初学花鸟画简单入门方法 国画花鸟画画法诀窍
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\u3000\u3000\u5b66\u4e60\u753b\u82b1\u5349\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8981\u591a\u89c2\u8d4f\u53ca\u4e34\u6479\u53e4\u4eca\u540d\u753b\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u5bf9 \u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u89c2\u8d4f\u4e0e\u5199\u751f\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u82b1\u7684\u67af\u8363\u53ca\u971c\u6674\u96e8\u9732\u4e2d\u7684 \u60c5\u6001\uff0c\u5179\u4ece\u82b1\u6735\u53f6\u4e0e\u679d\u5e72\u7b49\u5404\u90e8\u4f4d\u7b80\u8ff0\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u751f\u6001\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u6211\u4e3a\u5927\u5bb6\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u56fd\u753b\u82b1\u9e1f\u57fa\u672c\u753b\u6cd5\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u9605\u8bfb\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf
\u3000\u3000( \u4e00 ) \u82b1\u6735\uff1a\u82b1\u6735\u7ecf\u5e38\u662f\u753b\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c \u4e00\u822c\u82b1\u6735\u5305\u62ec\u82b1 \u74e3\u82b1\u854a\u82b1\u6258\u82b1\u843c\u6897\u7b49\u51e0\u90e8\u4efd\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82b1\u74e3\u6709\u5355\u74e3\u4e0e\u91cd\u74e3 ( \u590d\u74e3 ) \u4e4b \u5206\uff0c\u82b1\u5f62\u6709\u79bb\u74e3\u5408\u74e3\u4e4b\u522b\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u7261\u4e39\u8537\u8587\u82b1\u7b49\u662f\u79bb\u74e3\u7684\u91cd\u74e3\uff0c\u68a8\u82b1 \u6728\u68c9\u82b1\u7b49\u662f\u79bb\u74e3\u7684\u5355\u74e3\uff0c\u7275\u725b\u82b1\u767e\u5408\u82b1\u7b49\u662f\u5408\u74e3\u7684\u5355\u74e3\uff0c\u5927\u90e8 \u4efd\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5355\u74e3\u4e0e\u91cd\u74e3\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u54c1\u79cd\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u6843\u82b1\u8299\u84c9\u82b1\u6c34\u4ed9 \u6728\u69ff\u6885\u82b1\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82b1\u854a\u6709\u957f\u77ed\u591a\u5be1\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u96cc\u96c4\u540c\u682a\u7684\u82b1\uff0c\u5927\u854a\u5c0f \u854a\u90fd\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u96cc\u96c4\u5f02\u682a\u8005\u4ec5\u6709\u5c0f\u854a\uff0c\u6216\u4ec5\u6709\u5927\u854a\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u82b1\u854a\u8f83 \u660e\u663e\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8f83\u9690\u5bc6\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82b1\u843c\u4ea6\u56e0\u82b1\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u800c\u5f02 \uff0c\u5982\u6885\u674f\u6843\u7b49\u4e94\u5c0f\u74e3\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u674e\u68a8\u5782\u4e1d\u6d77\u68e0\u7b49\u4e94\u679a\u5c0f\u74e3\u751f\u957f \u5728\u4e00\u957f\u67c4\u4e0a\uff0c\u73ab\u7470\u6708\u5b63\u7b49\u843c\u5c16\u957f\uff0c\u5c71\u8336\u843c\u50cf\u9c7c\u9cde\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000( \u4e8c ) \u53f6\uff1a\u5355\u53f6\u690d\u7269\u4ece\u679d\u6216\u830e\u957f\u53f6\u65f6\uff0c\u53f6\u5e8f\u6709\u5bf9\u751f\u4e92\u751f \u8f6e\u751f\u4e1b\u751f\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u590d\u53f6\u690d\u7269\u6709\u7684\u6210\u7fbd\u72b6\u638c\u72b6\u9e1f\u8db3\u72b6\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u4e8c\u91cd\u590d \u53f6\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5fc5\u5148\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u751f\u957f\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u624d\u4e0d\u81f4\u5728\u7e41\u6742\u4e2d \u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u53f6\u6709\u53f6\u67c4\u4e0e\u53f6\u8109\uff0c\u5f62\u72b6\u6709\u5c16\u5706\u957f\u77ed\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002
\u3000\u3000( \u4e09 ) \u830e\u679d\uff1a\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u6728\u672c\u8349\u672c\u85e4\u672c\u8513\u672c\u7b49\uff0c \u6728\u672c\u679d\u5e72\u633a \u786c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u76f8\u5f53\u7c97\u72b6\uff0c\u8349\u672c\u7684\u830e\u5927\u90fd\u8f83\u5ae9\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u53d8\u6210\u53f3\u65cb\u6216\u5de6\u65cb \u7684\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8fd8\u957f\u6709\u987b\u72b6\u7684\u6500\u7f18\u830e\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u5199\u751f
\u3000\u3000\u5404\u79cd\u82b1\u5349\u5728\u65e9\u6668\u6216\u4e0a\u5348\u6bd4\u8f83\u6e05\u65b0\uff0c\u751f\u6c14\u52c3\u52c3\uff0c\u662f\u5199\u751f\u7684\u597d\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5199\u751f\u662f\u4e3a\u521b\u4f5c\u6536\u96c6\u7d20\u6750\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5de5\u7b14\u753b\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4f5c\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u63cf\u5199\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6709\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u753b\u9762\u4e0a\u9700\u8981\u591a\u6735\u82b1\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5199\u751f\u6536\u96c6\u7d20\u6750\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u6709\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u3001\u53cd\u9762\u7684\u3001\u4fa7\u9762\u7684\u3001\u659c \u9762\u7684;\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u82b1\u6735\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u88ab\u679d\u53f6\u906e\u4f4f\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u82b1\u6735\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u5c0f\u82b1\u857e\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u6709\u5c06\u7efd\u7684\u5927\u82b1\u857e\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u53f6\u5b50\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6210\u53f6\u5916\u4e5f\u8981 \u6709\u5ae9\u53f6\u53ca\u5ae9\u82bd\uff0c\u5e76\u6ce8\u610f\u9634\u9633\u5411\u80cc\uff0c\u5927\u5c0f\u7a7f\u63d2\u3002\u679d\u5e72\u4e5f\u8981\u6709\u4e3b\u5e72 \u3001\u652f\u5e72\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5728\u753b\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u548c\u758f\u5bc6\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u6211 \u4eec\u5728\u9488\u5bf9\u76ee\u7684\u5199\u751f\u6536\u96c6\u7d20\u6750\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u867d\u7136\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\u4e0d\u50cf\u5c71\u6c34\u753b\u5e38\u6709\u79fb\u52a8\u89c6\u70b9\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u89c6\u89d2\u6bd4\u8f83\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u65f6\u53ef\u8fd0\u7528\u79fb\u52a8\u89c6\u70b9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u9009\u53d6\u6700\u7f8e \u89d2\u5ea6\u5199\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u6ce8\u610f\u82b1\u3001\u679d\u3001\u53f6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u753b\u82b1\u6735\u53ef\u4ece\u82b1\u854a\u82b1 \u74e3\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5148\u753b\u6700\u5b8c\u6574\u3001\u6700\u524d\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u74e3\uff0c\u518d\u56db\u5916\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u82b1\u74e3 \u592a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u53ef\u8fdb\u884c\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5176\u9020\u578b\u7f8e\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u753b\u53f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u9664\u4e86 \u6ce8\u610f\u53f6\u5e8f\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4ef0\u3001\u5782\u3001\u5411\u80cc\u4e0e\u758f\u5bc6\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u53f6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u753b\u679d\u5e72\uff0c\u5927\u5e72\u8fd8\u8981\u753b\u51fa\u76ae\u7eb9\uff0c\u5982\u6885\u82b1\u7684\u5927\u5e72\u8981\u82cd\u8001\u3001\u76ae\u7eb9\u8981\u659c\u76b4\uff0c\u5c0f\u5e72\u8981\u633a\u62d4\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u6843\u5e72\u76ae\u8981\u6a2a\u76b4\uff0c\u677e\u5e72\u76ae\u8981\u9cde\u76b4\uff0c\u7d2b\u8587\u82b1\u5e72\u76ae\u8f83\u5149\u6ed1\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u679d\u5e72\u7279\u70b9\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u5199\u751f\uff0c\u5b9c\u4ece\u6298\u679d\u82b1\u5349\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6298\u53d6\u82b1\u53f6\u6613\u65bc\u5165\u753b\u7684\u4e00\u679d\uff0c\u63d2\u65bc\u82b1\u74f6\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u82b1\u854a\u88ab\u906e\u76d6\u7684\u4e5f\u53ef\u62e8\u5f00\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u5bf9\u65bc\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6298\u679d\u719f\u6089\u5f8c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u53d6\u6574\u682a\u82b1\u7684\u4e00\u89d2\u6765\u5c1d\u8bd5 \u6216\u5168\u682a\u82b1\u7684\u5199\u751f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u679d\u53f6\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u987b\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u505a\u5927 \u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u5220\u51cf\u6216\u8c03\u6574\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u603b\u4e4b\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u5199\u751f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u753b\u690d\u7269\u7684\u63d2\u56fe\u6216\u8bf4\u660e\u56fe\uff0c\u9700\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u53d6\u820d\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u610f\u8da3\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf
