传统的水处理工艺介绍 水处理工艺简介（英文）
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11\u3001\u8fd9\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u6cd5\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u53d7\u5929\u6c14\u3001\u73af\u5883\u53ca\u4eba\u4e3a\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5c11\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u63a7\u5236\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u90fd\u5927\u5927\u4f18\u8d8a\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\u7684\u3002 \u4e8c\u3001\u8fde\u7eed\u5faa\u73af\u66dd\u6c14\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf(CCAS) \uff08\u4e00\uff09CCAS\u5de5\u827a\u7b80\u4ecb CCAS\u5de5\u827a\uff0c\u5373\u8fde\u7eed\u5faa\u73af\u66dd\u6c14\u7cfb\u7edf\u5de5\u827a\uff08Continuous Cycle Aeration System\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8fde\u7eed\u8fdb\u6c34\u5f0fSBR\u66dd\u6c14\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u827a\u662f\u5728SBR\uff08Sequencing Batch 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CCAS\u5de5\u827a\u5bf9\u6c61\u6c34\u9884\u5904\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u4e0d\u9ad8\uff0c\u53ea\u8bbe\u95f4\u969915mm\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u683c\u6805\u548c\u6c89\u7802\u6c60\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5904\u7406\u6838\u5fc3\u662fCCAS\u53cd\u5e94\u6c60\uff0c\u9664\u78f7\u3001\u8131\u6c2e\u3001\u964d\u89e3\u6709\u673a\u7269\u53ca\u60ac\u6d6e\u7269\u7b49\u529f\u80fd\u5747\u5728\u8be5\u6c60\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u51fa\u6c34\u53ef\u8fbe\u6807\u6392\u653e\u3002 \u7ecf\u9884\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6c61\u6c34\u8fde\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u8fdb\u5165\u53cd\u5e94\u6c60\u524d\u90e8\u7684\u9884\u53cd\u5e94\u6c60\uff0c\u5728\u8be5\u533a\u5185\u6c61\u6c34\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u6eb6\u6027BOD\u88ab\u6d3b\u6027\u6c61\u6ce5\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u5438\u9644\uff0c\u5e76\u4e00\u8d77\u4ece\u4e3b\u3001\u9884\u53cd\u5e94\u533a\u9694\u5899\u4e0b\u90e8\u7684\u5b54\u773c\u4ee5\u4f4e\u6d41\u901f(0.03-0.05m/min)\u8fdb\u5165\u53cd\u5e94\u533a\u3002\u5728\u4e3b\u53cd\u5e94\u533a\u5185\u4f9d\u7167\u201c\u66dd\u6c14\uff08Aeration\uff09\u3001\u95f2\u7f6e(Idle)\u3001\u6c89\u6dc0(Settle)\u3001\u6392\u6c34(Decant)\u201d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5468\u671f\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c61\u6c34\u5728\u201c\u597d\u6c27-\u7f3a\u6c27\u201d\u7684\u53cd\u590d\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u53bb\u78b3\u3001\u8131\u6c2e\uff0c\u548c\u5728\u201c\u597d\u6c27-\u538c\u6c27\u201d\u7684\u53cd\u590d\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u9664\u78f7\u3002\u5404\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5386\u65f6\u548c\u76f8\u5e94\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u5747\u6309\u4e8b\u5148\u7f16\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u8c03\u6574\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7531\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u96c6\u4e2d\u81ea\u63a7\u3002 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Biological Wastewater Treatment
This is a brief summary of the various techniques that have been developed to treat
wastewater by biological means. They accomplish what is generally called secondary treatment.
Purpose:
The idea behind all biological methods of wastewater treatment is to introduce contact
with bacteria (cells), which feed on the organic materials in the wastewater, thereby
reducing its BOD content. In other words, the purpose of biological treatment is BOD
reduction.
