南非的历史文化、背景、及国家特色、习俗的英文版介绍 中国历史朝代简介（英文版）
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history\uff0c\u82f1 [ˈhɪstri]\uff0c\u7f8e [ˈhɪstəri]\uff0c\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\uff08\u6307\u8fc7\u53bb\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u60c5\uff09 \uff1b\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\uff1b\u5c65\u5386\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\uff1b\uff08\u67d0\u5730\u7684\uff09\u6cbf\u9769\uff0c \uff08\u6709\u5173\u67d0\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\u3001\u4e3b\u9898\u7b49\u7684\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\uff0c\u5386\u53f2 \uff1b\u590d\u6570\u4e3a\u4e0d\u89c4\u5219\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1ahistories\u3002
\u4f8b\u53e51\uff0cShe's studying art history .\u5979\u6b63\u5728\u7814\u8bfb\u827a\u672f\u53f2\u3002
\u4f8b\u53e52\uff0cHis novels are a rich synthesis of Balkan history and mythology. \u4ed6\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u795e\u8bdd\u6545\u4e8b\u3002
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1\uff0cbe history\uff0c\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b8c\u86cb\uff1b\u5df2\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86\uff1b\u4e0d\u518d\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u6210\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2 \u3002
\u4f8b\u53e5\uff0cThat's past history now. \u90a3\u662f\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4e8b\u4e86\u3002
2\uff0cthe history books\uff0c\u6307\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u91cd\u5927\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\u3002
\u4f8b\u53e5\uff0cShe has earned her place in the history books. \u5979\u540d\u5782\u9752\u53f2\u3002
3\uff0cmake history\uff0cgo down in history\uff0c\u6307\u8f7d\u5165\u53f2\u518c\uff1b\u9752\u53f2\u7559\u540d\uff1b\u521b\u9020\u5386\u53f2\u3002
\u4f8b\u53e5\uff0cIt's a discovery that made medical history. \u8fd9\u662f\u8f7d\u5165\u533b\u5b66\u53f2\u518c\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u3002
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history\u7684\u8fd1\u4e49\u8bcd\uff1a
1\uff0cannals\uff0c\u82f1 [ˈænlz]\uff0c\u7f8e [ˈænəlz]\uff0c\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u7f16\u5e74\u53f2\uff1b\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1b\uff08\u5b66\u4f1a\u7b49\u7684\uff09\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e74\u62a5\u3002\u590d\u6570\u4e3aannals\u3002
\u4f8b\u53e51\uff0cHe has become a legend in the annals of military history. \u4ed6\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f20\u5947\u3002
\u4f8b\u53e52\uff0cThe annals of the British Parliament are recorded in publication called hansard. \u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e8e\u4e00\u4efd\u79f0\u4e3a\u300a\u8bae\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e8b\u5f55\u300b\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e2d\u3002
2\uff0cpast records\uff0c\u82f1 [p\u0251:st\uff0crɪ'kɔ:ds] \u7f8e [pæst\uff0crɪ'kɔ:ds] \uff0cpast\u4e3a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\uff1b\u4ee5\u524d\u7684 \uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u540d\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u7ecf\u5386\uff1b\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e4b\u4e8b \uff0c\u5f80\u6614\u3002records\u8868\u793a\u7ecf\u5386;\uff08\u6709\u5173\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\uff09\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002
\u4f8b\u53e51\uff0cBy checking over past records you see how accurate this works out. \u68c0\u7d22\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u4f55\u7b49\u7cbe\u786e\u3002
\u4f8b\u53e52\uff0cThroughout the past records and overall situation, the alienation of science and technology has close relationship with each countries 'pursuit the goal of modernization. \u7eb5\u89c2\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u5168\u5c40\uff0c\u79d1\u6280\u5f02\u5316\u4e0e\u5404\u56fd\u8ffd\u6c42\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5b9e\u73b0\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u3002
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1\u3001Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC) was the first unified dynasty in the history of China developed by the Qin State in the Warring States Period.