\u3000\u3000\u79bd\u9e1f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u753b\u4e2d\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u7fce\u6bdb\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u6c34\u79bd\u4e0e\u5c71\u79bd\u4e24 \u5927\u7c7b\uff0c\u4f9d\u5176\u751f\u6d3b\u4e60\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u6d89\u79bd\u3001\u6e38\u79bd\u3001\u731b\u79bd\u3001\u6500\u79bd\u3001\u9e23 \u79bd\u3001\u96c9\u79bd\u7b49\u7c7b\uff0c\u5404\u7c7b\u7684\u7279\u5fae\u4e0e\u4e60\u6027\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\u3000\u3000(\u4e00)\u6d89\u79bd\uff1a\u6816\u65bc\u6d45\u6c34\u4e2d\u6355\u98df\u9c7c\u867e\uff0c\u5b83\u7684'\u5634\u3001\u9888\u3001\u811a\u90fd\u5f88\u957f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u9e64\u3001\u9e73\u3001\u9e6d\u9e36\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000(\u4e8c)\u6e38\u79bd\uff1a\u559c\u6b22\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u6e38\u6cf3\uff0c\u5634\u6241\u5e73\uff0c\u811a\u77ed\uff0c\u8dbe\u95f4\u6709\u8e7c\uff0c\u591a \u6355\u98df\u9c7c\u867e\u548c\u5c0f\u866b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6d77\u9e25\u3001\u91ce\u9e2d\u3001\u9e33\u9e2f\u3001\u96c1\u3001\u4fe1\u5929\u7fc1 \u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000(\u4e09)\u731b\u79bd\uff1a\u53cc\u7fc5\u5f3a\u800c\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u5634\u5f62\u5982\u52fe\uff0c\u811a\u5937\u5c16\u9510\uff0c\u6027\u60c5\u731b\u608d \uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u6355\u98df\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u9e70\u3001\u9e6b\u3001\u9e57\u3001\u96bc\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000(\u56db)\u6500\u79bd\uff1a\u591a\u6570\u4e0a\u5634\u94a9\u5f62\uff0c\u4e0b\u5634\u8f83\u77ed\uff0c\u8db3\u8dbe\u4e8c\u524d\u4e8c\u5f8c\uff0c\u80fd\u7528 \u5937\u6500\u6293\u5728\u6811\u5e72\u4e0a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u9e66\u9e49\u3001\u5544\u6728\u9e1f\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000(\u4e94)\u9e23\u79bd\uff1a\u559c\u6b22\u9e23\u53eb\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5c0f\u9e1f\u591a\u5c5e\u6b64\u7c7b\u3002 \u4f8b\u5982\u7ef4\u3001\u83ba\u3001\u753b \u7709\u3001\u4f2f\u52b3\u3001\u9ec4\u9e42\u3001\u516b\u54e5\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000(\u516d)\u96c9\u79bd\uff1a\u5c5e\u65bc\u6816\u5730\u7c7b\u79bd\u9e1f\uff0c\u8eab\u4f53\u8f83\u5927\u6bdb\u8272\u7f8e\u4e3d\uff0c\u5c3e\u957f\uff0c\u5634 \u5f62\u4e0e\u9e21\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u591a\u751f\u957f\u65bc\u5c71\u6797\u77ee\u6728\u4e1b\u4e2d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u96c9\u9e21\u3001\u9526\u9e21 \u3001\u957f\u5c3e\u96c9\u3001\u5b54\u96c0\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u79bd\u9e1f\u662f\u5375\u751f\uff0c\u6545\u5176\u8eab\u4f53(\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5934\u3001\u9888\u3001\u811a\u3001\u5c3e\u7b49\u90e8\u4f4d)\u5448\u86cb\u5f62\u3002\u56e0\u751f\u6d3b\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u4e60\u6027\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5176\u5634\u3001\u811a\u7fc5\u53ca\u5c3e\u4e5f\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0e\u7279\u5fae\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6c34\u79bd(\u6d89\u79bd\u3001\u6e38\u79bd)\u5927\u591a\u5634\u957f\u800c\u5c3e\u77ed\uff0c\u5c71\u79bd(\u9e23\u79bd\u3001\u6500\u79bd\u3001\u96c9\u79bd)\u5927\u591a\u5634\u77ed\u6781\u5c3e\u957f\uff0c\u5634\u52fe\u8005\u98df\u8089\uff0c\u7ec6\u5c16\u8005\u98df\u866b\uff0c\u5634\u957f\u8005\u98df\u718a\u867e\uff0c\u98df\u58f3\u8005\u5634\u7c97\u800c\u539a\uff0c\u6210\u5706\u690e\u5f62\u3002\u80fd\u957f\u9014\u98de\u884c\u7684\u9e1f\u7fc5\u8180\u5927\u90fd\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u4e14\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u6c34\u79bd\u4e2d\u591a\u957f\u9888\u8005\uff0c \u4ee5\u4fbf\u8fc5\u901f\u51fa\u51fb\uff0c\u5544\u5939\u9c7c\u7c7b\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6b64\u5916\u5982\u5934\u5f62\u3001\u773c\u7cbe\u7684\u989c\u8272\u53ca \u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u987b\u628a\u63e1\u5176\u7279\u5fae\u3002
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\u3000\u3000\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u5199\u751f
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\u3000\u3000\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u6cd5
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\u3000\u3000\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u8fd0\u7b14\u5b9c\u4ee5\u4e2d\u950b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u7528\u7b14\u7684\u538b\u5ea6\u548c\u901f\u5ea6\u8981\u5747\u5300\uff0c\u94a9\u51fa\u7684\u7b14\u7ebf\u8981\u6709\u300c\u5916\u67d4\u5185\u521a\u300d\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u529b\u91cf\u8981\u6db5\u84c4\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u663e\u9732\u65bc\u5916;\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6db5\u84c4\u7684\u7b14\u58a8\uff0c\u4e0d\u8010\u4e45\u770b\u3002\u950b\u8292\u8fc7\u591a\u3001\u529b\u91cf\u5916\u9732\u90fd\u5bb9\u6613\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u9738\u608d\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5c1a\u53ef\u51cf\u4f4e\u67d0\u4e9b\u82b1\u5349\u3001\u79bd\u9e1f\u7684\u7f8e\u611f\uff0c\u6545\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u7684\u7ebf\u6761\u8981\u300c\u5bd3\u521a\u5efa\u65bc\u5a40\u5a1c\u4e2d\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6b64\u5916\u8fd0\u7b14\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5b9c\u592a\u5feb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b9c\u5446\u6ede\uff0c\u52a1\u5fc5\u8981\u6709\u300c\u65e0\u5f80\u4e0d\u56de\u300d\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u8155\u529b\u6c14\u529b\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u9001\u5230\u5934\uff0c\u6b62\u7b14\u5411\u4e0a\u63d0\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef \u8f7b\u7387\u6f66\u8349\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u5728\u82b1\u5349\u767d\u63cf\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u5434\u5b66\u8ba9\u6559\u6388\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u793a\u8303\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7ebf\u6761\uff1a
