八年级语文下册通假字！ 人教版初二语文上下册的所有文言文 通假字 和 词类活用
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27 \u9189\u7fc1\u4ead\u8bb0
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20、邹忌讽齐王纳谏《战国策》
邹忌修八尺有余,而形貌昳丽。朝服衣冠,窥镜,谓其妻曰:“我孰与城北徐公美?”其妻曰:“君美甚,徐公何能及君也?”城北徐公,齐国之美丽者也。忌不自信,而复问其妾曰:“吾孰与徐公美?”妾曰:“徐公何能及君也?”旦曰,客从外来,与坐谈,问之:“吾与徐公孰美?”客曰:“徐公不若君之美也。”明日,徐公来,孰视之,自以为不如;窥镜而自视,又弗如远甚。暮寝而思之,曰:“吾妻之美我者,私我也;妾之美我者,畏我也;客之美我者,欲有求于我也。”
于是入朝见威王,曰:“臣诚知不如徐公美。臣之妻私臣,臣之妾畏臣,臣之客欲有求于臣,皆以美于徐公。今齐地方千里,百二十城,宫妇左右莫不私王,朝廷之臣莫不畏王,四境之内莫不有求于王:由此观之,王之蔽甚矣。”
王曰:“善。”乃下令:“群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者,受上赏;上书谏寡人者,受中赏;能谤讥于市朝,闻寡人之耳者,受下赏。”令初下,群臣进谏,门庭若市;数月之后,时时而间进;期年之后,虽欲言,无可进者。
燕、赵、韩、魏闻之,皆朝于齐。此所谓战胜于朝廷。
21、细柳营(司马迁)
冬,匈奴三万骑入上郡,三万骑入云中,所杀掠甚众。峰火通于甘泉、长安。以中大夫令免为车骑将军屯飞狐,故楚相苏意为将军屯句注,将军张武屯北地,河内太守周亚夫为将军次细柳,宗正刘礼为将军次霸上,祝兹侯徐厉为将军次棘门,以备胡。
上自劳军,至霸上及棘门军,直驰入,将以下骑送迎。已而之细柳军,军士吏披甲,锐兵刃,彀弓驽持满。天子先驱至,不得入,先驱曰:“天子且至。”军门都尉曰:“将军令曰:‘军中闻将军令,不闻天子之诏’。”居无何,上至,又不得入。于是上乃使使,持节诏将军:“吾欲入营劳军。”亚夫乃传言:“开壁门。”壁门士请车骑曰:“将军约:军中不得驰驱。”于是天子乃按辔徐行。至营,将军亚夫持兵揖曰:“介胄之士不拜,请以军礼见。”天子为动,改容式车,使人称谢:“皇帝敬劳将军。”成礼而去。既出军门,群臣皆惊。上曰:“嗟乎,此真将军矣!昔者霸上,棘门军若儿戏耳,其将固可袭而虏也。至于亚夫,可得而犯耶!”称善者久之。月余,汉兵至边,匈奴亦远塞,汉兵亦罢。乃拜周亚夫为中尉。
22、* 古文二则(司马光) 孙权劝学
祖逖北伐
23、* 公输《墨子》
采薇(昔我往矣)《诗经
十五从军征《乐府诗集》
送别(无名氏)
清平乐?村居(辛弃疾)
朝天子?咏喇叭(王磐)
第七单元
25、桃花源记(陶渊明)
一、 文章内容
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业。缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。
林尽水源,便得一山 ,山有小口,仿佛若有光。便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数百步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然,有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髫并怡然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语云:“不足为外人道也。”
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路。
南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往。未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
二、文学常识
1、作者:陶渊明,朝代:晋宋诗人,散文家。本文选自《陶渊明集》。还学过他的文章有
《归园田居》(其三)《饮酒》等
三、语音
四、通假字
1、便要还家 要通“邀”,邀请。
五、古今异义词
1、阡陌交通 交通,交错相通。
2、无论魏晋 无论:不要说,要不必说。
3、率妻子邑人来此绝境 妻子:妻子和儿女。
绝境:与世隔绝之地
4、芳草鲜美 鲜美:鲜艳美丽
六、词类活用
七、一词多义
1、志
(1)处之志之 (作标记)
(2)寻向所志 (标记,)
八、重点词语解释
1、欲穷其林 穷:穷尽
2、具答之 具:详尽
3、悉如外人 悉:全部、完全。
4、咸来问讯 咸,都
5、黄发(老人)垂髫(小孩),
6、并怡然自乐 并:都。
九、特殊句式
十、朗读节奏
十一、理解性默写
1、本文中描绘桃花林中草美花繁(桃花林奇异景象)的语句是芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。