The ancestors of the Qin Dynasty were descendants of Huangdi's Sun Juan-xuan, and Shun gave him his surname. In the time of Emperor Qin Mugong, Ren Xian was an envoy.
he was modest in admonishing, he destroyed the country twelve times, opened the ground thousands of miles, and his national strength was growing. In the first 361 years,.
the Emperor Xiaogong of Qin succeeded to the throne and made use of Shang Yang's two reforms, which made the economy of the Qin State develop.
and the army's fighting capacity continue to strengthen and become the richest and strongest vassal state in the later Warring States Period.
The Qin government successively destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, and accomplished the great cause of reunification. In 221 years ago.
the government of Qin Kingdom was called emperor, and the history of Qin Shihuang was called emperor.
The Qin Dynasty set up three princes and Nine Emperors in the central government to manage state affairs; abolished the feudal system at the local level.
replaced by the county system; and implemented the system of books and articles, cars and rails, and unified weights and measures.
To attack the Huns in the north and Hundreds of Vietnamese in the south, to build the Great Wall to resist foreign enemies, and to dig Lingqu to open up the water system.
The establishment of centralized power system has laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2000 years and laid the foundation for the rule of the Great Unity Dynasty in China.
Therefore, it is called "the Qin Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty are the capital of the hundred dynasties".
The Qin Dynasty ended the five hundred years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and became the first centralized state with multi-ethnic integration in Chinese history.
It has exerted a far-reaching influence on Chinese history. In the first 210 years, Qin Shihuang died of illness in the sand dunes during his cruise (now northwest of Guangzong County, Hebei Province).
His son Hu Hai ascended the throne and was the second Qin Dynasty. Although the Qin Dynasty had great influence in history, it abused the people's power and unified only for more than ten years.
In the first 209 years, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang chopped wood as soldiers and rose to the top. The world responded.
Liu Bang and Xiang Yu jointly fought against the Qin Dynasty in the Yangtze and Huaihe rivers. In the first 207 years, Qin died.
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1\u3001Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (202-8 years ago, 25-220 years ago) was a unified dynasty after the Qin Dynasty. It was mainly divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty.
After overthrowing the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang was crowned King of the Han Dynasty. In 202 B.C., after the victory of the Chu-Han struggle, the emperor established the Han Dynasty.
historically known as the Western Han Dynasty, and Dingdu Chang'an. Emperor Wendi of Han Dynasty and Emperor Jingdi of Han Dynasty carried out the national policy of recuperation.
health and rest to create the rule of Wen Jing; Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty opened up silk road and exploited land to achieve the "prosperity of Han Wu" after taking office.
and the national strength reached its peak in the period of Emperor Xuandi of HanDynasty.
In 8 AD, Wang Mang abolished the late emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, and Dingdu Chang'an was known as the New Dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty perished.
In 25 AD, after Liu Xiu unified the world, he still used the Han Dynasty as the national name and was historically called the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Luoyang, the capital of Dingdu, was called "Guangwu Zhongxing" after unification of the world.
Emperor Hanming and Emperor Hanzhang followed the light and humble Fu to create "Mingzhang Zhi".
Emperor Hanhe broke through the Northern Huns and recovered the Western Regions after succession to the throne, creating "Yongyuan Long", and the national strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty reached its peak.
The Yellow Towel Uprising broke out in 184 A.D., but the suppression of civil unrest led to local self-respect.
After the Dong Zhuo Rebellion, the name of the Eastern Han Dynasty survived. In 220 AD, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty perished.
After Liu Bei established Shuhan to continue the Han Dynasty, China entered the Three Kingdoms Period.
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1\u3001Jin Dynasty
Jin Dynasty (266-420 years), a dynasty in Chinese history, was divided into two periods: the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The Western Jin Dynasty was one of the unified dynasties in Chinese history, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was one of the six dynasties.
There were fifteen emperors in the two Jin Dynasties, for a total of one hundred and fifty-five years.
Sima Yan usurped the Wei Dynasty in 266 AD. His name was Jin and his capital was Luoyang.
He was historically called the Western Jin Dynasty. In 280 AD, he destroyed Wu and achieved unification.
After the Eight Kings'Rebellion and Yongjia's disaster, the national situation gradually declined. In 316, the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the northern barbarians.
and the North was in chaos. Historically, it was called the "Five Hu Hua". In 317, Jinshi went south, Sima Rui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jianye.
and the Eastern Jin Dynasty had many Northern Expeditions. It was temporarily consolidated after the battle between Eastern Jin Dynasty and Fengshui Pre-Qin Dynasty in 383.