\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u4e3a\u8d77\u7b14\u505c\u7b14(\u4e00\u5b57\u63cf)\uff0c\u9002\u65bc\u753b\u53f6\u6897\u3001\u7af9\u5e72\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4e8c\u4e3a\u9489\u5934\u9f20\u5c3e\u63cf\uff0c\u9002\u65bc\u753b\u53f6\u7b4b\u3001\u53f6\u7247\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4e09\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u5f27 \u7ebf\u63cf\uff0c\u9002\u65bc\u753b\u82b1\u74e3\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u753b\u9e1f\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u5148\u753b\u5634\u7684\u5f53\u4e2d\u4e00\u957f\u7b14\uff0c\u518d\u753b\u4e0a\u989a\u548c\u4e0b\u989a\u5404\u4e00\u7b14\uff0c\u518d\u4f9d\u6b21\u753b\u773c\u5708\u3001\u70b9\u773c\u3001\u5934\u989d\u3001\u80cc\u3001\u7ffc\u3001\u80f8\u3001\u8179\u3001\u817f\u3001\u722a\u3001\u8865\u5c3e\u3002\u753b\u7ec6\u6bdb\u7684\u7ebf\u6761\u843d\u7b14\u4e0e\u6536\u7b14\u8f83\u8f7b\uff0c\u4e2d\u6bb5\u7565\u7c97\uff0c\u82e5\u843d\u7b14\u592a\u91cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u6613\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7684\u8d28\u611f\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u753b\u6cd5\u662f\u7528\u7ebf\u6761\u94a9\u63cf\u7269\u8c61\u5f8c\u5728\u586b\u8272\u7684\u753b\u6cd5\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u94a9\u52d2\u586b\u5f69\u6cd5\u6216\u53cc\u94a9\u8bbe\u8272\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u767d\u63cf\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u67d3\u8272\u5f69\u800c\u6210\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u5b83\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u751a\u65e9\uff0c\u9a6c\u738b\u5806\u897f\u6c49\u5893\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u5e1b\u753b\uff0c\u5df2\u89c1\u6b64\u79cd\u753b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e94\u4ee3 \u753b\u5bb6\u9ec4\u7b4c\u662f\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u6cd5\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u753b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u7ebf\u6761\u7ea4\u7ec6\uff0c\u8d4b\u8272\u8273\u4e3d \uff0c\u662f\u5317\u5b8b\u9662\u753b\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u6c5f\u5357\u7684\u5f90\u7199\uff0c\u4e5f\u7528\u53cc\u94a9\u586b \u5f69\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u98ce\u683c\u91ce\u9038\uff0c\u8f83\u6ce8\u91cd\u7ebf\u6761\u7684\u8da3\u5473\u53ca\u58a8\u97f5\uff0c\u5f8c\u4e16\u7684\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b \u5bb6 \uff0c\u7528\u7b14\u591a\u53d6\u6cd5\u5f90\u7199\uff0c\u7528\u8272\u53d6\u6cd5\u9ec4\u7b4c\uff0c\u5e76\u517c\u53d6\u4e24\u5bb6\u7684\u795e\u4f3c\u9038\u97f5\u3002\u5357\u5b8b\u5434\u67c4\u7684\u300a\u7af9\u96c0\u56fe\u300b\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u6cd5\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u753b\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u6cd5\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u719f\u7eb8 (\u7eb8) \u6216\u7ee2\uff0c\u5148\u7528\u58a8\u7ebf\u53cc\u94a9\u767d \u63cf\u5f8c\uff0c\u51c6\u5907\u4e24\u53ea\u7f8a\u6beb\u7b14\u4f5c\u6e32\u67d3\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u8638\u8272\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u6cbe\u6e05\u6c34\uff0c\u8981\u5148\u7ec3\u4e60\u4e00\u624b\u6267\u4e24\u53ea\u7b14\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u7075\u6d3b\u4ea4\u6362\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u8bbe\u8272\u65f6\u989c\u8272\u8981\u6de1\uff0c\u5e94\u591a\u67d3\u51e0\u6b21\uff0c\u5c06\u82b1\u3001\u53f6\u5185\u4fa7(\u6216\u4e2d\u592e )\u7684\u989c\u8272\u4ee5\u6e05\u6c34\u7b14\u63a8\u67d3\u81f3\u8fb9\u7f18 \uff0c\u6e05\u6c34\u7b14\u5185\u7684\u542b\u6c34\u91cf\u8981\u9002\u5f53\uff0c\u6c34\u592a\u591a\u4f1a\u7559\u6709\u75d5\u8ff9\uff0c\u592a\u4e7e\u5219\u6e32\u67d3\u4e0d\u5f00\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6e32\u67d3\u5b8c\u5f8c\uff0c\u5982\u539f\u6765\u7684\u58a8\u7ebf\u5df2\u7ecf\u6a21\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u91cd\u8272\u5728\u91cd \u94a9\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u94a9\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u52d2\u300d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ece\u753b\u7eb8\u80cc\u5f8c\u6258\u67d3\uff0c\u4f7f \u753b\u9762\u7684\u82b1\u53f6\u989c\u8272\u66f4\u52a0\u6d53\u539a\u3001\u5747\u5300\u3002\u82b1\u5349\u6e32\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u4e09\uff1a
\u3000\u3000(\u4e00)\u5148\u5f8c\u67d3\uff1a\u5148\u5c06\u82b1\u6735\u7684\u989c\u8272\u6700\u6de1\u7684\u989c\u8272\u5e95(\u65e2\u5e73\u6d82\u6253\u5e95)\u518d\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u989c\u8272\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u767d\u8272\u3001\u7c89\u7ea2\u8272\u3001\u6d45\u9ec4\u8272\u7684\u53ef\u82b1\u5148\u7528\u767d\u7684\u7c89\u5e95\uff0c\u5728\u7528\u6d45\u7eff\u3001\u6d0b\u7ea2\u3001\u85e4\u9ec4\u7b49\u8272\u5206\u67d3\u3002 \u53f6\u5b50\u53ef\u5148\u7528\u8349\u7eff\u5e95\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u82b1\u9752\u5206\u67d3\u3002
\u3000\u3000(\u4e8c)\u5148\u67d3\u5f8c\uff1a\u7d2b\u7ea2\u8272\u6216\u6df1\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u82b1\u5349\uff0c\u53ef\u5148\u7528\u82b1\u9752(\u6216\u6de1\u58a8)\u81ea\u5185\u4fa7\u5411\u5916\u5206\u67d3\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u7ea2\u8272\uff0c\u67d3\u53f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u5148\u7528\u82b1\u9752(\u6216\u6de1\u58a8)\u5206\u67d3\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u3000\u8349\u7eff\u3002
\u3000\u3000(\u4e09)\u63a5\u67d3\u753b\u6cd5\uff1a\u8b6c\u5982\u7c89\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u8377\u82b1\u74e3\uff0c\u5c16\u7ea2\uff0c\u6839\u90e8\u7a0d\u5e26\u6de1\u7eff\u8272\uff0c\u53ef\u5148\u7528\u767d\u7684\u7c89\u5e95\u518d\u7528\u6d0b\u7ea2\u7531\u5c16\u5411\u5185\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u7528\u6de1\u7eff\u8272\u7531\u5185\u5411\u5916\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u5728\u6c34\u4efd\u672a\u4e7e\u524d\u63a5\u5408\u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u866b\u8680\u7684\u7834\u53f6\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u7528\u63a5\u67d3\u6cd5\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4e0e\u79bd\u9e1f\u7684\u8d4b\u91c7\u6cd5\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u767d\u63cf\u540e\u4ee5\u6de1\u58a8\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ee5\u989c\u8272\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u5e72\u540e\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u94fa\u8272\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u68b3\u6bdb\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b21\u94fa\u8272\u68b3\u6bdb(\u4e1d\u6bdb)\u662f\u5316\u7fce\u6bdb(\u6216\u755c\u7272)\u6240\u5e38\u7528\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f3a\u8c03\u7fbd\u6bdb\u677e\u8f6f\u800c\u7ec6\u5bc6\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u68b3\u7fbd\u6bdb\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u6de1\u8272\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7528\u6df1\u8272\u68b3\uff0c\u6df1\u8272\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7528\u6de1\u8272\u68b3\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5
\u3000\u3000\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u7528\u58a8\u7ebf\u94a9\u52d2\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee5\u8272\u5f69\u7ed8\u753b\u7269\u50cf\u7684\u753b\u6cd5\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u76f8\u4f20\u4e3a\u5317\u5b8b\u5f90\u5d07\u55e3\u6240\u521b\uff0c\u6b64\u5f8c\u753b\u8005\u6781\u5c11\uff0c\u6e05\u521d\u7684\u607d\u5bff\u5e73\u662f\u590d\u5174\u6b64\u753b\u6cd5\u7684\u5927\u5e08\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u751a\u5927\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u719f\u7eb8\u8f83\u6070\u5f53\uff0c\u56e0\u4e0d\u7528\u58a8\u7ebf\uff0c\u6545\u4ee5\u7559\u767d\u7684\u300c\u6c34\u7ebf\u300d\u6765\u66f2\u5206\u524d\u5f8c\u53f6\u6216\u82b1\u74e3\u4e0e\u82b1\u74e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u4ee5\u767d\u5f53\u9ed1 \u7684\u5473\u9053\u3002\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53ef\u7ec6\u5206\u4e3a\u51e0\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a