2、本文中是什么吸引渔人"欲穷其林"的?忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷,
3、本文中描写了桃花源美好的自然环境的句子 :土地平旷,屋舍俨然,有良田美池桑竹之属。
4、本文中描写了桃花源社会环境的安宁的句子: 阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻,其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人。黄发垂髻。并怡然自乐。
5、本文中描写了桃花源人民安居乐业、和平幸福的境况(或:描写老人和小孩神情)的句子黄发垂髻。并怡然自乐。
6、本文最能体现桃花源人热情好客、民风淳朴的句子有:a.便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村 中闻有此人,咸来问讯。b.余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。
7、本文"此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。"桃花源人为何叹惋不已?问今何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。
8、交代桃源人来历的句子:自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉。
十二、重点语句翻译
十三、课文内容理解
1、线索:渔人(武陵人),进出桃花源的行踪为线索。发现——访问——离开——再寻,贯穿起来。
2、顺序:时间先后
3、本文中第三段描写了桃花源人社会风尚的哪两个方面?(简答):生活幸福;民风淳朴。
4、本文的哪两件事能说明桃花源是虚构的理想社会?寻向所志,遂迷,不复得路;未果,寻病终。
5、从文章那些地方知道内容是虚构的:从“桃源世界”,结果“不复得路”,而后“无人问津”可知。
6、虚构目的:描绘无剥削,压迫,自食其力,自给自足,和平宁静,人人自得其乐的社会,同当时的黑暗社会形成鲜明对照,表达了作者和广大劳动人民对美好生活的向往和对理想社会的追求。
7、作品意义:尽管这种理想不可能实现,但它体现了人们的追求和向往,也反映出人们对现实的不满与反抗。
8、 为什么“此中人语云:‘不足为外人道也’”?
*设下悬念,使故事更加离奇
9、“桃花源”是作者虚构的理想世界,既然是不存在的,作者为什么还要写它呢?
*为了寄托自己的政治理想,反映广大人民的意愿。或:为了寄托美好理想,追求自由生活
10、渔人离开桃源后,还写太守与刘子骥先后探访未果的情形的作用是什么?
*① 增添神秘色彩。②暗示这是一个虚构的无法实现的理想世界
十四、开放性试题
1、成语:(1)世外桃源:与世隔绝,没有战乱,人人安居乐业的理想社会。后用此成语指虚构的超脱现实的安乐美好的地方。
(2)豁然开朗:豁然,开阔明亮的样子。形容有狭窄阴暗突然变为开阔敞亮。也比喻心理突然悟出道理而 感觉明朗。
(3)无人问津;津:渡口。没有人来问渡口。后用此成语比喻没有人过问受到冷遇。
(4)落英缤纷;落英:落花。缤纷:繁多凌乱的样子。鲜花纷纷飘落,形容春天美好的景色。也指花儿凋谢的暮春天气。
26、岳阳楼记(范仲淹)
<<岳阳楼记>>
范仲淹
庆历四年春,滕子京谪守巴陵郡。越明年,政通人和,百废俱兴,乃重修岳阳楼, 增其旧制,刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上,属予作文以记之。
予观夫巴陵胜状,在洞庭一湖。衔远山,吞长江,浩浩汤汤,横无际涯;朝晖夕阴,气象万千;此则岳阳楼之大观也,前人之述备矣。然则北通巫峡,南极潇湘,迁客骚人,多会于此,览物之情,得无异乎?
若夫霪雨霏霏,连月不开;阴风怒号,浊浪排空;日星隐耀,山岳潜形;商旅不行,樯倾楫摧;薄暮冥冥,虎啸猿啼;登斯楼也,则有去国怀乡,忧谗畏讥,满目萧然,感极而悲者矣。
至若春和景明,波澜不惊,上下天光,一碧万顷;沙鸥翔集,锦鳞游泳,岸芷汀兰,郁郁青青。而或长烟一空,皓月千里,浮光跃金,静影沉璧,渔歌互答,此乐何极!登斯楼也,则有心旷神怡,宠辱皆忘,把酒临风,其喜洋洋者矣。
嗟夫!予尝求古仁人之心,或异二者之为,何哉?不以物喜,不以己悲,居庙堂之高,则忧其民;处江湖之远,则忧其君。是进亦忧,退亦忧;然则何时而乐耶?其必曰:先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐欤!噫!微斯人,吾谁与归!
27、* 醉翁亭记(欧阳修)
28、* 湖心亭看雪(张岱)
长歌行(青青园中葵)《乐府诗集》
望洞庭湖赠张丞相(孟浩然)
山居秋瞑(王维
渔家傲(天接云涛连晓雾)(李清照)
长相思(山一程,水一程)(纳兰性德)
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