During the Jin Dynasty, Wuhu moved to the Central Plains, strengthened ethnic integration, moved from the north to the south.
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1\u3001Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty (581-618 or 619) was a unified dynasty in Chinese history, which inherited the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty.
In February 581, the Jingdi Chan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty gave way to Yang Jian, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty collapsed. Yang Jian's national name is "Sui Dynasty".
Dingdu Daxing City (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). In 589, the Chen Dynasty was destroyed in the South and China was unified.
ending nearly 300 years of division since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. In 605 AD, after Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty assumed the throne.
Yuwenkai was ordered to build Tokyo and move the capital of Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan Province) in the same year.
During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, people's livelihood was prosperous, people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and politics was clear and bright.
which created a prosperous situation of the rule of emperor. During the reign of Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty, the Grand Canal was built through the north and the south.
However, because of the excessive consumption of national power, it led to the people's revolt and noble rebellion in the late Sui Dynasty.
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1\u3001Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty (618-907) was a unified Central Plains Dynasty after the Sui Dynasty. It had twenty-one emperors and enjoyed the country for 289 years.
At the end of the Sui Dynasty, the world rose together. In 617, Li Yuan, the Tang Emperor, set up the Tang Dynasty in Jinyang. The next year, he called the Emperor Chang'an.
Tang Taizong initiated Zhenguan Zhi after he succeeded to the throne. Tang Gaozong inherited the legacy of Zhenguan and initiated the rule of Yonghui.
In 690, Wu Zetian, with the Tang Dynasty of Zhou Dynasty and Luoyang as the capital of Dingdu, was known as Wuzhou in history.
He created a situation of "inheriting Zhengguan from the past and opening up Yuan from the next", which laid a foundation for the emergence of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
In 705, after the Shenlong Revolution, Tang Zhongzong restored the title of Tang Dynasty. Tang Xuanzong inaugurated the flourishing era of Wanbang's coming to dynasty.
Tianbaomei has a population of about 80 million. After the Anshi Rebellion, Fanzhen's separatist regime and eunuch's autocratic power led to the decline of national power.
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让我们一起走进南非,感受它深厚的文化底蕴和优美的自然风光.
South Africa is a country which is little more than a remote (遥远的) and mysterious (神秘的) land for most Chinese people. But recently， the Chinese Government listed it as one of four new countries open to Chinese tourists. So， now it may be your next holiday choice.
From modern art galleries (画廊) to ancient (古代的) cave paintings， museums to cultural (文化的) villages， you can taste the rich history of cultures in this vast land.
A traditional Zulu village， for example， is a favourite place to visit. The Zulus are an ancient tribe (部落) in South Africa. Guests are greeted with traditional Zulu etiquette(礼仪) and entertained with dances and songs. It is part of their traditional culture that only the unmarried girls and young men dance， staying in separate groups.
The rich cultural diversity (多样性) of South Africa is matched by its natural diversity. Wilderness trails (野外追猎)， or safaris (游猎)， open up the wild bush (灌木丛) to visitors.
There is nothing like standing in the middle of nowhere and getting a close-up view of a black rhino (犀牛) or lion. In the vast silence， you are surrounded by the smell of grass with only the sound of your heartbeat for company.
And South Africa is the land of gold. Johannesburg (约翰内斯堡) was once the biggest gold mining area in the world. And there are many old mines to visit. (about 190 words)
South Africa has an area of 12,221 square kilometers and a population of 37,900,000 people, is located in the capital, Pretoria, the original religion to religion, mainly Christianity, the major language is Afrikaans and English, using the money for the rand, the currency unit: Rand (RAND) to sign "R", said. South Africa location in the Southern Hemisphere, in general, year-round sunny climate, the seasons are advised to Tourism, 7, 8 in the winter months in the summer months 12,1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate in the Cape region is a Mediterranean-type climate, and coastal Natalchuk Chuansi and northeast China provinces and for the sub-tropical climate.