\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u8f83\u5de5\u7ec6\u5982\u53cc\u94a9\u867f\u586b\u5f69\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7565\u53bb\u53cc\u94a9\u7684\u58a8\u7ebf\uff0c\u9760\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u5c42\u5c42\u52a0\u67d3\u800c\u6210\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u753b\u6cd5\u7565\u4e3a\u758f\u653e\u7a0d\u5e26\u5199\u610f\u7684\u7b14\u610f\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee5\u8272\u5f69\u70b9\u67d3\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u753b\u6cd5\u662f\u5148\u5de5\u6574\u8272\uff0c\u672a\u4e7e\u524d\u4ee5\u5176\u5b83\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8272\u5f69 \u70b9\u67d3\u5c40\u90e8\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7834\u58a8\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u719f\u7eb8\uff0c\u6545\u4ea7\u751f\u534a\u878d\u5408\u6548\u679c\u6216\u7565\u5e26\u6591\u9a73\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u53d8\u5316\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u6cd5\u3001\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u753b\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u673a\u7686\u5c5e\u65bc\u5de5\u7b14\u753b\u6cd5\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5e94\u6ce8\u610f\u5176\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u4e0e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6e05\u695a\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u753b\u524d\u53ef\u5148\u94a9\u4e00\u5f20\u540c\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u901f\u5199\u7a3f\uff0c\u7f6e\u65bc\u753b\u7eb8\u4e0b\uff0c\u5219\u6784\u56fe\u3001\u5f62\u72b6\u6709\u4e2a\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u80fd\u4e13\u6ce8\u8272\u5f69\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7b14\u7684\u8da3\u5473\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4ee5\u90a3\u4e00\u79cd\u53d1\u65b9\u6cd5\u753b\u82b1\u3001\u53f6\uff0c\u8272 \u5f69\u7686\u8981\u6709\u6d53\u6de1\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u7b14\u6cbe\u6e05\u6c34\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5206\u67d3\u3002\u4ea6\u53ef\u7528\u300c\u5148\u5f8c\u67d3\u300d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ffd\u60c5\u6c42\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u8bbe\u8272\u4e0d\u5b9c\u592a\u6d53 \u3001\u8273\uff0c\u603b\u4ee5\u6de1\u96c5\u4e3a\u5c1a\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u67d3\u5b8c\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u4e7e\u5f8c\u518d\u94a9\u52d2\u53f6\u7b4b\u3001\u4e1d\u82b1\u6216 \u52a0\u753b\u82b1\u854a\uff0c\u589e\u8865\u7ec6\u90e8\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u5199\u610f\u753b\u6cd5
\u3000\u3000\u5199\u610f\u753b\u6cd5\u662f\u6307\u7528\u5355\u7eaf\u800c\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u7b14\u58a8\u6765\u8868\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u610f\u6001 \uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u6c42\u5f62\u4f3c\u6c42\u795e\u4f3c\u7684\u753b\u6cd5\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4f9d\u636e\u753b\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u5510\u671d\u5434\u9053\u5b50\u6240\u753b\u7684\u5609\u9675\u6c5f\u5c71\u6c34\u6216\u738b\u6d3d\u7684\u6cfc\u58a8\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u5177\u6709\u5199\u610f\u7684\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u4f20\u4e16\u7684\u753b\u8ff9\u4e2d\u5317\u5b8b\u82cf\u8f7c\u3001\u6587\u540c\u7684\u58a8\u7af9\uff0c\u91ca\u4ef2\u4ec1\u7684\u58a8\u6885\u5df2\u7ecf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u5165\u5199\u610f\u753b\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u660e\u672b\u7684\u5f90\u6e2d\uff0c\u66f4\u4ee5\u8c6a\u653e\u7b14\u58a8\uff0c\u5728\u5ba3\u7eb8\u4e0a\u753b\u51fa\u6dcb\u75db\u5feb\u7684\u5927\u5199\u610f\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe\u662f\u5f90\u6e2d\u6240\u753b\u7684\u300c\u7261\u4e39\u8549\u77f3\u56fe\u300d\u3002\u516b\u5927\u5c71\u4eba\u3001\u626c\u5dde\u516b\u602a\u53ca\u91d1\u77f3\u753b\u6d3e\u90fd\u7ed9\u5199\u610f\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u5199\u610f\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\u6cd5\u591a\u4ee5\u300c\u70b9\u579b\u300d\u6216\u300c\u70b9\u7c07\u300d\u7684\u6280\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u7ec6\u5206\u6210 \u94a9\u82b1\u70b9\u53f6\u6cd5\u3001\u5c0f\u5199\u610f\u6cd5\u3001\u5927\u5199\u610f\u6cd5\u7b49\u6570\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u753b\u5199\u610f\u9002\u5b9c\u9009\u7528\u751f\u7eb8\uff0c\u53ef\u5355\u72ec\u7528\u58a8\u8272\u6765\u753b\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u7528\u6570\u79cd\u989c\u8272\u6765\u753b\u3002\u7b14\u5185\u5148\u542b\u8c03\u597d\u6de1\u8272\uff0c\u518d\u7901\u6df1\u8272\u65bc\u7b14\u5c16\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u5148\u53ef\u5148\u7901\u6df1\u8272\u518d\u8638\u6e05\u6c34\u6765\u753b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u7b14\u90fd\u8981\u6709\u6df1\u6d45\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u7eb8\u5bb9\u6613\u5316\u5f00\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e7e\u3001\u6e7f\u3001\u6d53\u3001\u6de1\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6548\u679c\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u603b\u4e4b\u5199\u610f\u753b\u6cd5\u867d\u6709\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u610f\u5230\u7b14\u4e0d\u5230\u201d\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7b80\u7565\u6216\u5f62\u8c61\u4e0d\u7cbe\u786e\u90fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8ba1\u8f83\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8981\u5c06\u5199\u610f\u753b\u6cd5\u753b\u5f97\u597d\uff0c\u4ecd\u987b\u5148\u5728 \u5de5\u7b14\u753b\u6cd5\u4e2d\u591a\u4e0b\u5de5\u592b\uff0c\u591a\u89c2\u5bdf\u5199\u751f\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u53d1\u6325\u7b14\u7b80\u800c\u610f\u8db3\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002
;
\u3000\u3000\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff1a\u56fd\u753b\u4e2d\uff0c\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\u6cd5\u6bd4\u8f83\u7ec6\u81f4\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u6559\u7ed9\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u753b\u56fd\u753b\u7684\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\uff0c\u4f20\u6388\u7ed9\u4f60\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\u6cd5\u7684\u8bc0\u7a8d\uff0c\u8bf7\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u8be6\u7ec6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5bf9\u5b66\u56fd\u753b\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf \u5b66\u4e60\u753b\u82b1\u5349\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8981\u591a\u89c2\u8d4f\u53ca\u4e34\u6479\u53e4\u4eca\u540d\u753b\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u5bf9 \u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u89c2\u8d4f\u4e0e\u5199\u751f\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u82b1\u7684\u67af\u8363\u53ca\u971c\u6674\u96e8\u9732\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u6001\uff0c\u5179\u4ece\u82b1\u6735\u53f6\u4e0e\u679d\u5e72\u7b49\u5404\u90e8\u4f4d\u7b80\u8ff0\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u751f\u6001.
\u3000\u3000(\u4e00)\u82b1\u6735\uff1a\u82b1\u6735\u7ecf\u5e38\u662f\u753b\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u82b1\u6735\u5305\u62ec\u82b1 \u74e3\u82b1\u854a\u82b1\u6258\u82b1\u843c\u6897\u7b49\u51e0\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u82b1\u74e3\u6709\u5355\u74e3\u4e0e\u91cd\u74e3(\u590d\u74e3)\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u82b1\u5f62\u6709\u79bb\u74e3\u5408\u74e3\u4e4b\u522b\uff0c\u7261\u4e39\u8537\u8587\u82b1\u7b49\u662f\u79bb\u74e3\u7684\u91cd\u74e3\uff0c\u68a8\u82b1 \u6728\u68c9\u82b1\u7b49\u662f\u79bb\u74e3\u7684\u5355\u74e3\uff0c\u7275\u725b\u82b1\u767e\u5408\u82b1\u7b49\u662f\u5408\u74e3\u7684\u5355\u74e3\uff0c\u5927\u90e8 \u4efd\u7684\u82b1\u5349\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5355\u74e3\u4e0e\u91cd\u74e3\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u54c1\u79cd\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u6843\u82b1\u8299\u84c9\u82b1\u6c34\u4ed9\u6728\u69ff\u6885\u82b1\u7b49\uff0c\u82b1\u854a\u6709\u957f\u77ed\u591a\u5be1\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u96cc\u96c4\u540c\u682a\u7684\u82b1\uff0c\u5927\u854a\u5c0f \u854a\u90fd\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u96cc\u96c4\u5f02\u682a\u8005\u4ec5\u6709\u5c0f\u854a\uff0c\u6216\u4ec5\u6709\u5927\u854a\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u82b1\u854a\u8f83 \u660e\u663e\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8f83\u9690\u5bc6\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u82b1\u843c\u4ea6\u56e0\u82b1\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\u800c\u5f02\uff0c\u5982\u6885\u674f\u6843\u7b49\u4e94\u5c0f\u74e3\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u674e\u68a8\u5782\u4e1d\u6d77\u68e0\u7b49\u4e94\u679a\u5c0f\u74e3\u751f\u957f \u5728\u4e00\u957f\u67c4\u4e0a\uff0c\u73ab\u7470\u6708\u5b63\u7b49\u843c\u5c16\u957f\uff0c\u5c71\u8336\u843c\u50cf\u9c7c\u9cde\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000(\u4e8c)\u53f6\uff1a\u5355\u53f6\u690d\u7269\u4ece\u679d\u6216\u830e\u957f\u53f6\u65f6\uff0c\u53f6\u5e8f\u6709\u5bf9\u751f\u4e92\u751f \u8f6e\u751f\u4e1b\u751f\u7b49\uff0c\u590d\u53f6\u690d\u7269\u6709\u7684\u6210\u7fbd\u72b6\u638c\u72b6\u9e1f\u8db3\u72b6\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u662f\u4e8c\u91cd\u590d\u53f6\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5fc5\u5148\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u751f\u957f\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u624d\u4e0d\u81f4\u5728\u7e41\u6742\u4e2d \u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u53f6\u6709\u53f6\u67c4\u4e0e\u53f6\u8109\uff0c\u5f62\u72b6\u6709\u5c16\u5706\u957f\u77ed\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002
