急求关于highway network的英文文献 求一篇英文文献，具体关于

\u6025\u6c42\u82f1\u6587\u6587\u732e

\u3010Traffic Report/Broadcast\u3011

A traffic report is an element of a radio program or TV news broadcast that informs listeners about general traffic conditions. The reports generally list the locations and severity of traffic accidents, construction detours and slowdowns, etc., on the roadways within the broadcast area. In the United States, the broadcast area is generally defined by utilizing statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau and from a ratings company, such as Arbitron.

By supplying updates during traffic rush hours, stations provide a public service to commuters to help them anticipate and avoid traffic congestion. Many reports, typically those reports heard on the radio, offer listeners an alternate travel route.

At radio stations where news programming is the primary content, roadway conditions are tracked by monitoring police radio frequencies. Some radio stations also have agreements with states\u2019 highway patrol that permit a direct connection with a law enforcement computer. This enables real-time information gathering of the latest accident reports to states\u2019 highway patrol divisions.

In many of the largest U.S. cities, states\u2019 transportation departments or divisions have installed a series of cameras along the Interstate Highway System to monitor traffic conditions. Systems of this type can been easily seen along the I-95 corridor in the eastern section of the United States. I-95 runs the north-south length of the U.S., from Maine to Florida.

Television stations in Miami, Florida have agreements with the Florida Department of Transportation to enable use of video images generated by this FDOT camera system. These images are shown during morning and afternoon traffic reports, on several local stations, and FDOT is cited by reporters as proving \u201cthese images courtesy of the Florida Department of Transportation\u201d.

Many medium and large radio and television markets, as classified by Arbitron, utilize helicopters to overfly accident scenes and other areas of high traffic volume. This helps each radio or TV station to provide up-to-the-minute, live reports or traffic conditions. Some stations, in larger U.S. markets, at least, may have their own helicopter, or share resources with a local television station to help mitigate the costs. In many markets, a local or regional traffic reporting service may have contracts with several radio and television stations. This helps stations avoid the expense of purchasing or leasing their own helicopter, which necessitates other expenses like hiring of a pilot, and setting a maintenance schedule.

Broadcast reports on traffic conditions, usually heard on radio, became popular in large U.S. cities in the 1960's and quickly spread in use to other areas as population centers grew. As these smaller burgs and hamlets became absorbed into larger metropolitan areas, particularly in the United States, the interstate freeways became cluttered during the morning and afternoon rush.

Many stations began using reports provided only from their studios, depending on information from law enforcement and citizens. Today, most large metropolitan areas have traffic reporters in the air and also depend on advisories from listeners using cell phones and other mobile communications devices.

During the 1990\u2019s, competition between radio and television stations led many program and news directors to add traffic reports to their schedules, though many smaller stations could not afford a full-time traffic reporter or aircraft. This led to the expansion of traffic reporting companies, including Shadow Broadcast Services, Metro Networks, and other regional traffic reporting agencies.

In 1997 and 1998 Metro Networks began buying many smaller traffic reporting agencies, as reported in their own financial statements to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. In 1999, Metro Networks acquired a firm called Copter Acquisition Company, from Westwood One. Westwood One then purchased Metro Networks, and the two companies merged completely on September 22, 1999.