South Africa is the most economically developed countries, and its rich mineral resources, mineral is one of the world's fourth largest country. Gold, diamond reserves and output ranking first in the world. With the perfume of France, South Africa's diamond in the world famous De Beers diamond sales in the world control of 70%. In Africa, South Africa is a natural and climatic conditions are better country. This morning rainfall, warm and pleasant, sunny seasons, is an ideal living environment. South Africa's tourism to the city as the center, located in the north-east of the capital Pretoria plateau, beautiful, vibrant flowers and trees, especially in the summer, roses in full bloom everywhere, so the city and the "Rose City" said in its suburbs, The last century to establish the National Zoo, where keeping a wide variety of rare animals unique to Africa, and the aquarium, there are more than 300 kinds of fish. Cape Town is South Africa's major coastal tourist city, the city has a large number of relics of the colonial era, in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope in the history of the famous ocean development.
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中国传统文化是中华文明演化而汇集成的一种反映民族特质和风貌的民族文化，是民族历史上各种思想文化、观念形态的总体表征，是指居住在中国地域内的中华民族及其祖先所创造的、为中华民族世世代代所继承发展的、具有鲜明民族特色的、历史悠久、内涵博大精深、传统优良的文化。它是中华民族几千年文明的结晶，除了儒家文化这个核心内容外，还包含有其他文化形态，如道家文化、佛教文化等等。%A中国传统文化是指中国历史上以个体农业经济为基础，以宗法家庭为背景，以儒家伦理道德为核心的社会文化体系。她是我们的祖先传承下来的丰厚遗产，曾长期处于世界领先的地位。她所蕴含的思维方式、价值观念、行为准则。她一方面具有强烈的历史性、遗传性；另一方面又具有鲜活的现实性、变异性。她无时无刻不在影响着今天的中国人，为我们开创新文化提供历史的根据和现实的基础。%A%A这一段是近400字的版本。%A%A%A中华民族在创造灿烂中华文明的过程中，经过五千多年的锤炼和洗礼，形成了具有强大生命力的传统文化。学者顾冠华认为“中国几千年文明发展史在特定的自然环境、经济形式、政治结构、意识形态的作用下形成、积累和流传下来，并且至今仍在影响当代文化的‘活’的中国古代文化。它既以有关的物化的经典文献、文化物品等客体形式存在和延续，又广泛地以民族的思维方式、价值观念、伦理道德、性格特征、审美趣味、知识结构、行为规范、风尚习俗等主体形式存在和延续。”