\u3000\u3000(\u4e09)\u830e\u679d\uff1a\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u6728\u672c\u8349\u672c\u85e4\u672c\u8513\u672c\u7b49\uff0c \u6728\u672c\u679d\u5e72\u633a \u786c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u76f8\u5f53\u7c97\u72b6\uff0c\u8349\u672c\u7684\u830e\u5927\u90fd\u8f83\u5ae9\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u53d8\u6210\u53f3\u65cb\u6216\u5de6\u65cb\u7684\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u8fd8\u957f\u6709\u987b\u72b6\u7684\u6500\u7f18\u830e\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u5199\u751f
\u3000\u3000\u5404\u79cd\u82b1\u5349\u5728\u65e9\u6668\u6216\u4e0a\u5348\u6bd4\u8f83\u6e05\u65b0\uff0c\u751f\u6c14\u52c3\u52c3\uff0c\u662f\u5199\u751f\u7684\u597d \u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5199\u751f\u662f\u4e3a\u521b\u4f5c\u6536\u96c6\u7d20\u6750\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5de5\u7b14\u753b\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4f5c\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u63cf\u5199\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u753b\u9762\u4e0a\u9700\u8981\u591a\u6735\u82b1\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5199\u751f\u6536\u96c6\u7d20\u6750\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u6709\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u3001\u53cd\u9762\u7684\u3001\u4fa7\u9762\u7684\u3001\u659c \u9762\u7684\uff1b\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u82b1\u6735\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u88ab\u679d\u53f6\u906e\u4f4f\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u82b1\u6735\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u5c0f\u82b1\u857e\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u6709\u5c06\u7efd\u7684\u5927\u82b1\u857e\u3002\u53f6\u5b50\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6210\u53f6\u5916\u4e5f\u8981 \u6709\u5ae9\u53f6\u53ca\u5ae9\u82bd\uff0c\u5e76\u6ce8\u610f\u9634\u9633\u5411\u80cc\uff0c\u5927\u5c0f\u7a7f\u63d2\u3002\u679d\u5e72\u4e5f\u8981\u6709\u4e3b\u5e72 \u3001\u652f\u5e72\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5728\u753b\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u548c\u758f\u5bc6\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u9488\u5bf9\u76ee\u7684\u5199\u751f\u6536\u96c6\u7d20\u6750\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u867d\u7136\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\u4e0d\u50cf\u5c71\u6c34\u753b\u5e38\u6709\u79fb\u52a8\u89c6\u70b9\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u89c6 \u89d2\u6bd4\u8f83\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u65f6\u53ef\u8fd0\u7528\u79fb\u52a8\u89c6\u70b9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u9009\u53d6\u6700\u7f8e \u89d2\u5ea6\u5199\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u6ce8\u610f\u82b1\u3001\u679d\u3001\u53f6\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u753b\u82b1\u6735\u53ef\u4ece\u82b1\u854a\u82b1\u74e3\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5148\u753b\u6700\u5b8c\u6574\u3001\u6700\u524d\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u74e3\uff0c\u518d\u56db\u5916\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u82b1\u74e3 \u592a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u53ef\u8fdb\u884c\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u5176\u9020\u578b\u7f8e\u3002\u753b\u53f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u9664\u4e86 \u6ce8\u610f\u53f6\u5e8f\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u4ef0\u3001\u5782\u3001\u5411\u80cc\u4e0e\u758f\u5bc6\u3001\u524d\u5f8c\u53f6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u753b\u679d\u5e72\uff0c\u5927\u5e72\u8fd8\u8981\u753b\u51fa\u76ae\u7eb9\uff0c\u5982\u6885\u82b1\u7684\u5927\u5e72\u8981\u82cd \u8001\u3001\u76ae\u7eb9\u8981\u659c\u76b4\uff0c\u5c0f\u5e72\u8981\u633a\u62d4\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u6843\u5e72\u76ae\u8981\u6a2a\u76b4\uff0c\u677e\u5e72\u76ae\u8981 \u9cde\u76b4\uff0c\u7d2b\u8587\u82b1\u5e72\u76ae\u8f83\u5149\u6ed1\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u679d\u5e72\u7279\u70b9\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u5199\u751f\uff0c\u5b9c\u4ece\u6298\u679d\u82b1\u5349\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6298\u53d6\u82b1\u53f6\u6613\u65bc\u5165\u753b\u7684\u4e00 \u679d\uff0c\u63d2\u65bc\u82b1\u74f6\u4e2d\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u82b1\u854a\u88ab\u906e\u76d6\u7684\u4e5f\u53ef\u62e8\u5f00\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7ec6\u90e8\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5bf9\u65bc\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6298\u679d\u719f\u6089\u5f8c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u53d6\u6574\u682a\u82b1\u7684\u4e00\u89d2\u6765\u5c1d\u8bd5 \u6216\u5168\u682a\u82b1\u7684\u5199\u751f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u679d\u53f6\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u987b\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u505a\u5927 \u5e45\u5ea6\u7684\u5220\u51cf\u6216\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\u82b1\u5349\u7684\u5199\u751f\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u753b\u690d\u7269\u7684\u63d2\u56fe\u6216\u8bf4\u660e\u56fe\uff0c\u9700\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u53d6\u820d\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u5f3a\u8c03\u610f\u8da3\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002
\u3000\u3000 \u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf
\u3000\u3000\u79bd\u9e1f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u753b\u4e2d\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u7fce\u6bdb\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u4e3a\u6c34\u79bd\u4e0e\u5c71\u79bd\u4e24 \u5927\u7c7b\uff0c\u4f9d\u5176\u751f\u6d3b\u4e60\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u6d89\u79bd\u3001\u6e38\u79bd\u3001\u731b\u79bd\u3001\u6500\u79bd\u3001\u9e23\u79bd\u3001\u96c9\u79bd\u7b49\u7c7b\uff0c\u5404\u7c7b\u7684\u7279\u5fae\u4e0e\u4e60\u6027\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6d89\u79bd\uff1a\u6816\u65bc\u6d45\u6c34\u4e2d\u6355\u98df\u9c7c\u867e\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5634\u3001\u9888\u3001\u811a\u90fd\u5f88\u957f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u9e64\u3001\u9e73\u3001\u9e6d\u9e36\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6e38\u79bd\uff1a\u559c\u6b22\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u6e38\u6cf3\uff0c\u5634\u6241\u5e73\uff0c\u811a\u77ed\uff0c\u8dbe\u95f4\u6709\u8e7c\uff0c\u591a\u6355\u98df\u9c7c\u867e\u548c\u5c0f\u866b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6d77\u9e25\u3001\u91ce\u9e2d\u3001\u9e33\u9e2f\u3001\u96c1\u3001\u4fe1\u5929\u7fc1 \u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u731b\u79bd\uff1a\u53cc\u7fc5\u5f3a\u800c\u6709\u529b\uff0c\u5634\u5f62\u5982\u52fe\uff0c\u811a\u5937\u5c16\u9510\uff0c\u6027\u60c5\u731b\u608d\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u6355\u98df\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u9e70\u3001\u9e6b\u3001\u9e57\u3001\u96bc\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u56db\uff09\u6500\u79bd\uff1a\u591a\u6570\u4e0a\u5634\u94a9\u5f62\uff0c\u4e0b\u5634\u8f83\u77ed\uff0c\u8db3\u8dbe\u4e8c\u524d\u4e8c\u5f8c\uff0c\u80fd\u7528\u5937\u6500\u6293\u5728\u6811\u5e72\u4e0a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u9e66\u9e49\u3001\u5544\u6728\u9e1f\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u9e23\u79bd\uff1a\u559c\u6b22\u9e23\u53eb\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u5c0f\u9e1f\u591a\u5c5e\u6b64\u7c7b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7ef4\u3001\u83ba\u3001\u753b\u7709\u3001\u4f2f\u52b3\u3001\u9ec4\u9e42\u3001\u516b\u54e5\u7b49\u3002