Literature Review of China's old-age insurance
Urgent and important as well one mission today, reforming and perfecting society pension system to become world governments of all countries in the world already being accelerated day by day in aging of population. Endowment insurance has very important position in social security system , is an important ingredient of social security. Large amount of research results has sprung up so far from our country pension system building-up. Cover face , safe inspection , insurance fee raising , payment , value-keeping added value being in motion and doing business from endowment insurance have waited for the main body of a book , have summed up our country endowment insurance research results , have aimed at being that our country endowment insurance reformation provides the basis basis. Keyword endowment insurance sums up the insurance fee covering inspection Endowment insurance is that the country and society are based on certain law and law and regulation, one kind of social insurance system build to resolve the fundamental livelihood that labourer removes from in reaching the uncaging physical labour the duty job age boundary that the country stipulates, or losing a labour capacity because aged bothering the post queen. The system studying and resolving current endowment insurance of Chinese reforms middle have problem, correct the building-up accelerating harmonious society, ensure the economy construction having important significance. The main body of a book general our country studies the personnel has carried out the induction summary on the endowment insurance research results at present , aim at being that our country endowment insurance reformation provides the basis basis. One, the endowment insurance coverage face endowment insurance coverage face is increasingly broad , population ensured by pension system feels higher , as also explaining a country's social security level muchly more. But our country endowment insurance is staff and worker who is confined to country government departments and state institutions , state-owned enterprise and part collective enterprise mainly , state-owned collective enterprise is in the majority above county level, a lot of be not state-owned unit staff and worker , enterprise in the rural area , private microbusiness, casual laborers , farmers of China side staff and worker and enterprise of all kinds with investment of enterprise by foreign merchant have not listed in endowment insurance coverage range equally , enjoy social security person taking up labourer the sum is less than 30% , most are not that the whole people staff and worker has not enjoyed social security. Development is swift and violent to come responding to with being close to 20 and staff and worker age structure is relatively younger be not that publicly owned enterprises attracts over , expand making an overall cover face. Being needing to pay attention to while expanding the face covering,can not to adopt to expand face at a low price blindly. Earning ratio attracts condition with low pay the fee rate , height as expanding a small van taxi , will be that the payment in the hereafter peak buries a time bomb down. Present and a period the days to come, be more emphasizing being not that publicly owned enterprises , city and town individual industrial and commercial businesses and nimble employment personnel ginseng guarantee a job than, expand fundamental endowment insurance coverage range. Be going to implement country in relation to social insurance allowance policy further , help the difficult personnel who obtains employment to join a guarantor paying the fee. Two, the endowment insurance inspection pension fund inspection, have administration oversees , oversees according to law with paying the fee person to oversee three aspect, administration oversees a branch having working and society ensures the headquarter , the Ministry of Finance; Oversee according to law relating to taxation affairs , industry and commerce , Securities Regulatory Commission , People's Bank etc.; Pay the fee person inspection is that possessions pays the fee the supervision that person carries out on the administrative situation, requires that person is periodical to paying the fee therefore revealing the fund business performance. Style manages the decentralization investing in a sum since adopting a diversification , surely may produce the agency by agreement- problem, for guard against moral hazard and reverse choice, must build strict regulatory system. With the propulsion that pension system reforms, effect in should know that the government ensures in providing for the aged again, the boundary fixes again to government's function go along. The employer and individual ought to become the main provider that pension invisible income stems from , the government is only an auxiliary provider but in first, ensuring system in providing for the aged,; The government is a low-income people or provides a guarantee during the period of market mechanism is difficult to produce a marked effect other. Secondly, the government decreases gradually in providing for the aged ensuring by the fact that the direct effect providing the common pension responds to , the general who carries out the indirect effect standardizing and supervising by making laws enlarges but gradually. But market mechanism is still faulty , the professional is short of , asymmetric and pertinent information laws and statutes does not improve and perfect on financial market specifically for our country, the government should carry out strict supervisory control and provide information to make up the marketplace deficiency. Three, golden raising of endowment insurance 1, the golden financing of endowment insurance pattern endowment insurance financing pattern affects whose validity and the stability, situation also affecting national economic development and finance. The field has been put into effect according to national conditions , our country creativeness "overall social planning and the personal account look at and appraise the fundamental endowment insurance being tied in wedlock " reforming a pattern, after probing and improving and perfecting for 5 years, make for is already step by step mature. In connection with the financing, the pattern has two kinds viewpoints. Still should be put into effect collecting on spot and pay system immediately first within certain time: Current endowment insurance productivity beneficial to preparing the money pattern rise, is inadvisable to change to fund style; The meeting changes the give behavior preferential treatment, but collect now most present Fu system the introduction that examination , the fund make from economic trends efficiency can not change the behavior people then , pension system revolution of track opportunity is not mature; As for the endowment insurance operating mechanism, collect on spot and pay system be sustainable to China immediately. Two is that the various pattern exists side by side: Accept Chinese economy resource and the requirement constraint, the present stage can only adopt part fund system , let an individual bear up the individual guarantee , let the government and corresponding easing off of enterprise provide for the aged bearing but; Under public welfare maximization target, that the turn up infering collects the conclusion paying system and fund the optimum commixture proportion making hybrid endowment insurance system now is within pretty long time the days to come , the system giving first place to collect on spot and pay system immediately may be endowment insurance system choice; Because of history cause and real limitation,our country present stage providing for the aged it is impossible that pattern unites , can not achieve a goal in one leap more , builds the unified society of city and countryside endowment insurance pattern; John & # 8226; B & # 8226; Wilhelm Msen thinks, according to the present stage national conditions , China should build three arrangement of ideas endowment insurance financings patterns: The first arrangement of ideas is mandatory , minimum invisible income DB plans, second arrangement of ideas ought to replace at present build-up grave insufficient FDC with mandatory NDC plan third arrangement of ideas is the FDC arrangement of ideas volunteering tier. The enterprise annuity financing way enterprise annuity is that the employer and labourer share responsibility 2, mainly pay the fee , is geared to the needs of all standard employment labourer mainly , not discriminating against employment labourer only standard but, taking as an example compel a symbol according to certain salary proportion capture, embody employer responsibility and labourer the personal liability union. The difference the enterprise annuity being planned according to the financing and operating a pattern's may be two big types mark: Contribute type plan (Defined-Contribution Plan for sure, DC plans) and is paid for sure the type plan (Defined-Benefit Plan , DB plan). From looking at DB short-term and long-term, the pattern all has bigger negative effect to our country. Pay the fee that way changes a trend from DB to DC is inevitable. That Chinese enterprise annuity system building-up composes in reply system providing for the aged being developing , being indicating our country is providing for the aged to "three pillars going through" between nations the pattern changes. But our country enterprise annuity development does not balance at present slowly, not only and enterprise composes in reply an individual, gap that existence has also known that including the government, therefore the policy effect there does not exist hidden trouble in fund obviously,; Otherwise that the very high stability enterprise annuity enters the city step being inadvisable to live with quickly, is able to arouse bigger risk; Law and regulation that the annuity plans in the law of tax specifically for enterprise belongs to so far still blank space , does not have a unified enterprise annuity preferential tax treatment policy throughout the country; That the government supplements the endowment insurance building-up and manages middle in enterprise is not to undertake direct responsibility , government's main function is to carry out strict inspection on the person. Four, golden endowment insurance payment salary replacement rate and retirement age are to discuss the most problem. 