而优秀的传统文化则是中华民族五千年文化积淀的精华，蕴含着推进中国社会发展的哲学思想、科学精神和人文精神，也为每一位中华儿女的成长提供了丰富的精神资源和文化背景。%A 李瑞环同志深刻指出：“中华民族传统文化源远流长，博大精深，对中华民族的形成、繁衍、统一及其自立于世界民族之林，起到了不可估量的作用，对人类文明的进步和发展，也产生了极其深远的影响。作为华夏子孙，我们有责任把祖先留下的这一极其丰厚、极其宝贵的文化遗产保护好、整理好、继承好，并在此基础上有所创造、有所前进。”%A一、传统文化的内涵、特点及其两重性%A(一)传统文化的内涵及其特点%A1．传统文化的内涵%A传统文化作为一个大概念，是由传统、文化两个小概念组合而成的。所谓“传统”，从文化学角度诠释，是指世代传承的具有自身特点的社会历史因素，如逐代延续的思想道德、风俗习惯、文学艺术、制度规范等。【l J“文化”一词，在中国古代本指“文治教化’’，与武力征服相对举。《周易．贲卦》(《彖传》)说：“观乎人文，以化成天下。"可以被看做是文化的原始提法。然而我们今天使用的“文化”一词，其含义与古代不尽一致，它是19世纪末期通过日文转译从西方引进的。1871年，英国学者泰勒在他发表的《原始文化》一书中给文化下了一个著名的定义：“所谓文化，乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德，法律、习俗以及包括作为社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一个综合体。"【2】中国的学者一般都采用《辞海》对文化的界定：“从广义上来说，指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富的总和。从狭义来说，指社会的意识形态，以及与之相适应的制度和组织机构。’’需要指出的是文化作为一种观念形态的东西，总是处于流变与整合过程中。因此，并不是所有历史上出现过的文化都可称之为传统文化。而只有那些具有重要价值、具有生命活力的文化才得以积淀、保存、延续下来，成为后世文化的主要组成部分。我们将这些具有重要价值、具有生命活力因而得以积淀、保存、延续下来的文化称之为传统文化。中华民族的传统文化，就是指根植于中华大地肥沃土壤之中，在长期的历史发展过程中形成和发展起来，保留在中华民族之间具有稳定形态的，世代传承并影响整个社会历史的，宏大的古典文化体系。除儒家、道家、法家和佛教学说之外，还包括历史、文物、书法、服饰、陵墓、医学、农学、天文、地理等古籍文书。传统文化是历史的结晶，但它并只是博物馆里的陈列品，而是有着鲜活生命的东西。“传统文化所蕴含的、世代相传的思维方式、价值观念、行为准则，一方面具有浓厚的历史性、遗传性，另一方面又具有强烈的现实性、变异性，它无时无刻不在影响、制约着今天的中国人，为我们开创新文化提供历史的根据和现实的基础。【3】我们这种传统文化，是在世界文化丛林中独树一帜的最悠久的文化，它不仅过去在推动中国社会历史发展过程曾经起过巨大的作用，而且对整个世界文化发展也起过重大的影响作用。在建设有中国特色的社会主义文化中，也一定会发挥其强大的推动作用。%A2．传统文化的特点%A中国传统文化有各种表现形态，居中心地位的是以伦理道德为核心，以儒家伦理中心主义为出发点的信念。中国传统伦理政治思想，不仅决定了中国古代人的文化人格，而且决定中国传统文化的民族特征。【4】除了伦理政治型文化这一总的特征之外，中国传统文化还具有以下特点：%A(1)同一性与多样性的统一%A中国传统文化绵延不绝，形成了世界上极具生命力的文化传统。在人类6000年的文明史上，只有中国文化按照自己的轨道不问断地运行一直到今天。而其他国家大多出现过断层，有的甚至走向消亡。中国文化历经艰辛，在数千年的发展中经历了多民族、各地域文化的融合发展，以汉民族文化为主体、以中原文化为核心的中国传统文化，逐渐融合其他少数民族文化和周围地域文化、形成了同一性与多样性相结合的发展态势。已深深地融进全体华人的思想意识和行为规范之中，渗透到社会政治、经济，特别是精神生活的各个领域，成为影响社会历史发展，支配人们思想行为和日常生活的强大力量。它对于民族的生存与延续发挥着不可估量的深远影响，它有着顽强的生命力，同时对于外来文化有着宽厚的包容性和强大的同化力。