Typically, wastewater enters the treatment plant with a BOD higher than 200 mg/L, but primary settling has already reduced it to about 150 mg/L by the time it enters the
biological component of the system. It needs to exit with a BOD content no higher than about 20-30 mg/L, so that after dilution in the nearby receiving water body (river, lake), the BOD is less than 2-3 mg/L. Thus, the biological treatment needs to accomplish a 6-fold decrease in BOD.
Principle:
Simple bacteria (cells) eat the organic material present in the wastewater. Through their metabolism, the organic material is transformed into cellular mass, which is no longer in solution but can be precipitated at the bottom of a settling tank or retained as slime on solid surfaces or vegetation in the system. The water exiting the system is then much clearer than it entered it.
A key factor is the operation of any biological system is an adequate supply of oxygen.
Indeed, cells need not only organic material as food but also oxygen to breathe, just like humans. Without an adequate supply of oxygen, the biological degradation of the waste is slowed down, thereby requiring a longer residency time of the water in the system. For a given flowrate of water to be treated, this translates into a system with a larger volume and thus taking more space.
Advantages:
Like all biological systems, operation takes place at ambient temperature. There is no
need to heat or cool the water, which saves on energy consumption. Because wastewater treatment operations take much space, they are located outdoor, and this implies that the system must be able to operate at seasonally varying temperatures. Cells come in a mix of many types, and accommodation to a temperature change is simply accomplished by self adaptation of the cell population.
Similarly, a change in composition of the organic material (due to people\u2019s changing
activities) leads to a spontaneous change in cell population, with the types best suited to digest the new material growing in larger numbers than other cell types.
Types of equipment for biological treatment:
There are two broad types of biological wastewater treatment: those that include
mechanical means to create contact between wastewater, cells and oxygen, and those than don\u2019t.
a) With mechanical means:
1. Activated sludge: This is the most common type. It consists in a set of two basins. In the first, air is pumped through perforated pipes at the bottom of the basin, air rises through the water in the form of many small bubbles. These bubbles accomplish two things: they provide oxygen form the air to the water and create highly turbulent conditions that favor intimate contact between cells, the organic material in the water and oxygen. The second basin is a settling tank, where water flow is made to be very quiet so that the cellular material may be removed by gravitational settling. Some of the cell material collected at the bottom is captured and fed back into the first basin to seed the process. The rest is treated anaerobically (= without oxygen) until it is transformed into a compost-type material (like soil).
The cost of an activated-sludge system is chiefly due to the energy required to pump air at high pressure at the bottom of the aerator tank (to overcome the hydrostatic pressure of the water). Another disadvantage is that the operation is accomplished in two separate basins, thereby occupying a substantial amount of real estate.
2. Trickling filter: A trickling filter consists in a bed of fist-size rocks over which the
wastewater is gently sprayed by a rotating arm. Slime (fungi, algae) develops on the rock surface, growing by intercepting organic material from the water as it trickles down. Since the water layer passing over the rocks makes thin sheets, there is good contact with air and cells are effectively oxygenated. Worms and insects living in this \u201cecosystem\u201d also contribute to removal of organic material from the water. The slime periodically slides off the rocks and is collected at the bottom of the system, where it is removed. Water needs to be trickled several times over the rocks before it is sufficiently cleaned. Multiple spraying also provides a way to keep the biological slimes from drying out in hours of low-flow conditions (ex. at night). Plastic nets are gradually replacing rocks in newer versions of this system, providing more surface area per volume, thereby reducing the size of the equipment.
3. Biological contactor: This is essentially a variation on the trickling filter, with the
difference being that solid material on which slime grows is brought to the water rather than water being brought to it. Rotating disks alternate exposure between air and water.
b) Without mechanical means:
The wastewater is made to flow by gravity through a specially constructed wetland.