1, salary replacement rate pension of our country replacement rate is 80% at present. Judge that real replacement rate is horizontal being moderate or not , be going namely comparing with average salary, the need wanting to have the living standard maintaining a minimum with locality too contacts , builds the gear mechanism that the pension increases with prices , the salary. (1) replacement rate height discussion once grows a viewpoint thinking that replacement rate currently in effect is excessive , reduces replacement rate being able to restrain retiring ahead of time , encourages working with some kind of way go on after retiring; Too high replacement rate needs high pay the fee rate, this competition that can increase the enterprise cost , reduce enterprise, going a step further checking the enterprise annuity develops. Another one kind of viewpoint has thought that replacement rate is not high , had looked at replacement rate superficially , in fact not high, Yinkebi salary moisture content is very big , the personnel invisible income retiring is very few; Block of wood the equal of sth. height is paid the replacement rate calculating method problem , height level, be unequal to the high living standard more. (2) replacement rate adjustment (1) should adjust replacement rate. Use unified replacement rate first , descend with replacement rate being controlled by 60%; Personnel's fundamental life retiring from guarantee and the angle that the money maintaining the confession loafing about leads are looked at, 60%'s pension replacement rate is partial to height. Two is with different replacement rate, level replacement rate is taken in in diversity between ought to be different, high invisible income replacement rate is low , the low income replacement rate is high; Our country society endowment insurance pushes down a peasant , enterprise staff and worker , government departments and institutions dignity diversity adopt different method of payment and pay forehead degree, even if in same unit, pension that the personnel reality retiring gains, existence is still very big gap; Short-term and long-term go along of replacement rate part of self's job is adjusted , short-term but is consider low income crowd first, avoid losing the fundamental the guarantee living , long range adjusting the finance should surround the certain period and go along such as pension balance between income and expenditure , average life span extension amounts , salary growth rate and price index number because pension lives with low. (2) short-term no proper inner adjustment replacement rate. Supplementing endowment insurance breaking the ice juat now , reducing replacement rate is unrealistic , is going to develop complementary endowment insurance, with the quality of life of guarantee old people. Lead "decision" on having come true from mechanism , encourage people to join a guarantor paying the fee, restraint mechanism forming "many jobs , getting the pension " excitation pay the fee much , many. 2, legal retirement age of retirement age all has very big effect to endowment insurance fund disbursement or accumulation. Legal our country retirement age currently in effect is that 1950's works out , do not have basically except little crowd, alteration , 50 the whole nation average life spans many years improve more than 20-year-old , lawful age insists to hang down and average life span rise disproportional. Revise the time retiring having two kinds viewpoints: Prolong legal retirement age first, a lot of scholars think that such has acted as one side prolonging paying the fee fixed number of years, that another aspect has shortened the fixed number of years receiving a pension, is beneficial to the balance between income and expenditure resolving a pension; Such makes the short-term inner may bring certain pressure to certain pressure employment , is negative not definitely only be hit by a long range to employment pressure effect; Be used for and be raised a pension according to such to raise proportion secretly scheming against, that appropriate this way is made is that the best of our country endowment insurance policy chooses; The theory must step off low age young person beneficial to retiring employment misses area. Two is no proper change legal retirement age , the staff and worker reemployment is difficult to be laid-off , be unemployed owing to our country city and town , surplus rural labour labourers goes into town on a large scale , is inadvisable to improve retirement age all round, choice few do not endanger young person job openings post , put elasticity retirement system into practice; Improve retirement age not affecting our country young people employment, but reduce retirement age payment that can increase a retirement pension pressure, drive labour force cost go up , the ponderance aggravating to be unemployed and therefore , may adopt minimum job fixed number of years policy. Golden keeping value of golden value-keeping endowment insurance added value endowment insurance increases the value by five, is that endowment insurance invests in important content in being in motion and doing business. Peculiar character evading a type because of pension fund altitude risk, the country allows at present only place on deposit in bank or bond buying the country. Valuable bond risk is low , return on investment is high, be that pension fund invests in approach at present most mainly. 1, invests manage organization's set up endowment insurance Jin Ying giving the administration managing a company to an independent old people nutrition fund, and put become market-oriented operation into practice, the government does not assume have direct responsibility to whose fund operation , shoulder duty of having inspection only. Great majority scholars think , our country endowment insurance fund ought to choose the fund company as investment organization, have the fund competing to manage a company between forming special mutuality , manage a company to the fund responding to the return of investment regulation minimum standard reaching, to ensure that policy designs the replacement rate realization; Pension fund carries out the operation becoming market-oriented , safety and added value being able to use pension fund get guarantee. Still have a scholar bringing forward the organization entrusting the special field investment , being guaranteed the fund council working out the corresponding standard as long as the organization choosing investment, meeting requirements by agency , been still investment of people camp organization disregarding being that the insurance company still is that the bond fund manages a company, disregarding being state-owned , being able to participate in the pension fund managing, to be beneficial to develop the efficiency competing , improving. 2, invests in the implement and the channel choosing to investment with investment of proportion , a lot of scholar all advocates the investment range lifting the control over the endowment insurance fund step by step , allow the person to invest in financial market, investment carrying out the combination diversifying, two aspect combines each other with investment risk and avails, think that structuring comparatively perfect capital market as soon as possible is that the endowment insurance fund enters capital market premise and guarantee. A lot of scholar advocates , responds to in government's in relation to law and regulation the implement stipulating the finance that the pension fund invests in not to, invest in the maximal or lowest proportion being unlike the finance implement, investment restricting an inner in this proportion must be ascertained that by the council who manages a company. Be to ensure that endowment insurance fund investment gets appropriate avails, one kind method is the line stipulating a minimum with investment of avails in advance, once the income from investment is lower than that gleam , ought to demand to invest in the trusteeship people try complementary or remove from the trusteeship person marketplace; Another kind of method is to build reserve system , may move while the fund had invested in bring back a report rate low,Makes up the pension disbursement with the reserve fund the gap. Many scholars proposed that should permit a part of superannuation fund makes the experiment site in the securities investment fund and the overseas capital market. Financial products and so on enterprise bond, stock, may also along with the capital market development, open gradually the proportion rank. Also has a scholar to propose that carries on the entity investment, like constructs the road, the bridge tunnel, the highway and so on. Sixth, conclusion at present, our country old-age insurance also only limits to the city old-age insurance reform research, the rural community safeguards the system system construction also to need to further study, moreover, how to determine that the reasonable wages substitution rate, how does measure fair and questions and so on efficiency needs the quantitative investigation, provides the reasonable basis for the concrete policy making.


