basic structure of its influence on American literature. The first is beliefs, the second ethics, and third secular aspects.Accordingly, Puritanism impact on American literature embodies as three aspects: the teaching beliefs, secular spirit, and ethic morality. From the devotional perspective, inheriting Calvinist Puritanism' s stressing piety, awe and absolute obedience to God, its devotional foundation is "original sin" and "fatalism". And in literature, the teachings are publicized, eulogizing God, depicting the fall of man, singing the saints' diligence. This kind of works was mainly produced in colonial period in 17th century. From the perspective of secularity, Puritanism produced American featured individualism. And in literature, American Creed, American dream and creativity are sung high praise for. From the perspective of ethics, Puritanism' hard-working, introspection and asceticism influenced the puritans' behaviors, and also fettered their free thought. Generations of writers criticized and reflect it. The conflict of deity and humanity, beliefs and freedom, original sin and kindness and evils become a lasting theme in American literature.Foreign scholars did a lot of studies on Puritanism, mainly on religion, sociology, politics, etc. And they did much less on Puritanism influence upon the 17th-19th century American literature, and didn't distinguish the difference between Christianity and Puritanism. In fact, Christianity went through Protestantism and pan-Christianity. In its history, its teachings and denominations got weakened, and finally replaced by pan-Christianity at the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century. Therefore, as the main thought system, Puritanism had the general features of Christianity, as well as its own specific nature. So it is not comprehensive or accurate to neglect the specific nature and to comment Christianity's impact on American literature. Currently, domestic studies on it are scarce and very few people concern this issue, thus the dissertation is of much value.The dissertation consists of four chapters. The introduction is divided into two parts. The first introduces the study objective, the current situation of study, and research methods. The second introduces the logic of the research, mainly the main structure of the dissertation. Chapter one clarifies the resource of Puritanism, the main content of and values of Puritanism, the inheritance and variation of American Puritanism from British one. It offers a sufficient ground for the coming chapters. Chapter 2 to Chapter 4 are the body of the dissertation, mainly reviewing Puritanism's impact on 17th, 18th and 19th century American literature.Chapter 2 explores the characteristics of puritan literature, and reviews the relationship between Puritanism and puritan literature, and tries to make up the basic structure of puritan literary tradition. Chapter 3 discusses Puritanism influence on the literature after American independence, involving its impact on American revolutionary, the relationship between American Creed and Puritanism, the birth and development of American dream, and its impact on the western literature. Chapter 4 starts with the relationship between Puritanism and transcendentalism, discusses themasterstroke of the 19th literature--individualism and the criticism ofindividualism. And the conclusion is a summary and reflection of this study. The dissertation tries to make efforts at the following:1. The dissertation is a systematical overall study of American puritan literature, comprehensively explores the relationship between Puritanism and American literature from the 17th to 19th century.2. The dissertation starts with the special values of American Puritanism--theological beliefs, secular spirit and ethic morality, demonstrates the three stages ofAmerican literature from the 17th to 19th century--religious stage, secular stage andmoral criticism and reflection stage. It is a big attempt.3. To some degree, the dissertation makes up the American puritan literary tradition, and clarifies its development in America. Meanwhile, I distinguish the Christianity literary tradition and puritan literary tradition, and explore the special connotation of "myth symbol" and "Bible discourse".In spite of some studies on American puritan literary tradition, they are mostly from the perspectives of literary history or thought history. And they grasped neither the cultural connotation and nature, nor the way puritan literary tradition developed in American literature. And this dissertation is the first of this kind, pointing out that Puritanism not only has brought up the religious tradition of American literature but is the resource of "American Spirit.
Literary analysis: Puritan ethics as depicted in early American literaturePuritan ethics are prevalent throughout early American literature, stemming from the Puritans themselves, and continuing into and beyond 19th century literature. Puritans and Pilgrims believed that God had a preordained plan for everyone, and that hard work, spiritual health, and self-discipline would lead to salvation.
These religious beliefs would later become known as the Puritan ethic, and would continue to influence the authors of early American literature, including Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville.
Early literary works of America were written primarily to teach, preach, praise and examine religion. John Winthrop, William Bradford, and Anne Bradstreet were among the first American writers that would influence the authors of future generations.
John Winthrop was the leader of the Puritans at the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, Winthrop wrote and delivered the most famous lay sermon in history, while still aboard the Arabella. Winthrop's sermon, A Model of Christian Charity, describes how the Puritans are preordained by God to plant a new society in a perilous environment. He emphasizes the importance of unity and describes the future colony as a "City upon a hill" that would set an example for others.
William Bradford was the leader of the Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massachusetts. In 1651, Bradford wrote Of Plymouth Plantation, that described what life was like in the New World. He also encourages the New Englanders to expect God's approval of their endeavors. Bradford states, "Their ends were good and honorable; their calling lawful, and urgent; and therefore they might expect the blessing of God in their proceeding".
Bradford also describes Thomas Morton of Merrymount, who was stepping outside the boundaries of proper moral conduct, and was persecuted for it. He described Morton as an immoral man, who "fell into great licentiousness, and led a dissolute life". Bradford uses Morton as an example in order to teach other "good" Christians that morality and self-discipline is important for the survival of the colony.
Anne Bradstreet was the first woman to be officially published in America. She originally shared her poetry with just her intimate friends, but her brother gathered her poems without her knowledge and had them published in England in 1650.
Bradstreet's poetry shows that she is deeply imbued with the Puritan belief of predestination. In her poem, "Upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666" she describes how her house was burned because an all-knowing God wanted it to burn. She knew that, as a Puritan, it was her place to behave morally and rationally.
Nathaniel Hawthorne based many of his works on Puritanism, and commonly examined the conflict between good and evil in human nature and, particularly, the problem of public goodness and private wickedness.
Hawthorne's short story, "Young Goodman Brown" is about a man who meets the Devil in the forest, and discovers that many of his fellow "good Christian" townspeople are meeting the Devil as well, including his wife Faith. He cries out to Faith to resist the Devil, but he wakes up and no one is there. He lives the rest of his life suspicious of everyone, including Faith.
In his story, Hawthorne explores the nature of religion. This story makes the reader question whether having "faith" is enough to have a happy life, and how people who claim to be "Christian" may not necessarily be good people.
In Moby-Dick, Herman Melville created a work that was jam-packed full of Biblical references and religious meaning. The white whale is the embodiment of evil, for Ahab, and must be hunted down and dispensed with. This is the same thought process many Puritans had for those who did not conform to the Puritan beliefs, such as Thomas Morton of Merrymount.
By the end of Melville's tale, the reader questions whether the real evil is Ahab or the whale. In the same way, many question whether the moral codes of Puritanism are good or evil.
The Puritan ethic emerged from the rhetoric and beliefs of the early writers of America. Strict moral codes were required, especially spiritual examination and hard work. These ethics and morals would continue to influence other writers in early American literature as they explored the value of religion, and its place in the world.
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