%A(2)民族性与世界性的统一传统文化具有鲜明的中华民族的显著特点和特征，渗透着古老东方民族的聪明和智慧。世界上各个国家各个民族都有自己的传统文化，虽然说是传统但它并不是一成不变的，是随着各个国家民族在相互的交往活动中，相互学习、相互吸收而不断充实发展自己。这种发展，是相互融合，使自己更加完美、更具有自己国家民族的特色。随着漫长的历史交往，各个国家民族的文化日益发展成“合而不同”的融合，逐步成为多元统一体的全球文化。正如一位大学者说的，越是民族性的东西越具有世界性，越具有全球性。失掉了民族性的东西，就说不上什么世界性、全球性。因为世界本身就是一个多元化的统一体，离开多元化、统一体也就没有存在的价值了。我国的传统文化在发生、发展和演变的过程中，以博大的胸怀、开阔的视野，融合了我国各民族文化、外来文化的优点和长处，逐步丰富完善了自我。随着世界文化的交融，必然很自然地走向全球化。如儒家孔子的“天下观"，道家老子、庄子的“自然观"精神已在世界学术界广为传播。%A(3)继承性与创新性的统一%A中国传统文化强调前代文化遗产的价值，充分宣扬传统本身得以存在和流传的合理性，虽然它也有起伏跌宕，并多次面临挑战，但一次又一次表现出巨大的再生能力。它在一个漫长而曲折的形成过程中，经历了无数个后人继承前人又发展前人，虚心学习前人又丰富前人，依据时代需求又超越前人，这样一个周而复始、连续不断的接力运动，付出了几十代人坚持不懈地刻苦努力和巨大心血，才逐步形成、不断补充、不断完善成熟起来的，来之不易。%A(二)传统文化的两重性%A五千年的文明史，中华民族创造了著称于世的文化。其中儒家文化的发展及演变是贯穿于中国古代文化的主线。就内容上说，儒家的仁政王道，道家的清静无为、以退为守，法家的循名责实、信赏必罚，这三者构成中国古代文化的三位一体基本要素，浸透于民族的性格和心理中。其基本价值系统是以儒家体系为主干，同时又兼容道、法、墨等诸子百家之长。但它并不是珠玑而是混有沙石。因此，对这份遗产既不能完全抛弃，又不能全盘搬用，必须去其糟粕，取其精华，批判继承，推陈出新，创造中国社会主义现代化新文化。毛泽东同志指出：“中国的长期封建社会中，创造了灿烂的古代文化。清理古代文化的发展过程，剔除其封建性的糟粕，吸收其民主性的精华，是发展民族新文化提高民族自信心的必要条件；但是绝不能无批判地兼收并蓄。必须将古代封建统治阶级的一切腐朽的东西和古代优秀的人民文化即多少带有民主性和革命性的东西区别开来。??我们必须尊重自己的历史，决不能割断历史。但是这种尊重，是给历史一定的科学地位，是尊重历史辨证法的发展，而不是颂古非今，不是赞扬任何封建的毒素。毛泽东同志的这段话，清楚地告诉人们对中国传统文化应取的态度。取精用弘，批判地加以继承。那么，怎样进行批判地继承呢?%A其精华部分主要有：%A(1)刚健有为，自强不息%A刚健有为、自强不息的进取精神一直居中国文化传统的主导地位。《易传》日：“天行健，君子以自强不息”，“地势坤，君子以厚德载物。’’其意是说“天”的德性是健运不己，人们应该仿效它，刚健有为，奋发进取；“地"的德性是顺育万物、包孕万物、哺育万物，人们也应该仿效它，兼容并包，广收博采。孔子提倡“发愤忘食、乐以忘忧”的人生追求，孟子崇尚“富贵不能淫、贫贱不能移、威武不能屈’’的“大丈夫”气概。屈原在《渔父》中愤然写道：“举世皆浊吾独清，举世皆醉吾独醒。”正是在这种精神鼓舞下，中国人对真理孜孜以求，对外敌侵略拼死抵抗，铸造出知难而进、吃苦耐劳、自力更生的民族性格。进取的人生态度，在成才的道路上努力奋斗，自强不息。这些都集中表现了中华民族积极进取、永不停息的坚强意志和非凡气度。%A(2)天人合一，以人为本%A所谓天主要指广大的自然界，天人关系主要指人与自然的关系，天人合一思想认为，人是自然界的一部分，人是组成自然系统不可或缺的要素之一；自然界有普遍规律，人也应该服从这个规律；人类社会的道德原则与自然规律是一致的；人生的最高理想应该是天人之间的协调。“天人合一”的思想给予了我们许多启示。中国传统文化注重天人合一，但是，在天地人之间，以人为中心，即以人为本。如，孔子主张的“不语怪、力、乱、神”和“未能事人，焉能事鬼’’这种思想影响巨大，他虽然不能否定鬼神的存在，但是对其采取存疑的态度，即存而不论；而将现实中的人放在第一位，关注人的生命。