\u4e2d\u6587\u5728http://114411.cn/kanzheng/405/html/?953.html
\u52a0\u5206\u5427^_^!!!

Asian Highway Network
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Map of the highways
Asian Highway 2 sign near Ratchaburi, ThailandThe Asian Highway (AH) project, also known as the Great Asian Highway, is a cooperative project among countries in Asia and Europe and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), to improve the highway systems in Asia. It is one of the three pillars of Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development (ALTID) project, endorsed by the ESCAP commission at its forty-eighth session in 1992, comprising Asian Highway, Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) and facilitation of land transport projects.

Agreements have been signed by 32 countries to allow the highway to cross the continent and also reach to Europe. Some of the countries taking part in the highway project are India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Japan, South Korea and Bangladesh.[1] A significant part of the funding comes from the larger, more advanced nations as well as international agencies such as the Asian Development Bank. The project is scheduled for completion in 2010.[1]

The project aims to make maximum use of the continent's existing highways to avoid the construction of newer ones, except in cases where missing routes necessitate their construction. Project Monitor, an Asian infrastructure news website, has commented that the:

"early beneficiaries of the Asian Highway project are the planners within the national land transport department of the participating countries [since] it assists them in planning the most cost-effective and efficient routes to promote domestic and international trade. Non-coastal areas.... are the other beneficiaries."[1]
However, in the mid-2000s some transportation experts were sceptical about the viability of the project given the economic and political climate in both South and South-East Asia.[1]

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Implications
3 Regional perceptions of the project
4 Highway 3 (North-South Corridor) issues
4.1 Highway 3 (North-South Corridor) missing link
4.2 Highway 3 (North-South Corridor) development issues
5 Routes
6 Numbering and Signage
7 Route log
8 Distance by country
9 References
10 See also
11 External links

[edit] History
The AH project was initiated by the United Nations in 1959 with the aim of promoting the development of international road transport in the region. During the first phase of the project (1960-1970) considerable progress was achieved, however, progress slowed down when financial assistance was suspended in 1975.

ESCAP has conducted several projects in cooperation with AH member countries step by step after the endorsement of ALTID in 1992.

The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network (IGA) was adopted on November 18, 2003, by the Intergovernmental Meeting; the IGA includes Annex I, which identifies 55 AH routes among 32 member countries totalling approximately 87,500 miles (140,000 km), and Annex II "Classification and Design Standards". During the 60th session of the ESCAP Commission at Shanghai, China, in April 2004, the IGA treaty was signed by 23 countries. By 2007, 28 countries were signatories, which subsequently rose to 32 countries in 2008.[1]

[edit] Implications
India is hopeful that the mega project will continue to bring it and Pakistan closer, as a furtherance of the earlier resumption of bus and train services between the two countries after decades of hostilities.[1]

The advanced highway network would provide for greater trade and social interactions between Asian countries, including personal contacts, project capitalizations, connections of major container terminals with transportation points, and promotion of tourism via the new roadways.[1]

However rights groups in Southeast Asia monitoring the North-South Corridor segment were concerned with the remote area's rapid development resulting in significant increases to exposure of HIV/AIDS, human trafficking and the possibile exploitation of the surrounding forests and wildlife resources.[2]

[edit] Regional perceptions of the project
According to Om Prakash, an advisor with in New Delhi: "It's an excellent step taken by ESCAP to gather all the Asian countries under one crown but the problem with this project is political disputes between some countries, notably Pakistan and Myanmar, which is delaying the project".[1]

India views the project favourably since it would increase trade with its neighbours, especially Pakistan and Myanmar.[1]

Sanjoy Hazarika of the Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research commented: ""The [2003] agreement between Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand needs to be considered by India as an international link for trade, while retaining the presently designated AH route through Tambli, Bangladesh, and Imphal, India." As well, he also stated: "Given its extensive geographical coverage and the recent move to integrate it with other means of transportation, the Asian Highway project requires collective effort and close collaboration among the Asian countries."[1]

[edit] Highway 3 (North-South Corridor) issues
By mid-2008 the North-South Corridor segment of the Asian Highway, AH-3, was nearly fully paved, with only the a few kilometers incomplete.[2]

The North-South Corridor Project of has been part of the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) agenda since 1993 and aimed to improved the connected economies of China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. The portion of the North-South Corridor known as Highway 3, which runs through northwestern Laos and connects China and Thailand, was expected to cost US$95.8 million and was being financed with a loan from the ADB, along with funds from the Chinese, Thai and Lao governments.[2]

The completed sections of the road have gone from being little more than dirt roads a few years ago to two-lane routes with concrete shoulders, drainage and concrete bridges. The journey from the Lao border town of Huai Xai to the southwestern Chinese border village of Boten situated in southwestern Yunnan province took as long as two days on the old mostly dirt road depending on weather conditions. The new roadway shortened that trip to five to six hours.[2]

The route was expected to be completed in 2007, but damage to the road from floods during the 2006 rainy season pushed the completion date into 2008. While the road was now made passable all year, there are still sections, some of several kilometers in length, which remained unfinished as of 2008.[2]

[edit] Highway 3 (North-South Corridor) missing link
Construction of the Thai-built portion of the road lagged behind that of the Chinese section, but some observers contend that was because the Thai section was "much better constructed". They indicated that the Chinese side was built faster because of engineering shortcuts which may make that section of the road less durable.[2]

The most significant problem with the corridor was the lack of progress on a bridge to be built across the Mekong River connecting the Thai town of Chiang Khong, with its cross-border neighbour of Huay Xai in Laos. The Chinese and Thai governments earlier agreed to build the bridge and share the estimated $33USD million dollar cost of the project.[2]

