有关环境科学和经济学的英文文章 跪求有关《环境经济学》的论文！
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http://www.lunwentianxia.com/class_sf/X196/ \u6458\u8981 \u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u7ed3\u5408\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u5316\u5efa\u8bae
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1 \u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5206\u6790
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1\uff0e1 \u5916\u90e8\u4e0d\u7ecf\u6d4e(\u6216\u8d1f\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6027)
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1\uff0e2 \u5916\u90e8\u7ecf\u6d4e(\u6216\u6b63\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u6027)
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2 \u6cbb\u7406\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u5bf9\u7b56\u548c\u5efa\u8bae
2\uff0e1 \u5b9e\u884c\u5f81\u7a0e\u6216\u8865\u8d34\u7684\u653f\u7b56
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2\uff0e2 \u754c\u5b9a\u73af\u5883\u8d44\u6e90\u4ea7\u6743\u5173\u7cfb
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Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. this is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin
fashioning conservation measures A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
记得那些年科学家争论说吸烟会致命、但是怀疑者坚持说我们不能肯定这一点吗、证据不确定且科学上也还没有定论吗？反对吸烟的游说活动是要破坏我们的生活方式，而政府对吸烟这件事应该置身事外吗？许多美国人相信了那套废话，结果就是在30年里，大约1000万名吸烟者过早地进入了坟墓。
随着科学家一次又一次努力提醒我们当今日益增长的全球变暖威胁，这种令人不安的情况又在发生着。最近的一次活动是由国家科学院在白宫的支持下召开的一次专题讨论会，告诉我们地球的空气肯定正变暖，而且这个问题基本上是人为造成的。其中的信息很明确，就是我们应该开始行动起来保护自己。科学院院长布鲁斯·艾伯茨在小组提交的报告前言中加进了关键的一点："科学从来就不能提供所有的答案，但科学确实能为我们的未来提供最好的指导；而且最关键的是，关于现在采取的行动将来会产生什么影响，科学往往能够做出最好的判断，我们的国家和全世界一些最好的政策应该建立在这些最好的判断之上。"
和现在对待吸烟问题上的看法一样，来自很多地方的意见认为，科学关于全球变暖的证据不足，在我们有确切证据之前还是可以继续把废弃排放到空气中。这是一个危险的游戏：等到我们得到确凿的证据，可能就已经太迟了。随着危险日益变得显著却不断增长，一个谨慎的民族更愿意现在就采取保险措施。
幸运的是，白宫已经开始关注这个问题。但是显然大多数总统顾问仍然没有认真考虑全球变暖问题。他们不但没有制定切实可行的行动计划，而是继续督促进行更多的研究--典型的“分析性瘫痪”案例。
作为对地球负责任的管理者，我们应当进一步对大气层和海洋的状况做出更深入的研究，但是，仅仅停留于研究是不够的。如果现政府不采取法律行动，国会应该帮助着手制定保护措施。西弗吉尼亚州的民主党参议员Robert Byrd提出了一项法案，该法案提议将为私营企业提供经济刺激，这是一个良好的开端。许多人看到，我们国家正准备建设许多新的发电厂来满足我们的能源需求，如果我们还想保护大气层，这些新电站必须要具备有利于环境的条件。
经济学（用现代的观点解释19世纪末出现的劳资关系，对于解释现今的经济纠纷也同样振聋发聩）
In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large. “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation.
The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’ s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代手段不断扩大和完善各自的竞争对手。许多老字号都被责任有限公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理层。通过聘用大批专业人员来，这种变革满足了新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低。在过去，这种效率的下滑使得许多第一代千辛万苦创立的旧式家族企业毁在第二、三代手中。另外，这也是公司摆脱个体创造，走向集体化、市营化和国营化迈出的一步。虽然铁路公司仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但与过去的旧式家族企业大不相同了。与此同时，大城市也开始涉足商业活动，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。
有限责任公司及市政企业的发展具有重要的意义。这种大规模的对资本与企业的非个人操纵大大地增加了股东作为一个阶层的数量及其重要性。他们是国民生活的重要部分，代表着非责任性的财富，不仅与土地及土地所有者的责任相分离，而且几乎也同样与企业的责任经营脱离。整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资本发展起来的，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起是为了给大批“衣食无忧”的阶层提供居住场所，这些人靠自己的丰厚收入而无需工作，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与周围其他人没有联系。另一方面，“持股”意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人把这种有钱有闲的生活视为伟大文明的最高目标。
这种股东尽管持有股份，却丝毫不了解他们所持股公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们对劳资关系也不会产生任何积极的影响。花钱请来的代表公司经营的经理与员工以及他们的需求有着更直接的关系，但即使是经理也很少像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业家长制中的雇主那样对员工有着亲近的、个人化的了解。的确，仅从公司的经营规模和所用的工人数量来看，建立这种个人关系是不可能的了。然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各个技术行业是这样，从而工人与雇用他们的公司经理们拥有了平等的地位。罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了彼此尊重的力量，理解公正协商的价值。
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Among the more significant point sources are municipal landfills and industrialwaste disposal sites. When either of these occur in or near sand and gravel aquifers, thepotential for widespread contamination is the greatest.
In Ville Mercier, Quebec, for example, the disposal of industrial wastes intolagoons in an old gravel pit over many years rendered the water supplies of thousandsof residents in the region unusable. Water had to be pumped from a well 10 kilometersaway to replace the area's supply.
Other point sources are individually less significant, but they occur in largenumbers all across the country. Some of these dangerous and widespread sources ofcontamination are septic tanks, leaks and spills of petroleum products and of denseindustrial organic liquids.
Septic systems are designed so that some of the sewage is degraded in the tank andsome is degraded and absorbed by the surrounding sand and subsoil. Contaminants thatmay enter groundwater from septic systems include bacteria, viruses, detergents, andhousehold cleaners. These can create serious contamination problems. Despite the factthat septic tanks and cesspools are known sources of contaminants, they are poorlymonitored and very little studied.
Contamination can render groundwater unsuitable for use. Although the overallextent of the problem across Canada is unknown, many individual cases ofcontamination have been investigated such as Ville Mercier in Quebec; the highwayde-icing salt problem in Nova Scotia; industrial effluents in Elmira, Ontario; variouspesticides in the Prairie provinces; industrial contamination in Vancouver, BritishColumbia; and so on. In many cases, contamination is recognized only aftergroundwater users have been exposed to potential health risks. The cost of cleaning upcontaminated water supplies is usually extremely high.
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