【6】%A(3)修养德性，人际协调%A儒家文化是伦理文化，主张“道德至上"，强调以“仁让为贵，以孝悌为尚，以忠敬为美’’的人生理想。在古代思想家们看来，天是道德之天，人是道德之人，甚至一草一木也得道而生，有德之品性。【_7】在这种道德辐射之下，主张“仁者爱人”、“以和为贵”，讲究“老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼”的和谐人际关系。%A(4)集体本位，天下为公%A西方文化崇尚的是个体本位，而中国传统文化以家庭为中心，以集体为本位，讲究4“贵群”。【8】在个体、局部与集体、整体发生冲突时，主张牺牲前者而保护后者，这就是所说的“天下为公”。天下兴亡、匹夫有责，爱国是每个人义不容辞的责任。于是有了范仲淹的“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。"文天祥在生命的最后一刻仍然高吟：“人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青。"中国传统文化的糟粕主要表现在：(1)复古保守。(2)消极无为。(3)纲常名教。%A(4)重义轻利。%A(5)重道轻器。%A总之，对待中国传统文化必须注意辨证地分析，批判地继承。然而批判的继承最终目的是为了发展和创新。这就是说在批判地继承中国传统文化的基础上，吸收有价值的外来文化，创造传统与现代相统一、民族与世界相统一，民族的、科学的、大众的，现代中国社会主义新型文化。
1、圣诞节：英国的圣诞节是最重要的家庭节日。12月25日和26日两天是国家法定节日。在圣诞节这天，家庭聚会并吃传统的圣诞午餐或晚餐。人们要交换礼物，若与一家英国人今天一起，他们希望你能加入他们的活动。若圣诞节这天没有公共交通，在12月26日节礼日这天，交通也受到限制，因为是宗教节日，教堂有特殊的活动，每个人无论如何都要去教堂。
2、新年：1月1日也是公共节日。在新年前夜人们通常会熬到深夜，迎接新年的到来。在苏格兰，新年前夜被看作是大年夜，甚至是比圣诞节更有节日气氛的时候。
3、复活节：复活节没有固定的日期，是在3月末和4月中旬之间。公共假期从星期五一直到复活节后的星期一，这时候又有特别的宗教活动，孩子们会收到巧克力彩蛋。在复活节当天，城镇有复活节游行。在复活节前的星期四，女王每年会访问一座不同的大教堂，送当地居民一些金钱，被称为濯足节救济金，作为象征性的礼物。
4、夜：11月5日不是公共假日，但是全英国都有篝火和焰火来庆祝1605年 议会武装暴动的失败。
1月 布恩之夜是全苏格兰举行晚宴以纪念苏格兰最著名的诗人的日子。
2月 在伦敦的中国城和其他有大量中国人社区的大城镇和城市中，要过中 国的新年。
3月 金杯，这个国家主要的赛马盛事，在月中旬举行。
4月 全国大赛马会在利物浦的Aintree举行。
剑桥/牛津划船比赛，由牛津和剑桥大学的师生参加的划船比赛，在伦敦的泰晤士河上举行。
伦敦马拉松赛在月底举行。
5月 五朔节，在农村人们绕五朔节花柱跳五朔节舞蹈来庆祝此节。
FA杯决赛，上旬在伦敦威伯利体育场举行。
文化节在威尔士边境的Hay-on-Wye举行。
查尔士花展为期4天以上，在月末举行。
戏剧节在苏塞克斯刘易斯附近的格林德泊恩举行。
6月 行军旗敬礼分列式在白金汉宫兴行。
6月 有两项重大的赛马会。
第一周的达比赛马会和最后一周的艾斯科特赛马会，温布尔登网球队公开赛在这个月的最后一周开赛。
7月 月初在牛津郡泰晤士河上举行。
全巩固高尔夫球公开赛，在7月中旬举行，每年赛程都不同。
皇家网球赛，月底在鄂二斯网球场举行。
亨利武德列队音乐会，月底在阿尔伯音乐厅举行。
8月 考依期周，月初在外特的小岛上举行的划艇和划船比赛。
爱丁堡军事表演，月初举行，爱丁堡艺术节和爱丁堡节大约同时举行。
诺丁希尔狂欢节在伦敦西部举行，是由伦敦的加乐比社区组织的。
9月 布莱克普灯饰节在月初开幕，来自各国的灯绵延达5英里。
南汉普顿国际船展在月底举行。
伦敦、索华举行的索华爵士箅节和维根爵士舞节。
10月 哈德士福地现代音乐节月底开幕。
11月 伦敦至布来顿老式汽车拉力赛，市长阁下游行及表演中旬举行。
希望采纳哦......