The Thai cabinet approved the project in February 2007 with an expected completion date in 2011, but many remain skeptical that the schedule will be met since successive Thai governments since the late 1980s have similarly promised to undertake the project.[2]

Thai border disputes with Laos, the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, political indifference in Bangkok and a general reluctance on the part of Thais have kept the project on the political 'back burner'. China meanwhile is anxious to develop its land-locked Yunnan province through the creation of trade links with Southeast Asia, including access to Thailand's sea ports. While Thailand may benefit broadly from a new road link with China, others feared a flood of inexpensive Chinese products will impoverish northern Thais.[2]

Some of those fears came to pass with the early implementation of some provisions with the Chinese-Thai free trade agreement, which resulted in a flood of inexpensive Chinese agriculture products. As of 2008, the last incomplete link to Laos represented a significant barrier to efficient trade between the two countries and some commented that was the reason for Thai procrastination on the bridge's completion. Bangkok might also have been using the bridge as a bargaining chip for trade negotiations with Beijing, since the Chinese appeared to increasingly value the route's completion.[2]

Until the bridge's completion, the portion of the AH-3 North-South Corridor remains both incomplete and inefficient. As of 2008, Chinese goods destined for Thailand had to be ferried across the Mekong River between Chiang Khong and Huay Xai and many shippers have expressed their concerns that the ferry costs and Lao customs duties were too expensive, and traders also complained about the lengthy time required for Lao customs procedures and inspections.[2]

Although Laos was pressured to eliminate transit taxes, the cash-short government remained hesitant, in part because China and Thailand were seen to benefit disproportionately from the completed roadway. Currently almost all China-Thailand trade is conducted by shipping up and down the Mekong River, with goods taking from 10 to 15 days to reach their destination.[2]

As of 2008 the water route were suffering from frequent problems of inadequate levels to keep large cargo barges afloat, a situation which is likely to occur more frequently when more of China's planned dams on the river's upper reaches become functional in the future. The economic benefits of the roadway to Laos, meanwhile, are still undetermined.[2]

[edit] Highway 3 (North-South Corridor) development issues
While the AH-3 highway was expected to increase business and trade through increased market access to both China and Thailand, including the country's agribusiness and tourism sectors, the Lao government appeared more open to increasing state revenues through the collection of transit fees and taxes on goods that arrived at its borders. It was also under pressure from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to embed new costs into the already low intra-regional trade.[2]

According to people involved in the tourism industry in northwestern Laos, while Western tourists were arriving in increasing numbers, tourists from neighbouring Thailand and China often only pass through Laos on their way to Boten on the Chinese border, where there's a large casino and market. [2]

In addition to reaping less economic benefits, Laos will also likely have to deal with disproportionate social and environmental costs, people monitoring the project say. Without proper control mechanisms in place, the region's opening would disproportionately benefit government-connected business groups while displacing large numbers of the non-ethnic Lao groups currently living in the area.[2]

A 2002 ADB report estimated that approximately 2,500 people (500 households) might have to be relocated due to the road project; some monitoring groups put the real number much higher. Although resettlement plans were drafted by the ADB to compensate for the loss of houses, land, rice granaries and shops, it was not clear that the funds were truly reaching the people most affected.[2]

Among the issues involved was the resettlement of the original Lao inhabitants of Boten village near the Chinese border, who were moved a kilometer or more down the road to allow the construction of a new Chinese-owned casino, hotel and other commercial developments. The resettled Botens complained that their new site lacked services, and that the land set aside for them was smaller and less fertile than their original land.[2] As well, others complained about rampant land grabs adjacent to the new road by government-connected traders and businessmen who established shops and other businesses on the new prime real estate. A lack of formal land deeds or proper court systems meant there was little justice available to the displaced residents.[2]

The legal vacuum also allowed an increasing flow of Chinese migrants, many of whom first arrived to work on the road and who then stayed on to establish businesses along the road, including whole new villages, which further aggravated those previously resettled to less fertile land.[2]

Rights groups were also concerned with the remote area's rapid development resulting in increases to exposure of HIV/AIDS, human trafficking and the possibile exploitation of the surrounding forests and wildlife resources.[2]

While the ADB's original hopes that the route would reduce transportation costs for the movement of vehicles, goods and people, and also promote faster economic growth, as the 7,300 Km North-South Corridor neared completion in 2008 the real costs and benefits of the project for the local populations of Southeast Asia were still in doubt.[2][1]

[edit] Routes
Route AH1 is proposed to extend from Tokyo to the border with Bulgaria west of Istanbul and Edirne, passing through both Koreas, China and other countries in Southeast, Central and South Asia. The corridor is expected to improve trade links between East Asian countries, India and Russia. To complete the route, existing roads will be upgraded and new roads constructed to link the network. US$ 25 billion has been spent or committed as of 2007, with additional US$ 18 billion needed for upgrades and improvements to 26,000 km of highway.[3]

AH83, 107.5 miles (172 km); Kazakh, Azerbaijan (on AH5) to Yerevan, Armenia (on AH81/AH82)
AH84, 742.5 miles (1,188 km); Dogubayazit, Turkey (on AH1) to İçel, Turkey
AH85, 211 miles (338 km); Refahiye, Turkey (on AH1) to Merzifon, Turkey (on AH5)
AH86, 154 miles (247 km); Askale, Turkey (on AH1) to Trabzon, Turkey (on AH5)
AH87, 378.75 miles (606 km); Ankara, Turkey (on AH1) to İzmir, Turkey

[edit] Distance by country
The planned network runs a total of 87799 miles (140,479 km).

