交强险 英文 交通强制保险的英文缩写是SALI，全写是什么？！
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\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\uff1avehicle insurance\uff08\u6216\uff1aauto insurance\u3001GAP insurance\u3001car insurance\u3001motor insurance\uff09
\u5bf9\u5e94\u7f29\u5199\u5206\u522b\u4e3aVI\u3001AI\u3001CI\u3001MI
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\u82f1\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\uff1acompulsory liability insurance of vehicle traffic accident\uff0c\u7f29\u5199\u4e3aCLIVTA
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外文摘要 Study of the System of Motor Vehicle Compulsory Liability Insurance（ABSTRACT） Motor vehicles are being used by thousands of families, which not only bring convenience and benefit for the people, but also let numerous families suffer to pain hugely because of the traffic accident. This has being a serious social problem now. For this, the SAFE LAW OF THE ROAD TRAFFIC, which was enacted recently, provides that the mobile holders are liable to the traffic accident victims subject to the no-fault liability. Besides, that law request to build up the mobile compulsory liability insurance (hereinafter referred to as “MCLI”) system, with an object to establish a system of community salvation fund (hereinafter referred to as “CSF”) for the traffic accident. From the experience of legislation all over the world, the system of MCLI enables the victims to gain the indemnity promptly after the traffic accident, scatters the overweight responsibility burden of the traffic accident liabilitiers (namely" the insured") in the way of compulsory insurance, and gives attention to the insurers’ basic commercial benefits. In a word, ensuring the balance of the interests among the victim, the insurer and the insured, it is a right system that not only maintains the social justice, but also accords with the principle of maximizing the social benefits. By using the law economics, ethics analysis, sociological method, the theory of " social cost" to study the system of MCLI, it has been discovered in this article that this system not only has remarkable characteristics such as "making contact compulsorily", "undertaking no-fault liability", "the operation with tiny interests", "the third party’s direct request for compensation" and "supplement to CSF" etc, but also has significant difference with the discretionary liability insurance in the aspect of extending the scope of the insured, increasing the responsibilities of the insurer, and enlarging the right of the third party. Combining the legislative experience in other countries and the practice in China, the research is separately on the important issues such as the foundation theories, the insurance object, the insured, the insurer and the third party of MCLI etc, and a legislative proposal is advanced in the final part of this article. In detail, the structure and the content of this article is as follows: In chapter 1, the basic theories of MCLI are explained. First of all, in section 1, the concept, character and foundation of MCLI are introduced. In section 2, by adopting the analytical method of the game for interest, ethics and axiology to analyze the system mechanism of MCLI, it is pointed out that this system is a "efficiency-and-justice considering" （named “a efficient-justice ”）system, which is an innovation in this article. In section 3, the systems of MCLI in advanced countries and regions are simply listed, and their successful experience is summarized. In chapter 2, the insurance object of the MCLI (the mobile traffic accident indemnity responsibility without fault) is mainly analyzed. Firstly, the significance of the research on this indemnity responsibility is pointed in section 1, where it is also mentioned that this research is a logic departure and an end of the research on the whole MCLI. In section 2, by using the economic analysis of law, it is discussed the reason of establishing the system of the traffic accident responsibility without the fault. I emphasize that we should not comprehends its lawmaking purpose only with the traditional principle for" make people the center", however, we should understand that this system can the decrease traffic accident by stimulating the motor vehicle’s duty of attention, and then cut down mobile holders’ burdens of responsibility by MCLI, thus minimize "social cost". These points are ones of my most important theories innovations. In section 3, the fact of the legislation of the traffic accident no-fault liability all over the world is introduced. In section 4, some exceptional examples of the mobile traffic accident no-fault liability are discussed. In section 5,the problem of “contributory negligence” is discussed according to the idea of “efficiency-and-justice considering”. In chapter 3, a research on the insured (including the policy appliance and the insured) is made so as to resolve the relevant legal issues. In section 1, the basic theories such as the concept, main duty of the policy appliance and the insured are outlined. In section 2, the extension of the scope of the insured in MCLI is studied, and it is pointed out that there shall be the additional insured other than the indicated insured. In the last section, it is mentioned that the gender, age, driver record of the insured shall be the reference factors in determining the rate of premium of MCLI. In chapter 4, the special subject is the insurer of MCLI. First, the foundation theories such as the concept, right and duty of the insurer are elaborated in section 1. In section 2, the insurance range of MCLI is discussed especially. In section 3, the issues such as the connotation, function and appliance of the insurer’ right of subrogation in MCLI are particularly studied. In section 4, the insurer’s right of making track for the insured exclusively is discussed, and it is pointed out that although its object is not the same as that of the right of subrogation, their function are similar, both of which are to compensate the insurer’s loss and to punish the ultimate responsible of the traffic accident. In sum, they are both advantageous to maintain the efficient justice. In chapter 5, the research is focused on the third victim party. This chapter is the keystone of this article. In section 1, the third victim party's concept, characteristics and legal status in MCLI are analyzed. In section 2, the range of the third victim party in MCLI is discussed deeply, and it is pointed out that the range of the third victim party in our country should be enlarged. In section 3, the third victim party’s right