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绛旓細鍗楅潪鏄潪娲茬殑绗簩澶х粡娴庝綋,鍥芥皯鎷ユ湁杈冮珮鐨勭敓娲绘按骞,缁忔祹鐩告瘮鍏朵粬闈炴床鍥藉鐩稿绋冲畾銆備笅闈㈡槸鎴戝垎浜殑鍗楅潪鐨 鏂囧寲 鐜,涓璧锋潵鐪嬬湅鍚с 鍗楅潪鐨勬枃鍖鐜鐨勫垎鏋 鍗楅潪鐨勫叏鍚嶆槸鍗楅潪鍏卞拰鍥戒綅浜庨潪娲插ぇ闄嗘渶鍗楃,鍖楅偦绾崇背姣斾簹銆佸崥鑼ㄧ摝绾炽佹触宸村竷闊︺佽帿妗戞瘮鍏嬪拰鏂▉澹叞,涓溿佽タ銆佸崡涓夐潰婵掍复鍗板害娲嬪拰澶цタ娲嬨傚湴澶勪袱澶ф磱闂寸殑鑸繍瑕佸啿...
绛旓細鍏朵腑锛岄搨鏃忛噾灞炴槸鍗楅潪鐨鐗规湁璧勬簮锛屽偍閲忎赴瀵岋紝鍝佽川浼樿壇锛岃繖浣垮緱鍗楅潪鎴愪负浜嗕笘鐣屼笂鏈澶х殑閾傜敓浜у浗鍜屽嚭鍙ｅ浗涔嬩竴銆傚洜姝わ紝鍗楅潪琚獕涓衡滅櫧閲戜箣鍥解濓紝杩欎竴绉板彿鏃綋鐜颁簡鍏剁熆浜ц祫婧愮殑涓板瘜锛屼篃浠ｈ〃浜嗗叾鍦ㄥ叏鐞冪熆涓氶鍩熺殑閲嶈鍦颁綅銆傞櫎浜嗕赴瀵岀殑鐭夸骇璧勬簮锛屽崡闈炶繕鏈夌潃鎮犱箙鐨勫巻鍙插拰鏂囧寲浼犵粺銆傝繖涓鍥藉鐨勫巻鍙涓鏂囧寲鑳屾櫙澶氭牱涓...
绛旓細璇█:鏈11绉嶅畼鏂硅瑷,鑻辫鍜岄樋闈炲埄鍗¤(鍗楅潪鑽峰叞璇)涓洪氱敤璇█銆傝獕绉:绱犳湁鈥滃僵铏逛箣鍥解濈殑缇庤獕,涔熸湁榛勯噾涔嬪浗銆佷笘鐣岀熆搴撶殑鍒О璐у竵:Rand (鍏扮壒)鍥借姳:甯濈帇鑺(Protea)鍘嗗彶鑳屾櫙: 鏈鏃╃殑鍦熻憲灞呮皯鏄浜恒佺浼婁汉鍙婂悗鏉ュ崡杩佺殑鐝浘浜恒17涓栫邯鍚,鑽峰叞浜恒佽嫳鍥戒汉鐩哥户鍏ヤ镜骞朵笉鏂皢娈栨皯鍦板悜鍐呭湴鎺ㄨ繘銆19涓栫邯涓彾,鐧戒汉缁熸不...
绛旓細South Africa has an area of 12,221 square kilometers and a population of 37,900,000 people, is located in the capital, Pretoria, the original religion to religion, mainly Christianity, the major language is Afrikaans and English, using the money for the rand, the currency unit:...
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绛旓細鍗楅潪鐨勭粡娴庡彂灞曡繀閫燂紝瀹冩槸闈炴床鏈澶х殑缁忔祹浣擄紝涔熸槸涓栫晫涓婃渶澶х殑鍙戝睍涓鍥藉涔嬩竴銆傚畠鐨勭粡娴庝富瑕佷互閲戠熆涓氥佸啘涓氥佸埗閫犱笟鍜屾湇鍔′笟涓轰富锛屾槸闈炴床鏈澶х殑鍐滀笟鐢熶骇鍥姐鍗楅潪鐨勬枃鍖澶氬厓锛屾湁鐫鎮犱箙鐨勫巻鍙诧紝鏈夌潃涓板瘜鐨勬枃鍖栭仐浜с傚崡闈炵殑鑹烘湳銆侀煶涔愩佽垶韫堛佹枃瀛︾瓑閮芥湁鐫鐙壒鐨勯鏍硷紝鍙楀埌涓栫晫鍚勫湴鐨勬杩庛傚崡闈炴槸涓涓鍏...