Afghanistan, (4,247 km)
Armenia, (958 km)
Azerbaijan, 901.25 miles (1,442 km)
Bangladesh, 1127.5 miles (1,804 km)
Bhutan .625 miles (1 km)
Cambodia, 837 miles (1,339 km)
China, 15,978 miles (25,579 km)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), 825 miles (1,320 km)
Georgia, 721.25 miles (1,154 km)
India, 7145 miles (11,432 km)
Indonesia, 2493 miles (3,989 km)
Islamic Republic of Iran, 6970 miles (11,152 km)
Japan, 750 miles (1,200 km)
Kazakhstan, (13,189 km)
Kyrgyzstan, 1059 miles (1,695 km)
Lao PDR, 1436 miles (2,297 km)
Malaysia, 997 miles (1,595 km)
Mongolia, 2678.75 miles (4,286 km)
Myanmar, 1877 miles (3,003 km)
Nepal, 826.6 miles (1,321 km)
Pakistan, 3360.6 miles (5,377 km)
Philippines, 2198.1 miles (3,517 km)
Republic of Korea, 566.9 miles (907 km)
Russian Federation, 10543.1 miles (16,869 km)
Singapore, 11.9 miles (19 km)
Sri Lanka, 406.25 miles (650 km)
Tajikistan, 1203.1 miles (1,925 km[edit] References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kamat, Rahul The Great Asian Highway, Project Monitor website, 31 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-05-05
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w McCartan, Brian Roadblocks on the Great Asian Highway, Asia Times website, 23 January 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-05;
^ "Priority Investment Needs for the Development for the Asian Highway Network", accessed July 14, 2007
^ a b c d e Newswire, Tourism Commission of the International Geographical Union website. Retrieved 2009-05-05;

Jinan - Taian - Qufu - Xuzhou - Bengbu - Hefei - Tongling - Huangshan - Quzhou - Nanping - Fuzhou - Taipei)

3, Beijing - Hong Kong and Macao (Beijing - Baoding - Shijiazhuang - Handan - Xinxiang - Zhengzhou - Luohe - Xinyang - Wuhan - Changsha - hits - Hengyang - Chenzhou - Shaoguan - Huadu - Guangzhou - Zhongshan - Zhuhai - Macau and Guangzhou - Shenzhen -- Hong Kong)

4, Beijing - Kunming (Beijing - Baoding - Shijiazhuang - Taiyuan - Linfen - Xi'an - Hanzhong - Guangyuan - Mianyang - Chengdu - Ya'an - Xichang - Panzhihua - Yuanmou - Did Luquan - Kunming)

5, Beijing - Lhasa (Beijing - Zhangjiakou - Jining - Hohhot - Baotou - Linhe - Wuhai - Yinchuan - - - silver - Maryland - Xining - Golmud - Lhasa)

6, Beijing - Urumqi (Beijing - Zhangjiakou - Jining - Hohhot - Baotou - Linhe - EJINAQI - Hami - Turpan - Urumqi)

7, Beijing - Harbin (Beijing - Tangshan - Shanhaiguan - Jinzhou - Shenyang - Tieling - Siping - Changchun - Harbin)

Two, nine vertical lines north and south

1, Hegang - Dalian (Hegang - Jiamusi - Jixi - Mudanjiang - Dunhua - Baishan - Tonghua - Dandong - Dalian)

2, Shenyang - Haikou (Shenyang - Anshan - Dalian - Yantai - sunshine - Lianyungang - Yancheng - Nantong - Shanghai - Ningbo - Taizhou - Wenzhou - Ningde - Fuzhou - Quanzhou - Zhangzhou - Shantou - Shanwei - Shenzhen - Guangzhou - Foshan -- Kaiping - Yangjiang - Maoming - Zhanjiang - MSC - Haikou)

3, Changchun - Shenzhen (Changchun - Shuangliao - Fuxin - Chaoyang - Chengde - Tangshan - Tianjin - Huanghua - Binzhou - Linyi - Lianyungang - Huaian - Nanjing - Liyang - Yixing - Huzhou - Hangzhou - Jinhua - Lishui - Nanping - Sanming -- Meizhou - Heyuan - Huizhou - Shenzhen)

4, Jinan - Guangzhou (Jinan - Heze - Shangqiu - Fuyang - Lu'an - Anqing - Jingdezhen - Yingtan - Nancheng - Ruijin - Heyuan - Guangzhou)

5, Daqing - Guangzhou (Daqing - Songyuan - Shuangliao - Tongliao - Chifeng - Chengde - Beijing - Bazhou - Hengshui - Puyang - Kaifeng - Zhoukou - Macheng - Yellowstone - Ji'an - Ganzhou - Lung South - Lian-ping - Guangzhou)

6, Erlianhaote - Guangzhou (Erlianhaote - Jining - Datong - Shuozhou - Taiyuan - Changzhi - Jincheng - Luoyang - Pingdingshan - Nanyang - Xiangfan - Jingmen - Jingzhou - Changde - Loudi - Shaoyang - Yongzhou - even the state - Guangzhou)

7, Baotou - Maoming (Baotou - Ordos - Yulin - Yan'an - Bucheon - Tongchuan - Xi'an - Ankang - Florida - Chongqing - Fuling - Qianjiang - Jishou - Huaihua - Guilin - Wuzhou - Maoming)

8, Lanzhou - Haikou (Lanzhou - Guangyuan - Nanchong - Chongqing - Zunyi - Guiyang - Majiang - Duyun - Hechi - Nanning - Beihai - Zhanjiang - MSC - Haikou)

9, Chongqing - Kunming (Chongqing - Neijiang - Yibin - Zhaotong - Kunming)

3, 18 things horizontal line

1, Suifenhe - Manzhouli (Suifenhe - Mudanjiang - Harbin - Daqing - Qiqihar - Arong Banner - Manzhouli)