to the insurer directly, such as the right’s source, characteristics and execution etc. are systematically and comprehensively analyzed. This section is the significant part of this chapter, which is also the keystone of this article. In section 4, the function, operation, management of the community salvation fund as well as the relation between the fund and the MCLI are discussed in detail. In the final section, the legal nature and the execution of the third victim party’s right to the salvage expenses claim are discussed. In the last chapter, according to the current legislation on the MCLI in China, the concrete suggestions are proposed, where the authors’ innovative ideas are concentrated. In section 1, after a brief analysis, the shortages of the current legislation on the MCLI in China are pointed out. In section 2, the new suggestions on the legislative model, the insurer and the insured of MCLI, the third victim party and the supervision, etc is brought forward. In section 3, the objectivity of the responsible principle of modern accident compensation and the trend of loss-bearing socialization are analyzed. The creative work and the feature in this article are as follows: The first is the innovation on the idea. The author uses the economic analysis method (for example: “Hand Formula”) and the law analysis method to elaborate the basic reason of adopting no-fault liability in traffic accidence: Raise the mobile holders’ duty of attention, thus minimize the social cost, and realize “the efficient justice” in our society. The second is the innovation on the methodology. First of all, the author finds that the no-fault liability is in fact a kind of equity liability, and so the whole tort liability system consists of fault liability and equity liability (including no-fault liability and discretional equity liability). Forth mover, the author believes that the MCLI shall not be simply regarded as the outcome of the ethical spirit of "make people the center", and as a fact, this system contains the profound principles of law economics and law sociology: Correctly handling with the relations among the insurer, the insured and the victim, this system also realizes the “efficient justice”. The final is the innovation on the system. There are some of my new ideas on the right and duty of the parties in MCLI, such as the insurer’s subrogation to other injurer, etc. Another example is, it is proposed that the MCLI shall have its unique legislation, the insurance rate shall be properly set, the insurer shall be granted the rights of subrogation and claim, the system of community salvation fund shall be completed, and the system of supervision shall be perfected, etc.
Auto Insurance and Traffic Fatalities
"No-fault limits on driver liability in an accident, by diminishing the possibility of being sued, increase fatalities by about 10 percent."
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When states adopt compulsory automobile insurance regulations and no-fault liability laws, some drivers may become a little more lax or relaxed. They may drive slightly faster or a little less cautiously, aware that the financial and legal consequences of an accident are reduced. They may be somewhat less likely to use seat belts and more likely to buy an old car without air bags, or to drink and drive, or simply to drive more often and further. As a result, the number of traffic fatalities increases, according to a study by Alma Cohen and Rajeev Dehejia. In The Effect of Automobile Insurance and Accident Liability Laws on Traffic Fatalities (NBER Working Paper No. 9602), they find that no-fault limits on driver liability in an accident, by diminishing the possibility of being sued, increase fatalities by about 10 percent.
That increase is significant. Traffic accidents claim over 40,000 lives each year in the United States, roughly the same as the total number of Americans killed during the Vietnam War, Cohen and Dehejia note. Americans spend roughly $100 billion each year on automobile insurance premiums, and they bear more than $250 billion of uninsured accident costs each year. So the impact of introducing no-fault insurance has meant an additional 5,160 to 6,450 lives lost in the United States, depending on the year, the authors calculate. Economists call such consequences �moral hazard costs.�
For this study, Cohen and Dehejia analyzed data from 50 states and the District of Columbia for 1970-98, a period during which most states adopted compulsory insurance requirements and 16 states adopted no-fault automobile insurance. By 1997, 45 states had compulsory insurance laws, although there were variations in the amount of insurance required and the methods of enforcement.
The introduction of compulsory insurance laws did lead to a reduction in the number of uninsured motorists. Compared to a base level of 12.9 percent, the number of uninsured motorists fell by 2.4 percentage points. The authors note that the introduction of compulsory insurance requirements made no difference to those who were already buying insurance voluntarily, but did have an effect on those individuals who were not previously buying insurance and chose to do so because of compulsory insurance, and on those individuals who chose to remain uninsured. Drivers who remained uninsured despite the new requirement in theory drove more cautiously, for fear of being in an accident, so their number of fatalities likely dropped. But drivers forced to buy insurance and now facing diminished liability in case of an accident might have driven less carefully, increasing accidents and fatalities. Looking at the data, the authors find a 2 percent increase in fatalities for each percentage point decrease in uninsured mot orists. So, compulsory insurance is �not an unmitigated good,� the authors write.
These findings may be useful in assessing the social desirability of policy shifts in automobile insurance and no-fault liability rules. Though there are many positive aspects of compulsory insurance (such as greater assurance that the costs of an accident, including vehicle replacement or medical needs, will be compensated to some extent) and no-fault liability rules (such as reducing the court and other legal and administrative costs associated with driving and traffic accidents), the authors suggest that both policies also had unintended negative consequences in terms of increased fatalities. These consequences must also be taken into account.
-- David R. Francis
到这里看看有没有合适的？ http://dot.state.wy.us/Default.jsp?sCode=drv
楼上的楼上那个还是可以用的
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