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u516d\uff09\u96c9\u79bd\uff1a\u5c5e\u65bc\u6816\u5730\u7c7b\u79bd\u9e1f\uff0c\u8eab\u4f53\u8f83\u5927\u6bdb\u8272\u7f8e\u4e3d\uff0c\u5c3e\u957f\uff0c\u5634\u5f62\u4e0e\u9e21\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u591a\u751f\u957f\u65bc\u5c71\u6797\u77ee\u6728\u4e1b\u4e2d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u96c9\u9e21\u3001\u9526\u9e21 \u3001\u957f\u5c3e\u96c9\u3001\u5b54\u96c0\u7b49\u3002\u79bd\u9e1f\u662f\u5375\u751f\uff0c\u6545\u5176\u8eab\u4f53\uff08\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5934 \u3001\u9888\u3001\u811a\u3001\u5c3e\u7b49\u90e8\u4f4d\uff09\u5448\u86cb\u5f62\u3002\u56e0\u751f\u6d3b\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u4e60\u6027\u4e0d\u540c \uff0c\u5176\u5634\u3001\u811a\u7fc5\u53ca\u5c3e\u4e5f\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0e\u7279\u5fae\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6c34\u79bd\uff08\u6d89\u79bd\u3001\u6e38\u79bd\uff09\u5927\u591a\u5634\u957f\u800c\u5c3e\u77ed\uff0c\u5c71\u79bd\uff08\u9e23\u79bd\u3001 \u6500\u79bd\u3001\u96c9\u79bd\uff09\u5927\u591a\u5634\u77ed\u6781\u5c3e\u957f\uff0c\u5634\u52fe\u8005\u98df\u8089\uff0c\u7ec6\u5c16\u8005\u98df \u866b\uff0c\u5634\u957f\u8005\u98df\u718a\u867e\uff0c\u98df\u58f3\u8005\u5634\u7c97\u800c\u539a\uff0c\u6210\u5706\u690e\u5f62\u3002\u80fd\u957f \u9014\u98de\u884c\u7684\u9e1f\u7fc5\u8180\u5927\u90fd\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u4e14\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u6c34\u79bd\u4e2d\u591a\u957f\u9888\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8fc5\u901f\u51fa\u51fb\uff0c\u5544\u5939\u9c7c\u7c7b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u5982\u5934\u5f62\u3001\u773c\u7cbe\u7684\u989c\u8272\u53ca \u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u987b\u628a\u63e1\u5176\u7279\u5fae\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u9e1f\u7c7b\u904d\u4f53\u751f\u957f\u7fbd\u6bdb\uff0c\u7ec6\u5bc6\u7684\u7ef5\u7fbd\u6709\u4fdd\u6e29\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u4e5f\u6709 \u534a\u7ef5\u7fbd\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bb8\u591a\u5f62\u72b6\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5c42\u6b21\u7e41\u591a\u800c\u53e0\u5217\u6210\u4e00\u5927\u7247\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u7fbd\u7247\u5f62\u72b6\u8f83\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5982\u7ffc\u3001\u5c3e\u7684\u7fbd\u6bdb\uff0c\u7686\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684 \u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5e94\u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0d\u540c\u90e8\u4f4d\u7684\u7fbd\u6bdb\u5f62\u72b6\u53ca\u5176\u53e0\u5217\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42 \u719f\u6089\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6b64\u5916\u5c1a\u987b\u660e\u767d\u79bd\u9e1f\u7684\u96cc\u96c4\uff0c\u79bd\u4e0e\u517d\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u90fd\u662f\u96c4\u7684\u8f83\u7f8e \uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u96cc\u96c4\u7684\u7fbd\u6bdb\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u96cc\u9e1f\u603b\u6bd4\u96c4\u9e1f\u7565\u5c0f\uff0c\u9e1f\u7684\u7ffc\u53ca\u5c3e\uff0c\u8d85\u5de6\u6216\u8d85\u53f3\u662f\u96cc\u96c4\u76f8\u53cd\uff1b\u96cc\u9e1f\u7684\u53f3\u7ffc\u53ca\u53f3\u5c3e\u7ffc\u5728\u4e0a\uff0c\u96c4\u9e1f\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u53ca\u5de6\u5c3e\u7fbd\u5728\u4e0a\u3002\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u559c\u3001\u6012\u3001\u54c0\u3001\u60ca\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u7ffc\u3001\u5c3e\u53ca \u59ff\u6001\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002
\u3000 \u3000\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u5199\u751f
\u3000\u3000\u9e1f\u7c7b\u9664\u4e86\u7ed3\u6784\u590d\u6742\u5916\uff0c\u53c8\u6d3b\u6cfc\u5584\u52a8\uff0c\u8981\u4ee5\u771f\u9e1f\u76f4\u63a5\u5199\u751f\uff0c \u5bf9\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0d\u59a8\u5199\u751f\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6807\u672c\u3002\u753b\u6807\u672c\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5404\u89d2\u5ea6\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u91cd\u8981\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u4e5f\u53ef \u6162\u6162\u7684\u6570\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u753b\u5de5\u7b14\u7fce\u6bdb\uff0c\u6807\u672c\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u52a9\u76ca\u9887\u5927\u3002\u7136 \u800c\u753b\u6807\u672c\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\u5bb9\u6613\u753b\u51fa\u52a8\u6001\u751f\u786c\u5446\u677f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f62\u72b6\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5931\u771f\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u6807\u672c\u867d\u4ece\u771f\u9e1f\u5265\u5236\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u7ecf\u4eba\u5de5\u586b\u585e\u68c9\u82b1\u65bc\u4f53\u5185\uff0c \u5bb9\u6613\u53d8\u5f62\uff0c\u9e1f\u7684\u773c\u73e0\u4ea6\u4e0d\u4f9d\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u88c5\u4e0a\u7edf\u4e00 \u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u66ff\u54c1\u3002\u5f20\u5f00\u7684\u7ffc\u53ca\u811a\u90fd\u5bb6\u94c1\u4e1d\u652f\u6491\u91cd\u91cf\u5e76\u7ef4\u6301\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u56e0\u4e3a\u5236\u4f5c\u8005\u758f\u65bc\u89c2\u5bdf\u53ca\u6280\u5de7\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u5173\u8282\u53d8\u5316\u5931\u771f\uff0c\u751f\u786c \u633a\u76f4\uff0c\u6216\u91cd\u5fc3\u4e0d\u7a33\uff0c\u7fbd\u6bdb\u51cc\u4e71\u7b49\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6781\u53ef\u80fd \u53d1\u751f\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u6bd4\u8f83\u9e1f\u7c7b\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u7c4d\u56fe\u7247\uff0c\u6216\u524d\u5f80\u9e1f\u5e97\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u56ed\u751a\u81f3\u91ce\u5916\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u85c9\u7167\u76f8\u673a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u51dd\u56fa\u77ac\u95f4\u7684\u52a8 \u4f5c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5199\u751f\u7684\u8f85\u52a9\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\u3002
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\u3000\u3000\u7b3c\u4e2d\u9e1f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0e\u5728\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u7684\u79e6\u9e1f\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u540c \u5728\u76d1\u72f1\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u548c\u5916\u9762\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u8868\u60c5\u52a8\u4f5c\u6709\u522b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u73b0\u300e\u597d\u9e1f\u679d\u5934\u4ea6\u670b\u53cb\u300f\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u60c5\u8da3\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u9e1f\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u6816 \u606f\u4e4b\u6001\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u5230\u5c71\u6797\u91ce\u5916\u505a\u5b9e\u5730\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u8d4f\u9e1f\u66f4\u4f73 \u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u9e1f\u7684\u4e60\u6027\u4e0e\u59ff\u6001\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u5982\u71d5\u5b50\u4e0e\u9e3d\u5b50\u662f\u4e0d\u7ad9\u5728\u6811\u679d\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u9e64\u4e0e\u9e6d\u9e36\u662f\u62f3\u4e00\u8db3\u800c\u7761\uff0c\u4e4c\u9e26\u4e0e\u559c\u9e4a\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u7edd\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c \u82e5\u4e0d\u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5f20\u51a0\u674e\u6234\uff0c\u65e7\u90e8\u5408\u4e4e\u7269\u6001\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u4e0e\u7269\u60c5\u3002\u6b64\u5916 \u9e1f\u7c7b\u6816\u5bbf\u6216\u975e\u7fd4\u65f6\uff0c\u5934\u5fc5\u8fce\u98ce\u3001\u5982\u80cc\u8457\u98ce\u3001\u7fbd\u6bdb\u5fc5\u5b9a\u6380\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u901f\u5199\u65f6\u53ef\u5148\u753b\u51fa\u9e1f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u4f53\uff08\u86cb\u578b\uff09\u5728\u6839\u636e\u5934\u90e8\u7684\u52a8\u6001 \uff08\u5982\u4f38\u5934\u3001\u7f29\u9888\u3001\u626d\u8f6c\u7b49\uff09\u6dfb\u52a0\u5934\u90e8\uff08\u5934\u90e8\u5927\u81f4\u4e5f\u6210\u86cb\u5f62\uff09\uff0c\u518d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7fc5\u3001\u5c3e\u4e0e\u8db3\u90e8\u3002\u722a\u5728\u5e73\u5730\u65f6\u9700\u8e0f\u7684\u7a33\uff0c\u5728\u679d\u4e0a\u9700\u6293\u7684\u7d27 \u3002\u975e\u7fd4\u5b9e\u7f29\u9888\u5219\u5c55\u8db3\uff0c\u7f29\u8db3\u5219\u5c55\u9888\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e24\u8005\u540c\u65f6\u4f38\u5c55\u3002\u6700\u91cd \u8981\u5f97\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u8981\u6709\u91cd\u5fc3\uff0c\u578b\u6001\u529b\u6c42\u751f\u52a8\u6d3b\u6cfc\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u751f\u547d\u529b\u3002
\u3000 \u3000\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u6cd5
\u3000\u3000\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u6cd5\u662f\u6307\u4ee5\u58a8\u7ebf\u63cf\u7ed8\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u4e0d\u8457\u989c\u8272\u7684\u753b\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u7269 \u3001\u755c\u517d\u753b\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u6709\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u4e24\u5e45\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6218\u56fd\u695a\u5893\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u5e1b\u753b\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u767d\u63cf\u6cd5\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u300c\u767d\u753b\u300d\uff0c\u5317\u5b8b\u7684\u674e \u516c\u9e9f\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u753b\u6cd5\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4eba\u7269\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u6cd5\u4ee5\u7ebf\u6761\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u6e32\u67d3\u6de1\u58a8\u3002\u753b\u7ebf\u6761\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u7b14 \u58a8\u7ed3\u5408\u5f62\u76f8\u7684\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u7b14\u6cd5\u7684\u8f6c\u6298\u987f\u632b\uff0c\u7ebf\u6761\u7684\u7c97\u7ec6\u6d53\u6de1\uff0c\u7686\u8981\u4ee5\u6240\u8868\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8d28\u611f\u6216\u7279\u8272\u4e3a\u4f9d\u5f52\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u4ee5\u8f83\u7ec6\u8f83\u6de1\u7684\u7ebf\u6761\u753b \u82b1\u74e3\u5bb9\u6613\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5176\u5a07\u5ae9\u67d4\u8f6f\uff1b\u4ee5\u8f83\u7a0d\u7c97\u7a0d\u6d53\u7684\u7ebf\u6761\u753b\u53f6\u4e0e\u679d\u6897 \uff0c\u8f83\u6613\u8868\u73b0\u5176\u786c\u800c\u539a\u7684\u8d28\u611f\uff1b\u4ee5\u7565\u4e7e\u4e14\u4e0b\u7b14\u3001\u6536\u7b14\u7686\u865a\u7684\u7ec6\u7ebf\u6761\u753b\u79bd\u9e1f\u7684\u7fbd\u6bdb\uff0c\u8f83\u6613\u8868\u73b0\u7fbd\u6bdb\u84ec\u677e\u800c\u67d4\u8f6f\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u56fd\u753b\u662f\u7ebf\u6761\u7684\u96c4\u8fa9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ebf\u6761\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u662f\u4e00 \u5e45\u753b\u6210\u8d25\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u952e\u3002\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u8fd0\u7b14\u5b9c\u4ee5\u4e2d\u950b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u7528\u7b14\u7684\u538b\u5ea6\u548c\u901f\u5ea6\u8981\u5747\u5300\uff0c\u94a9\u51fa\u7684\u7b14\u7ebf\u8981\u6709\u300c\u5916\u67d4\u5185\u521a\u300d\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u529b\u91cf\u8981 \u6db5\u84c4\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u663e\u9732\u65bc\u5916\uff1b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6db5\u84c4\u7684\u7b14\u58a8\uff0c\u4e0d\u8010\u4e45\u770b\u3002\u950b\u8292 \u8fc7\u591a\u3001\u529b\u91cf\u5916\u9732\u90fd\u5bb9\u6613\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u9738\u608d\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5c1a\u53ef\u51cf\u4f4e\u67d0\u4e9b\u82b1\u5349\u3001\u79bd\u9e1f\u7684\u7f8e\u611f\uff0c\u6545\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u7684\u7ebf\u6761\u8981\u300c\u5bd3\u521a\u5efa\u65bc\u5a40\u5a1c\u4e2d\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6b64\u5916\u8fd0\u7b14\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5b9c\u592a\u5feb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b9c\u5446\u6ede\uff0c\u52a1\u5fc5\u8981\u6709\u300c\u65e0\u5f80 \u4e0d\u56de\u300d\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u8155\u529b\u6c14\u529b\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u9001\u5230\u5934\uff0c\u6b62\u7b14\u5411\u4e0a\u63d0\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f7b\u7387\u6f66\u8349\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u5728\u82b1\u5349\u767d\u63cf\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e \u5434\u5b66\u8ba9\u6559\u6388\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u793a\u8303\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7ebf\u6761\uff0c\u4e00\u4e3a\u8d77\u7b14\u505c\u7b14\uff08\u4e00\u5b57\u63cf\uff09\uff0c\u9002\u65bc\u753b\u53f6\u6897\u3001 \u7af9\u5e72\u7b49\u3002\u4e8c\u4e3a\u9489\u5934\u9f20\u5c3e\u63cf\uff0c\u9002\u65bc\u753b\u53f6\u7b4b\u3001\u53f6\u7247\u7b49\u3002\u4e09\u4e3a\u8fde\u7eed\u5f27 \u7ebf\u63cf\uff0c\u9002\u65bc\u753b\u82b1\u74e3\u3002\u4e0b\u56fe\u662f\u79bd\u9e1f\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u753b\u6cd5\u793a\u8303\uff0c\u753b\u9e1f\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u5148\u753b\u5634\u7684\u5f53\u4e2d\u4e00\u957f\u7b14\uff0c\u518d\u753b\u4e0a\u989a\u548c\u4e0b\u989a\u5404\u4e00\u7b14\uff0c\u518d\u4f9d\u6b21\u753b\u773c \u5708\u3001\u70b9\u773c\u3001\u5934\u989d\u3001\u80cc\u3001\u7ffc\u3001\u80f8\u3001\u8179\u3001\u817f\u3001\u722a\u3001\u8865\u5c3e\u3002\u753b\u7ec6\u6bdb\u7684 \u7ebf\u6761\u843d\u7b14\u4e0e\u6536\u7b14\u8f83\u8f7b\uff0c\u4e2d\u6bb5\u7565\u7c97\uff0c\u82e5\u843d\u7b14\u592a\u91cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u6613\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7fbd\u6bdb\u7684\u8d28\u611f\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u753b\u6cd5
\u3000\u3000\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u753b\u6cd5\u662f\u7528\u7ebf\u6761\u94a9\u63cf\u7269\u8c61\u5f8c\u5728\u586b\u8272\u7684\u753b\u6cd5\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u94a9 \u52d2\u586b\u5f69\u6cd5\u6216\u53cc\u94a9\u8bbe\u8272\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u767d\u63cf\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u67d3\u8272\u5f69\u800c\u6210\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u751a\u65e9\uff0c\u9a6c\u738b\u5806\u897f\u6c49\u5893\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u5e1b\u753b\uff0c\u5df2\u89c1\u6b64\u79cd\u753b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e94\u4ee3\u753b\u5bb6\u9ec4\u7b4c\u662f\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u6cd5\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u753b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u7ebf\u6761\u7ea4\u7ec6\uff0c\u8d4b\u8272\u8273\u4e3d \uff0c\u662f\u5317\u5b8b\u9662\u753b\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u6c5f\u5357\u7684\u5f90\u7199\uff0c\u4e5f\u7528\u53cc\u94a9\u586b \u5f69\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u98ce\u683c\u91ce\u9038\uff0c\u8f83\u6ce8\u91cd\u7ebf\u6761\u7684\u8da3\u5473\u53ca\u58a8\u97f5\uff0c\u5f8c\u4e16\u7684\u82b1\u9e1f\u753b\u5bb6 \uff0c\u7528\u7b14\u591a\u53d6\u6cd5\u5f90\u7199\uff0c\u7528\u8272\u53d6\u6cd5\u9ec4\u7b4c\uff0c\u5e76\u517c\u53d6\u4e24\u5bb6\u7684\u795e\u4f3c\u9038 \u97f5\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u753b\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u6cd5\u5e94\u9009\u62e9\u719f\u7eb8 \uff08\u7eb8\uff09 \u6216\u7ee2\uff0c\u5148\u7528\u58a8\u7ebf\u53cc\u94a9\u767d \u63cf\u5f8c\uff0c\u51c6\u5907\u4e24\u53ea\u7f8a\u6beb\u7b14\u4f5c\u6e32\u67d3\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u8638\u8272\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u6cbe\u6e05\u6c34\uff0c\u8981\u5148\u7ec3\u4e60\u4e00\u624b\u6267\u4e24\u53ea\u7b14\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u7075\u6d3b\u4ea4\u6362\u3002\u8bbe\u8272\u65f6\u989c\u8272\u8981\u6de1\uff0c\u5e94\u591a\u67d3 \u51e0\u6b21\uff0c\u5c06\u82b1\u3001\u53f6\u5185\u4fa7\uff08 \u6216\u4e2d\u592e \uff09\u7684'\u989c\u8272\u4ee5\u6e05\u6c34\u7b14\u63a8\u67d3\u81f3\u8fb9\u7f18 \uff0c\u6e05\u6c34\u7b14\u5185\u7684\u542b\u6c34\u91cf\u8981\u9002\u5f53\uff0c\u6c34\u592a\u591a\u4f1a\u7559\u6709\u75d5\u8ff9\uff0c\u592a\u4e7e\u5219\u6e32\u67d3\u4e0d\u5f00\u3002\u6e32\u67d3\u5b8c\u5f8c\uff0c\u5982\u539f\u6765\u7684\u58a8\u7ebf\u5df2\u7ecf\u6a21\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u91cd\u8272\u5728\u91cd \u94a9\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u94a9\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u52d2\u300d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ece\u753b\u7eb8\u80cc\u5f8c\u6258\u67d3\uff0c\u4f7f\u753b\u9762\u7684\u82b1\u53f6\u989c\u8272\u66f4\u52a0\u6d53\u539a\u3001\u5747\u5300\u3002\u82b1\u5349\u6e32\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u4e09\uff1a
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5148\u5f8c\u67d3\uff1a\u5148\u5c06\u82b1\u6735\u7684\u989c\u8272\u6700\u6de1\u7684\u989c\u8272\u5e95\uff08\u65e2\u5e73\u6d82\u6253\u5e95\uff09\u518d\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u989c\u8272\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u767d\u8272\u3001\u7c89\u7ea2\u8272\u3001\u6d45\u9ec4\u8272\u7684\u53ef\u82b1\u5148\u7528\u767d \u7c89\u5e95\uff0c\u5728\u7528\u6d45\u7eff\u3001\u6d0b\u7ea2\u3001\u85e4\u9ec4\u7b49\u8272\u5206\u67d3\u3002 \u53f6\u5b50\u53ef\u5148\u7528\u8349\u7eff\u5e95\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u82b1\u9752\u5206\u67d3\u3002
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5148\u67d3\u5f8c \uff1a\u7d2b\u7ea2\u8272\u6216\u6df1\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u82b1\u5349\uff0c\u53ef\u5148\u7528\u82b1\u9752\uff08\u6216\u6de1\u58a8\uff09\u81ea\u5185\u4fa7\u5411\u5916\u5206\u67d3\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u7ea2\u8272\uff0c\u67d3\u53f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u5148\u7528\u82b1\u9752\uff08\u6216\u6de1\u58a8\uff09\u5206\u67d3\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d \u8349\u7eff\u3002
\u3000\u3000\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u63a5\u67d3\u753b\u6cd5\uff1a\u8b6c\u5982\u7c89\u7ea2\u8272\u7684\u8377\u82b1\u74e3\uff0c\u5c16\u7ea2\uff0c\u6839\u90e8\u7a0d\u5e26\u6de1\u7eff\u8272\uff0c\u53ef\u5148\u7528\u767d \u7c89 \u5e95\u518d\u7528\u6d0b\u7ea2\u7531\u5c16\u5411\u5185\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u5e76\u7acb\u5373\u7528 \u6de1\u7eff\u8272\u7531\u5185\u5411\u5916\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u5728\u6c34\u4efd\u672a\u4e7e\u524d\u63a5\u5408\u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u866b\u8680\u7684\u7834\u53f6\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u7528\u63a5\u67d3\u6cd5\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u65bc\u79bd\u9e1f\u7684\u8d4b\u91c7\u6cd5\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e0b\u56fe\u4e3a\u5434\u5b66\u8ba9\u6559\u6388\u7684\u793a\u8303\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u767d\u63cf\u5f8c\u4ee5\u6de1\u58a8\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u4ee5\u989c\u8272\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5206\u67d3\uff0c\u4e7e\u5f8c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u94fa\u8272\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u68b3\u6bdb\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b21\u94fa\u8272 \u68b3\u6bdb\uff08\u4e1d\u6bdb\uff09\u662f\u5316\u7fce\u6bdb\uff08\u6216\u755c\u7272\uff09\u6240\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f3a\u8c03\u7fbd\u6bdb\u677e\u8f6f\u800c\u7ec6\u5bc6\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c
\u3000 \u3000\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5
\u3000\u3000\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u7528\u58a8\u7ebf\u94a9\u52d2\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee5\u8272\u5f69\u7ed8\u753b\u7269\u50cf\u7684\u753b\u6cd5\u3002 \u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u76f8\u4f20\u4e3a\u5317\u5b8b\u5f90\u5d07\u55e3\u6240\u521b\uff0c\u6b64\u5f8c\u753b\u8005\u6781\u5c11\uff0c\u6e05\u521d\u7684\u607d\u5bff\u5e73\u662f\u590d\u5174\u6b64\u753b\u6cd5\u7684\u5927\u5e08\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u751a\u5927\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u719f\u7eb8\u8f83\u6070\u5f53\uff0c\u56e0\u4e0d\u7528\u58a8\u7ebf\uff0c\u6545\u4ee5\u7559\u767d\u7684 \u300c\u6c34\u7ebf\u300d\u6765\u66f2\u5206\u524d\u5f8c\u53f6\u6216\u82b1\u74e3\u4e0e\u82b1\u74e3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u4ee5\u767d\u5f53\u9ed1\u7684\u5473\u9053\u3002\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53ef\u7ec6\u5206\u4e3a\u51e0\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a
\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u8f83\u5de5\u7ec6\u5982 \u53cc\u94a9\u867f\u586b\u5f69\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7565\u53bb\u53cc\u94a9\u7684\u58a8\u7ebf\uff0c\u9760\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u5c42\u5c42\u52a0\u67d3\u800c\u6210\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u753b\u6cd5\u7565\u4e3a\u758f\u653e\u7a0d\u5e26\u5199\u610f\u7684\u7b14\u610f\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee5\u8272\u5f69\u70b9\u67d3\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u753b\u6cd5\u662f\u5148\u5de5\u6574\u8272\uff0c\u672a\u4e7e\u524d\u4ee5\u5176\u5b83\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u70b9\u67d3\u5c40\u90e8\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7834\u58a8\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u719f\u7eb8\uff0c\u6545\u4ea7\u751f\u534a\u878d\u5408\u6548\u679c\u6216\u7565\u5e26\u6591\u9a73\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u53d8\u5316\u3002
\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u767d\u63cf\u753b\u6cd5\u3001\u53cc\u94a9\u586b\u5f69\u753b\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6ca1\u9aa8\u753b\u6cd5\u673a\u7686\u5c5e\u65bc\u5de5\u7b14\u753b\u6cd5\u7684\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5e94\u6ce8\u610f\u5176\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u4e0e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u753b\u524d\u53ef\u5148\u94a9\u4e00\u5f20\u540c\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u901f\u5199\u7a3f\uff0c\u7f6e\u65bc\u753b\u7eb8\u4e0b\uff0c\u5219\u6784\u56fe\u3001\u5f62\u72b6\u6709\u4e2a\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c \u80fd\u4e13\u6ce8\u8272\u5f69\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7b14\u7684\u8da3\u5473\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4ee5\u90a3\u4e00\u79cd\u53d1\u65b9\u6cd5\u753b\u82b1\u3001\u53f6\uff0c\u8272 \u5f69\u7686\u8981\u6709\u6d53\u6de1\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u7b14\u6cbe\u6e05\u6c34\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5206\u67d3\u3002\u4ea6\u53ef\u7528\u300c\u5148\u5f8c\u67d3\u300d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ffd\u60c5\u6c42\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u8bbe\u8272\u4e0d\u5b9c\u592a\u6d53\u8273\uff0c\u603b\u4ee5\u6de1\u96c5\u4e3a\u5c1a\u3002\u67d3\u5b8c\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u4e7e\u5f8c\u518d\u94a9\u52d2\u53f6\u7b4b\u3001\u4e1d\u82b1\u6216 \u52a0\u753b\u82b1\u854a\uff0c\u589e\u8865\u7ec6\u90e8\u3002
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初学者要想学好花鸟画，首先要了解花鸟画的笔法和风格。花鸟画是国画的一大分类，对笔墨调配要的求很高，没水的调配不能过浓，也不能过淡，以防晕染。下面是初学者花鸟画入门的简单方法：
一.鸟的画法：
1.了解鸟类的飞行姿态，在了解鸟类飞行姿态的基础上再学习绘画勾勒，这样会达到异曲同工的效果。
2.鸟类主要分为飞行和站立的鸟，飞行的鸟类可以用赭石色大致画出鸟儿的躯干，之后用炭赭色画出腹部，根据身体姿态画。最后，用浓墨画出尾羽和鸟儿的嘴、眼睛、雀斑与爪子。站立的鸟儿注意正面和背面的区别，正面可以用赭石色画出腹部，再慢慢勾勒细节；而背面则不需要用太多墨水，只需要用淡赭石晕染，再用浓墨点出细节即可完成。
二.花的画法：
1.选择好与画风匹配的花朵颜色，调匀从深色处分染，可以用曙红＋朱磦，从花芯中间选一片花瓣开始慢慢往外画。
2.用呔白在花瓣后面倒着分染,后用花青+藤黄+墨，把颜色调成浓淡不一的样子画出叶子，尽量将叶子留在水平线，这样看起来画面会多点细节。
3.最后用花青藤黄+墨，调深一点的颜色勾叶脉，即可画出立体的花朵。
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