2, Hunchun - Wulanhaote (Hunchun - Dunhua - Jilin - Changchun - Songyuan - Baicheng - Wulanhaote)

3, Dandong - Xilinhot (Dandong - Haicheng - Panjin - Jinzhou - Chaoyang - Chifeng - Xilinhot)

4, powerhouse - Wuhai (kilometer - Weihai - Yantai - New River - Dongying - Huanghua - Tianjin - Bazhou - changing source - Shuozhou - Ordos - Wuhai)

5, Qingdao - Yinchuan (Qingdao - Weifang - Zibo - Jinan - Shijiazhuang - Taiyuan - Lishi - Jingbian - will edge - Yinchuan)

6, Qingdao - Maryland (Qingdao - Laiwu - Taian - Liaocheng - Handan - Changzhi - Linfen - Bucheon - Qingyang - Pingliang - for the West - Lanzhou)

7, Lianyungang - Horgos (Lianyungang - Xuzhou - Shangqiu - Lankao - Kaifeng - Zhengzhou - Luoyang - Sanmenxia - Xi'an - Baoji - Tianshui - for the West - Maryland - Wuwei - Jiayuguan - HONGLIUYUAN - Hami - Turpan - Urumqi Mu Qi - hard - Horgos)

8, Nanjing - Luoyang (Nanjing - Chuzhou - Bengbu - Fuyang - Zhoukou - Luohe - Pingdingshan - Luoyang)

9, Shanghai - Xi'an (Shanghai - Nantong - Yangzhou - Nanjing - Hefei - Lu'an - Xinyang - Nanyang - Shangzhou - Xi'an)

10, Shanghai - Chengdu (Shanghai - Suzhou - Wuxi - Changzhou - Nanjing - Hefei - Lu'an - Macheng - Wuhan - Xiaogan - Jingmen - Yichang - Wanzhou - Dianjiang - Nanchong - Suining - Chengdu)

11, Shanghai - Chongqing (Shanghai - Yixing - Xuanzhou - Wuhu - Tongling - Anqing - apricot - Yellowstone - Wuhan - Jingzhou - Enshi - Zhongxian County - Dianjiang - Chongqing)

12, Hangzhou - Ruili (Hangzhou - Huangshan - Jingdezhen - Jiujiang - Xianning - Yueyang - Changde - Jishou - Zunyi - Bijie - Liupanshui - Qujing - Kunming - Chuxiong - Dali - Ruili)

13, Shanghai - Kunming (Shanghai - Hangzhou - Jinhua - Quzhou - Shangrao - Nanchang - Yichun - Pingxiang - hits - Shaoyang - Huaihua - Majiang - Guiyang - Anshun - Qujing - Kunming)

14, Fuzhou - Yinchuan (Fuzhou - Nanping - Nancheng - Nanchang - Dean - Jiujiang - apricot - Yellowstone - Wuhan - Xiaogan - Xiangfan - Shiyan - Shangzhou - Xi'an - Xianyang - Pingliang - - - Yinchuan)

15, Quanzhou - Nanning (Quanzhou - Sanming - Ji'an - Hengyang - Yongzhou - Guilin - Liuzhou - Nanning)

16, Xiamen - Chengdu (Xiamen - Longyan - Ruijin - Ganzhou - Chenzhou - Guilin - Majiang - Guiyang - Bijie - Luzhou - Neijiang - Chengdu)

17, Shantou - Kunming (Shantou - Meizhou - Lian-ping - Shaoguan - Hezhou - Liuzhou - Hechi - Xingyi - Shilin - Kunming)

18, Guangzhou - Kunming (Guangzhou - Foshan - Zhaoqing - Nanning - Bose - Funing - Kaiyuan - Shilin - Kunming)

Four, five regional Link

1, Liaoning Central Link (Liaoning - Xinmin - Tieling - Fushun - Benxi - Anshan - Liaoning)

2, Chengyu NOL (Chengdu - Mianyang - Suining - Chongqing - Luzhou - Yibin - Leshan - Ya'an - Chengdu)

3, Hainan NOL (Haikou - Qionghai - Mannings - Sanya - the East - Haikou)

4, the PRD Link (Hong Kong - Macao - Zhuhai - Shunde - Foshan - Huadu - Zengcheng - Dongguan - Shenzhen - Hong Kong and Dongguan - Shunde - Foshan - Huadu - Zengcheng - Dongguan)

5, Hangzhou Bay Link (Zhoushan - Ningbo - Hangzhou - Shanghai - Ningbo)

5, 19 horizontal lines to contact

A Heihe - Harbin (Heihe - that water - Harbin, connecting Sui Man, Surfacing; With Kazakhstan, Hok Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan-line contact)

2 with Jiang - Harbin (with Jiang - Shuangyashan - Jiamusi - Harbin, a high-speed connection crane; Sui Man, Surfacing; Black Kazakhstan, Hok Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan-line contact)

3, Harbin - Shenyang (Harbin - the five permanent members - Shulan - Jilin - classed - Fushun - Shenyang, linking Sui Man, Surfacing; Wu Hui-; Shen-high speed; Black Kazakhstan, Hok Kazakhstan, with Kazakhstan, set pairs, Shen Dan Contact Line and Liaoning in the NOL)

4, Huanghua - Shijiazhuang (Huanghua - Cangzhou - Shijiazhuang, connecting Ukraine-long Shenzhen Expressway; The Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Taiwan high speed; Big-high speed; Beijing Hong Kong and Macao, Jing Kun, silver-green)

5, Qingdao - New River (Qingdao - New River, connecting Ukraine-Green silver moldavica high-speed)

