认知疗法是什么？真的有错误的认知吗？很多出问题的人都是认知出了问题吗？改变错误的认知就可以恢复正常 认知疗法是什么？有错误的认知和正确的认知吗？
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\u3000\u3000(1)\u5efa\u7acb\u6c42\u52a9\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff1a\u4e8e\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u8ba4\u8bc6\u9002\u5e94\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u2014\u60c5\u611f\u2014\u884c\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u75c5\u4eba\u548c\u6cbb\u7597\u533b\u5e08\u5bf9\u5176\u95ee\u9898\u8fbe\u6210\u8ba4\u77e5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0a\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e0d\u826f\u8868\u73b0\u7ed9\u4e88\u89e3\u91ca\u5e76\u4e14\u4f30\u8ba1\u77eb\u6b63\u6240\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u9884\u671f\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u8ba9\u75c5\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u76d1\u6d4b\u601d\u7ef4\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u533b\u5e08\u7ed9\u4e88\u6307\u5bfc\u3001\u8bf4\u660e\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u793a\u8303\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000(2)\u9002\u5e94\u4e0d\u826f\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u77eb\u6b63\uff1a\u4e8e\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u75c5\u4eba\u53d1\u5c55\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3\u9002\u5e94\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u533b\u5e08\u6307\u5bfc\u75c5\u4eba\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002
\u3000\u3000(3)\u5728\u5904\u7406\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u57f9\u517b\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u6297\u539f\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u4e8e\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u8ba9\u75c5\u4eba\u7ec3\u4e60\u5c06\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6a21\u5f0f\u7528\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u5883\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u4f7f\u75c5\u4eba\u5148\u7528\u60f3\u8c61\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u7ec3\u4e60\u5904\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u6216\u6a21\u62df\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u6216\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8ba9\u75c5\u4eba\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9645\u7ecf\u5386\u8fdb\u884c\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002
\u3000\u3000(4)\u6539\u53d8\u6709\u5173\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\uff1a\u4e8e\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u75c5\u4eba\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4ef7\u81ea\u6211\u6548\u80fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u6211\u5728\u5904\u7406\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u7ec3\u4e60\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba9\u75c5\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u76d1\u5bdf\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u8ba4\u77e5\u7597\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7597\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u91cd\u89c6\u9002\u5e94\u4e0d\u826f\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u77eb\u6b63\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u91cd\u89c6\u6539\u53d8\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u2014\u60c5\u611f\u2014\u884c\u4e3a\u4e09\u8005\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u7597\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5185\u7701\u7597\u6cd5\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u91cd\u89c6\u76ee\u524d\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u5176\u5fc3\u8eab\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5373\u91cd\u89c6\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u5185\u7701\u7597\u6cd5\u5219\u91cd\u89c6\u65e2\u5f80\u7ecf\u5386\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7ae5\u5e74\u7ecf\u5386\u5bf9\u76ee\u524d\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u91cd\u89c6\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u610f\u8bc6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u8ba4\u77e5\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ca\u5176\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\uff0c\u9002\u5e94\u4e0d\u826f\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u4e0e\u9002\u5e94\u4e0d\u826f\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u6709\u5173\u3002\u533b\u751f\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u75c5\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u627e\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9002\u5e94\u4e0d\u826f\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\u6216\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b9\u6cd5\u77eb\u6b63\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u4f7f\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u73b0\u5b9e\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4e0d\u826f\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u77eb\u6b63\uff0c\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u969c\u788d\u4ea6\u9010\u6b65\u597d\u8f6c\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u9002\u5e94\u75c7
\u3000\u3000\u60c5\u7eea\u969c\u788d\u3001\u6291\u90c1\u75c7\u3001\u7126\u8651\u75c7\u3001\u6291\u90c1\u6027\u795e\u7ecf\u75c7\u3001\u5f3a\u8feb\u75c7\u3001\u6050\u6016\u75c7\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u969c\u788d\u3001\u4eba\u683c\u969c\u788d\u3001\u6027\u53d8\u6001\u3001\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u969c\u788d\u3001\u504f\u5934\u75db\u3001\u6162\u6027\u7ed3\u80a0\u708e\u7b49\u8eab\u5fc3\u75be\u75c5\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e34\u5e8a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u827e\u5229\u65af\u4e8e60\u5e74\u4ee3\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u6cbb\u7597\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6709\u5176\u56fa\u6709\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u5148\u5929\u503e\u5411\u4e2d\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\u4eba\u6709\u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u6210\u957f\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5185\u5728\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u751f\u5b58\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6001\u5ea6\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u827e\u5229\u65af\u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5fc3\u7406\u5931\u8c03\u3002\u827e\u5229\u65af\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u975e\u7406\u6027\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u79cd\uff1a
