现实主义文学流派出现的背景可能与20世纪哪些重大的时间相关？
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As a term of art in philosophy, realism refers to a thesis that general properties, technically known as universals, have a mode of existence or a form of reality that is in a certain sense independent of the things that possess them. Opposing theses, known as nominalism, and conceptualism, hold that universals are not real or do not properly exist, that only individuals and particulars exist, and that it is only the corresponding general concepts of thought or universal terms of language, serving as equivocal denotations of many particular things, that deceive the mind into thinking so. Philosophical realism is also referred to as Platonic realism or Scholastic realism, depending on the nuances of the particular variant in mind. In some versions of realism, in stark contrast to everyday usage, a distinction is drawn between existence and reality, based on the idea that potentials can be real but that only actuals can exist.
In a separate context of discussion, realism is contrasted with both idealism and materialism, and is more controversially considered by others to be synonymous with the position in the philosophy of mind known as dualism. In recent transmogrifications of the word, realism is contrasted with anti-realism and irrealism.
Increasingly these last disputes, too, are rejected as misleading, and some philosophers prefer to call the kind of realism espoused there metaphysical realism and eschew the whole debate in favour of simple naturalism or natural realism, which is not so much a theory as the position that these debates are ill-conceived, if not incoherent, and that there is no more to deciding what is really real than simply taking our words at face value.
Realism in philosophy can also refer to other forms of realism such as moral realism and scientik
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20世纪上半叶，“罗兰主义”是现实主义作家的基本立场人道主义和民主主义仍然是作家们的重要思想武器。
人道主义和民主主义仍然是作家们的重要思想武器。20世纪上半叶，“罗兰主义”是现实主义作家的基本立场
批判现实主义代表人物有巴尔扎克、托尔斯泰等，魔幻现实主义杰出代表作有马尔克斯《百年孤独》等。
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