6, Yangzhou - Yixing (Yangzhou - Zhenjiang - Yixing connecting Dow, Shanghai-rong, long Shenzhen Expressway)

7, Nanjing - Wuhu (Nanjing - MOS - Wuhu connecting Dow, Shanghai-rong, long deep speed; Shanghai and Chongqing and a Wu-line contact)

8, Hefei - Wuhu (Hefei - Chaohu - Wuhu, connecting Beijing-Taiwan, the Dow high speed; Shanghai and Chongqing - Ning Wu contact line)

9, Hefei - Anqing (Hefei - Anqing, connecting Dow, Ji-Canton, Shanghai and Chongqing High-Speed)

10, Nanning - Pass (Mr. connecting South-Queensland, high-speed LAN Hai)

11, Kaiyuan - estuary (high-speed link-Queensland)

12, Lijiang - Dali (high-speed connections Hang Switzerland)

13, Xiangfan - Tianshui (Xiangfan - Ankang - Tianshui connecting two broad, high-silver; High-speed packet-mao; Jing Kun high speed; Even high-speed Huo)

14, set edge - Wuwei (set edge - - - Wuwei, silver-high-speed connections; - Silver, high-speed Beijing Rafah; Even high-speed Huo)

15, HONGLIUYUAN - Golmud (HONGLIUYUAN - Dunhuang - Golmud. Connecting Link Khodorkovsky, the Beijing-Rafah)

16, Altay - Kuitun (Altay - Karamay - Kuitun, high-speed connections even Khodorkovsky, Tariq contact line)

17, a tower - Karamay (contact line linking NASA)

18, Turpan - Kashi (Turpan - Korla - Kuche - Aksu - Kashi, connecting even Khodorkovsky, the Beijing-Ukraine; Iraq and contact line)

19, Yierkeshitan - Hotan (Yierkeshitan - Kashi - Hotan connecting spit Caledonia contact line)

6, 17 vertical line contact

1, Hegang - Harbin (Hegang - Yichun - Suihua - Harbin, a high-speed connection crane; Sui full speed, Surfacing; Black Kazakhstan, with Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan-line contact)

2, the set - Shuangliao (Set On - classed - Liaoyuan - Siping - Shuangliao, a high-speed connection crane; Kazakhstan Shen contact; Surfacing; Long deep, high-speed large-Canton)

3, Dandong - Fuxin (Dandong - Benxi - Shenyang - Xinmin - Fuxin connecting Crane, Dan-tin; Beijing Kazakhstan, Shen-high speed; Long Shenzhen Expressway; New Lu, contact Kam Fu Central Line and Liaoning)

4, Xinmin - Lubei (Xinmin - Tongliao, Lubei, long connecting Shenzhen Expressway; Big-high speed; Shen Fu, A-line contact and Liaoning in the NOL)

5, Fuxin - Jinzhou (Fuxin - Jinzhou, long connecting Shenzhen Expressway; Beijing Kazakhstan, tin-Dan; Shen new contact line)

6, Arong Banner - Jining (Arong Banner - Wulanhaote - Lubei - Jining connecting Sui-Man; Wu Hui-; Dan-tin; Two wide Rafah Beijing, Beijing Wu high speed; New Lu contact line)

7, sunshine - Lankao (sunshine - Qufu - Jining - Heze - Because the connecting Shenyang, long deep, the Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Taiwan, Guang Ji, a broad, high-speed even Huo)

8, Xinxiang - Jincheng (Xinxiang - Jiaozuo - Jincheng connecting Beijing Hong Kong and Macao, the two-high-speed)

9, Huaian - Xuzhou (Huaian - Suqian - Xuzhou, deep-linking, the Beijing-Shanghai high speed; Beijing-Taiwan, and even high-speed Huo)

10, Nantong - Taizhou (Nantong - Suzhou - Jiaxing - Taizhou, linking Shenyang sea, Dow high speed; The Beijing-Shanghai, Shanghai - Chengdu; Shanghai and Chongqing high speed; Shanghai high-speed Queensland; Contact Line and the Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Link)

11, Ningbo - Jinhua (high-speed connections Shen sea; Long deep Hang Swiss high speed; Nantai Contact Line and the Hangzhou Bay Link)

12, Wenzhou - Lishui (connecting Shenyang sea, long Shenzhen Expressway)

13, Ningde - Shangrao (connecting Shenyang sea, long deep Beijing-Taiwan, Switzerland-Hangzhou)

14, Lung South - Heyuan (big wide high-speed connections; Shantou High-speed Queensland; Long deep, high-Ji)

15, Changsha - Zhangjiajie (Changsha - Changde - Zhangjiajie, connecting Beijing-Hong Kong and Macao; 2-Shanghai high-speed Queensland)

16, Kunming - Mohan (Kunming - Yuxi - Jinghong - copper connecting Jing Kun, Queensland Shanghai, Hangzhou Switzerland, Yu-kun, San Queensland, Queensland-wide to Bangkok, Thailand)

17, Fangchenggang (Lanhai high-speed connectivity, Fangchenggang to the Sino-Vietnamese border)

建议寻找开放存取资源，推荐使用OA图书馆的搜索，
http://www.oalib.com/html/search.htm

我帮你查了一些，你可以根据自己的需求，选择关键字进行查询。
1、Economics of Road Network Ownership
http://nexus.umn.edu/Papers/ERNO.pdf
2、Measuring the Benefits Gained by Industry from Road Network Improvements
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/2182/1/ITS287_WP391_uploadable.pdf

扩展阅读：high嗨no51聪仔 ... machine gun散兵 ... 查highway09a参数 ... one day万人大合唱 ... highway to heaven ... 胜利万岁seig heil ... back in black ... highway 中文翻译 ... digi ghetto厂牌成员 ...