\u3000\u3000\u2460\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8fdb\u884c\u7578\u5f62\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff08\u5982\u5f3a\u8feb\u601d\u7ef4\uff09\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u2461\u503e\u5411\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6613\u53d7\u6697\u793a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u2462\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6982\u62ec\u5316\u4ee5\u504f\u6982\u5168\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u2463\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8981\u6c42\u5c3d\u5584\u5c3d\u7f8e\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u65e0\u7528\u7684\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u2464\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8fc7\u5206\u8981\u6c42\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u2465\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u7edd\u5bf9\u5316\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5fcd\u53d7\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u2466\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5938\u5927\u8d1f\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u6027\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u2467\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u81ea\u66b4\u81ea\u5f03\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u2468\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u81ea\u6211\u8d2c\u4f4e\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u2469\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u8fc7\u5206\u5173\u6ce8\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u827e\u5229\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u6765\u81ea\u4eba\u5bf9\u6240\u906d\u9047\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u54f2\u5b66\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6765\u81ea\u4e8b\u60c5\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u60c5\u7eea\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u662f\u4eba\u5fc3\u7406\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u201c\u725b\u9f3b\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u628a\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u725b\u9f3b\u5b50\u201d\u62c9\u6b63\u4e86\uff0c\u60c5\u7eea\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u56f0\u6270\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u6539\u5584\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u827e\u5229\u65af\u5c06\u4ee5\u4e0a\u89c2\u70b9\u6982\u62ec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3aABC\u7406\u8bba\uff0cA\u4ee3\u8868\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08Activating events\uff09\uff0cB\u4ee3\u8868\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08Beliefs\uff09\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u5bf9A\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6216\u770b\u6cd5\uff0cC\u4ee3\u8868\u7ed3\u679c\u5373\u75c7\u72b6\uff08Consequences\uff09\uff0c\u827e\u5229\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e76\u975e\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6A\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u8d77\u75c7\u72b6C\uff0cA\u4e0eC\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fd8\u6709\u4e2d\u4ecb\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4ecb\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u4eba\u5bf9A\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6216\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u4fe1\u5ff5B\uff0c\u827e\u5229\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u6781\u5c11\u80fd\u591f\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5ba2\u89c2\u5730\u77e5\u89c9\u7ecf\u9a8cA\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u5e26\u7740\u6216\u6839\u636e\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5df2\u6709\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3001\u671f\u5f85\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u3001\u610f\u613f\u3001\u6b32\u6c42\u3001\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u504f\u597d\u7b49\u6765\u7ecf\u9a8cA\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9A\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u603b\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4eba\u800c\u5f02\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u7684A\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u4e0d\u540c\u7684C\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6709\u5dee\u522b\u5373B\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u60c5\u5883\u5e76\u975e\u5f15\u8d77\u60c5\u7eea\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u523a\u6fc0\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u624d\u662f\u5f15\u8d77\u60c5\u7eea\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u539f\u56e0\u3002
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\u3000\u3000(2)\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u6982\u62ec\u4ec5\u4f9d\u636e\u4e2a\u522b\u7ec6\u8282\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u51b5\u4fbf\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4f5c\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u778e\u5b50\u6478\u8c61\u5f0f\u7684\u3001\u4ee5\u504f\u6982\u5168\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u201c\u5355\u4f4d\u4e2d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u5b66\u65e0\u672f\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u505a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u8fc7\u9519\u3002\u201d
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\u3000\u3000\u5728\u5bf9\u795e\u7ecf\u6027\u538c\u98df\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u836f\u7269\u6cbb\u7597\u3001\u996e\u98df\u6cbb\u7597\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u6cbb\u7597\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6b6a\u66f2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75c5\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u5916\u5f62\u3001\u9762\u5e9e\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u77eb\u6b63\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0b\u8ff0\u5408\u7406\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u76d1\u5bdf\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\uff1a\u201c\u6d88\u7626\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5403\u7684\u8fc7\u5c11\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6d88\u7626\u7684\u4eba\u8fdb\u98df\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6b63\u5e38\u4f53\u91cd\u4eba\u7684\u8fdb\u98df\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6d88\u7626\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u50cf\u6b63\u5e38\u4f53\u91cd\u7684\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u5065\u7f8e\u3001\u5f3a\u58ee\u201d\u3002\u8981\u6c42\u75c5\u4eba\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u70ed\u5361\u98df\u7269\u6444\u5165\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u76d1\u5bdf\u4f53\u91cd\u3001\u60c5\u7eea\u548c\u81ea\u52a8\u6027\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u6539\u53d8\u4e0d\u826f\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u795e\u7ecf\u6027\u538c\u98df\u60a3\u8005\u6cbb\u7597\u591a\u4e0d\u4e3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u5904\u7406\u597d\u533b\u60a3\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u60a3\u8005\u4fe1\u4efb\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002
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\u3000\u3000\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u6cbb\u7597\u8fd8\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7597\u7126\u8651\u969c\u788d\u3001\u793e\u4ea4\u6050\u6016\u3001\u504f\u5934\u75db\u3001\u8003\u8bd5\u524d\u7d27\u5f20\u7126\u8651\u3001\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u6fc0\u6012\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6162\u6027\u75bc\u75db\u75c5\u4eba\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6d77\u6d1b\u56e0\u6210\u763e\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u6cbb\u7597\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f85\u52a9\u6cbb\u7597\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u6cbb\u7597\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u6709\u4e9b\u62a5\u9053\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0e\u836f\u7269\u6cbb\u7597\u5408\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u6cbb\u7597\u67d0\u4e9b\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u88c2\u75c7\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u5984\u60f3\u3002
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对啊，典型的认知错误有非黑即白、以偏概全、灾难化等。认知疗法就是帮助来访者察觉自己存在的不合理认知，并用合理认知取代。
举个例子有的人高考失利就抑郁了，但是你看高考失利的人多了，并不是所有人都抑郁。说明高考失利并不一定导致抑郁，那这个人为什么抑郁呢？
非黑即白式错误认知：我必须考上才是有价值的，考不上就是笨蛋。
以偏概全式错误认知：我高考都考不好，那我就一无是处，啥也做不好。
灾难化：考不上大学这辈子就完了，相当于死了。
简单举例子，希望讲明白了。不一定说高考后抑郁都是这种原因，是说存在不合理认知的话部分是这个样子的。
认知疗法作为多种疗法的一种，肯定也是有其适应症以及局限性的。可以说很多心理问题的人认知存在问题，但不一定是最主要的问题。具体情况还是要具体分析。
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