地下水资源保护 地下水资源的基本特征
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2.\u77ff\u4e95\u9ad8\u786c\u5ea6\u6c34\u7684\u8f6f\u5316\u5904\u7406
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3.\u77ff\u4e95\u9178\u6027\u6c34\u7684\u4e2d\u548c\u5904\u7406
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4.\u77ff\u4e95\u9ad8\u94c1\u9ad8\u9530\u6c34\u7684\u5904\u7406
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20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e24\u7ea7\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7ecf\u8fc7\u66dd\u6c14\u3001\u4e24\u7ea7\u8fc7\u6ee4\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6c34\u4e2d\u94c1\u3001\u9530\u542b\u91cf\u5747\u53ef\u88ab\u63a7\u5236\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u751f\u6d3b\u996e\u7528\u6c34\u6807\u51c6\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u53ef\u540c\u65f6\u6d88\u9664\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u94c1\u3001\u9530\u79bb\u5b50\u542b\u91cf\uff0c\u5176\u5de5\u827a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u6c34\u5145\u5206\u66dd\u6c14\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7ecf\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ea7\u6ee4\u6c60\u9664\u94c1\uff0c\u518d\u7ecf\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ea7\u6ee4\u6c60\u9664\u9530\u3002\u5728\u9664\u9530\u6280\u672f\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u662f\u63a5\u89e6\u6c27\u5316\u6cd5\u9664\u9530\u5de5\u827a\uff0c\u6548\u679c\u4e5f\u826f\u597d\u3002
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(1)\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u52a8\u6001\u5e73\u8861\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8d44\u6e90(\u6216\u79f0\u201c\u52a8\u6001\u201d\u8d44\u6e90)
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(2)\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u6062\u590d\u3001\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u7684\u8d44\u6e90
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(3)\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u6700\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90
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(4)\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u8c03\u84c4\u7684\u8d44\u6e90
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塔里木盆地属于内陆干旱盆地，以荒漠生态为主，生态环境十分脆弱。山前绿洲带是人类生产活动的主要地区，由于特殊的自然地理及地质条件，地下水补给资源单一，水化学场复杂多变，劣质水广布。随着人类工农业等各类生产活动规模的不断扩大，对水资源的需求日益增加，对地下水环境的影响也在持续扩大。为保证地下水资源的合理开发利用，保护地下水环境及生态环境，针对目前存在的问题，提出地下水资源保护对策措施。
一、地下水环境历史演变
自有人类活动以来地下水补径排条件即开始由自然逐渐改变为人为。主要表现在以下几个方面。
1.人工地表水代替自然地表水
河流中上游及部分下游区大量的农业开发生产活动对水资源的需求及利用，形成条带状或网格状的干、支、斗、农渠及大量的平原水库，造成渠道代替河流、水库代替湖泊的局面，使以河流和湖泊为主的地下水补给源分流为渠道和水库补给，由此而引发浅层地下水水量、水质的改变，进而导致生态环境的改变。如地表径流减少，地下水位下降，下游区沙漠化、荒漠化日益严重等。
2.人工生态环境代替自然生态环境
主要表现为人工种植导致的土壤质地的改变、人工植物代替天然野生植物、人工绿洲生态环境代替自然生态环境，由此而导致土壤水、浅表层地下水的环境发生变化。绿洲分布及环境由原生变为次生，由质量较差的绿洲广泛分布，分化为人类活动较集中区的绿洲发育好，而人类流动较少地区的绿洲逐渐退缩为荒漠化或沙化土地，甚至质量较好的原生绿洲也由于引水工程而环境恶化。
3.中深层地下水局部恶化
由于中深层地下水直接受上游单一结构区潜水的补给，水质往往较好，加之开发利用条件便利，是人类开采地下水的主要目的层。然而，开发过程中对上层劣质水止水不良、劣质水与中深层水混合开发以获取更大水量等导致中深层污染问题日益严重，局部层位地下水受到污染，且难以恢复。
二、地下水资源保护对策和措施
1）加强水资源的统一管理，以法治水，施行用水许可制度；地下水资源的勘查评价、取水工程的施工等严格执行资质制度；加大地下水开发力度，控制地下水水位，改善土壤盐渍化。
2）加强地下水源保护，易受污染区域的工业和生活污水的排放要严格执行排放标准。
3）对地表水和地下水施行综合平衡，统筹规划，统一调配。
4）对地下水资源匮乏区提高水资源利用率，推广应用节水工程。
5）对已超采区进行控制性开采，寻找最为经济的可替代水源。
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