There, the water is brought into close contact with vegetation (ex. reeds), which acts as a biological filter to the water. The organic material in the wastewater is used as nutrient by the plants. Oxygen supply is passively accomplished by surface aeration (contact with oxygen of the atmosphere). Since water flow is slow in such system, to give ample time for the biological activity to take place, there is almost no turbulence in the water and reaeration is weak. Compared to mechanical systems, constructed wetlands occupy far more real estate, but they may be aesthetically pleasing, especially if they are well integrated in the local landscape. They emit no odor, but people should stay away because of the danger posed by pathogens. Constructed wetlands have also the least energy requirement. Energy is only needed to pump the wastewater to the entrance of the system, from where gravity and biology do the rest. A major disadvantage, however, is the highly reduced performance during winter, especially in regions where ground freezes during some of the winter months.
第一节 活性污泥法工艺的原理
活性污泥法工艺是一种应用最广泛的废水好氧生化处理技术，其主要由曝气池、二次沉淀池、曝气系统以及污泥回流系统等组成。废水经初次沉淀池与二次沉淀池底部回流的活性污泥同时进入曝气池，通过曝气，活性污泥呈悬浮状态，并与废水充分接触。废水中的悬浮固体与胶状物质被活性污泥吸附，而废水中的可溶性有机物被活性污泥中的微生物用作自身繁殖的营养，代谢转化为生物细胞，并氧化成为最终产物（主要是CO2）。非溶解性有机物需先转化成溶解性有机物，而后才被代谢和利用。废水由此得到净化。净化后废水与活性污泥在二次沉淀池内进行分离，上层出水排放;分离浓缩后的污泥一部分返回曝气池，以保证曝气池内保持一定浓度的活性污泥，其余为剩余污泥，由系统排出。
第二节 厌氧处理工艺
厌氧处理技术是一种有效去除有机污染物并使其矿化的技术，它将有机化合物转变为甲烷和二氧化碳。厌氧处理与好氧处理相比由许多优点：
⑴对于高/中浓度污水（COD>1000mg/L）厌氧比好养处理不仅运转费用要省得多，而且可以回收沼气，是一种产能工艺；
⑵采用现代高负荷厌氧反应器，处理污水所需反应器的体积更小；
⑶厌氧处理可以应用于各种不同规模的污水处理工程；
⑷厌氧处理能耗低，约为好氧处理工艺的10%~15%；
⑸厌氧处理污泥产量小，约为好氧处理工艺的10%~15%；
⑹厌氧处理对营养物需求低。
厌氧技术发展到今天，其早期的一些缺点已经不复存在。但是从微生物和化学角度来看，厌氧处理仅仅提供了一种预处理，它一般需要后处理以除去水中残余的有机物。
第三节 氧化沟工艺
氧化沟是一种改良的活性污泥法，其曝气池呈封闭的沟渠形，污水和活性污泥混合液在其中循环流动，因此被称为“氧化沟”，又称“环形曝气池”。
其工艺特点为：⑴简化了预处理 氧化沟水力停留时间和污泥龄比一般生物处理法长，悬浮有机物可与溶解性有机物同时得到较彻底的去除，排出的剩余污泥已得到高度稳定，因此氧化沟不设初次沉淀池，污泥不需要进行厌氧消化。
⑵占地面积少 因在流程中省略了初次沉淀池、污泥消化池，有时还省略了二次沉淀池和污泥回流装置，使污水厂总占地面积不仅没有增大，相反还可缩小。
⑶具有推流式流态的特征 氧化沟具有推流特性，使得溶解氧浓度在沿池长方向形成浓度梯度，形成好氧、缺氧和厌氧条件。通过对系统合理的设计与控制，可以取得最好的除磷脱氮效果。
⑷不设二次沉淀池简化了工艺 将氧化沟和二沉池合建为一体式氧化沟，以及近年来发展的交替工作的氧化沟，可不用二沉池，从而使处理流程更为简化。
传统的水处理工艺有纯水处理和废水处理
书上有啊，自己去看吧。
传统工艺很多！你具体指哪个工艺？
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