义和团概要以及失败原因（翻译成英文） 义和团运动主要事件，详细的。
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\u2465\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u523a\u6fc0
\u4ece1860\u81f31899\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5171\u6709\u4e09\u6b21\u7684\u53cd\u6559\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff1a\u5149\u7eea\u5341\u5e74(1884)\u670948\u5b97\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u5eff\u4e00\u5e74(1895)\u670960\u5b97\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u5eff\u56db\u5e74(1898)\u670977\u5b97\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u53d7\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u4e2d\u65e5\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u5217\u5f3a\u74dc\u5206\u7b49\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd[3] \u3002
3\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7f16\u8f91
\u6276\u6e05\u706d\u6d0b
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\u8f6c\u5165\u76f4\u96b6
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\u5217\u5f3a\u4ecb\u5165
1899\u5e74\u51ac\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u80a5\u57ce\u53d1\u751f\u82f1\u56fd\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u535c\u514b\u65af\u88ab\u6740\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5404\u56fd\u8fde\u7eed\u6297\u8bae\u540e\uff0c\u6bd3\u8d24\u88ab\u6e05\u5ef7\u514d\u804c\u3002\u65b0\u4efb\u5de1\u629a\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u5e26\u9886\u5317\u6d0b\u65b0\u519b\u5728\u5c71\u4e1c\u5927\u529b\u9547\u538b\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u3002\u6bd3\u8d24\u79bb\u804c\u540e\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u89d0\u89c1\u6148\u79a7\u592a\u540e\uff0c\u5411\u5979\u63d0\u51fa\u62db\u5b89\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\uff1b\u4e4b\u540e\u83b7\u5f97\u8c03\u4efb\u5c71\u897f\u5de1\u629a\uff08\u4ed6\u5728\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u5185\u5148\u540e\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e0b\u4ee4\u8bf1\u6740\u3001\u6355\u6740\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7150\u540d\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5bb6\u7737\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401983\u5e74\u7248\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u300b\uff09\u3002\u620a\u620c\u653f\u53d8\u540e\u5b8c\u5168\u63a7\u5236\u671d\u5ef7\u7684\u6148\u79a7\uff0c\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u53cd\u5bf9\u5979\u5e9f\u9edc\u5149\u7eea\u611f\u5230\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002
\u5efa\u4e8e\u8042\u58eb\u6210\u6b89\u96be\u5904\u7684\u8042\u58eb\u6210\u50cf
1900\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u6148\u79a7\u4e0d\u987e\u897f\u65b9\u5916\u4ea4\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u53d1\u5e03\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u7684\u8bcf\u4ee4\u3002\u76f4\u96b6\u603b\u7763\u88d5\u7984\u4e8e\u662f\u7531\u672c\u6765\u527f\u706d\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u6276\u52a9\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5411\u56e2\u6c11\u53d1\u653e\u9977\u94f6\u5916\uff0c\u88d5\u7984\u8fd8\u9080\u8bf7\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u7684\u9996\u9886\u5927\u5e08\u5144\u5230\u5929\u6d25\u5f00\u575b\u805a\u4f17\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u5c71\u4e1c\u7684\u62f3\u6c11\u6d8c\u5165\u76f4\u96b6\u3002\u7531\u5929\u6d25\u81f3\u6dbf\u5dde\u3001\u4fdd\u5b9a\u90fd\u6709\u62f3\u6c11\u8d77\u575b\u8bf7\u795e\u3001\u70e7\u6559\u5802\u3001\u6740\u6d0b\u4eba\u3001\u6740\u6e05\u519b\u3001\u5e76\u5230\u5904\u6bc1\u574f\u94c1\u8def\u53ca\u7535\u7ebf\u6746\u7b49\u6d0b\u7269\u3002\u6dbf\u5dde\u77e5\u5e9c\u66f4\u88ab\u4e09\u4e07\u540d\u62f3\u6c11\u5360\u636e\u3002\u6148\u79a7\u6d3e\u519b\u673a\u5927\u81e3\u534f\u529e\u5927\u5b66\u58eb\u521a\u6bc5\u548c\u987a\u5929\u5e9c\u5c39\u8d75\u8212\u7fd8\u5230\u6dbf\u5dde\u8c03\u67e5\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u521a\u6bc5\u56de\u4eac\u540e\uff0c\u5411\u6148\u79a7\u62a5\u544a\u201c\u62f3\u6c11\u5fe0\u8d1e\uff0c\u795e\u672f\u53ef\u7528\u201d\u3002\u671d\u4e2d\u5e84\u4eb2\u738b\u8f7d\u52cb\u3001\u7aef\u90e1\u738b\u8f7d\u6f2a\u3001\u8f85\u56fd\u516c\u8f7d\u6f9c\u4ea6\u4e3b\u629a\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\uff0c\u5411\u6d0b\u4eba\u5f00\u6218\u3002
1900\u5e745\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5168\u6743\u516c\u4f7f\u7aa6\u7eb3\u4e50\uff08Claude Maxwell MacDonald \u6709\u611f\u4f7f\u9986\u533a\u6709\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6cca\u5728\u5927\u6cbd\u9644\u8fd1\u768417\u8258\u5916\u56fd\u6218\u8239\u589e\u63f4\u3002337\u540d\u5916\u56fd\u6c34\u624b\u53ca\u9646\u6218\u961f\u5458\u57281900\u5e745\u670831\u65e5\u767b\u5cb8\uff0c\u4e58\u706b\u8f66\u4e8e\u5f53\u665a\u62b5\u4eac\uff0c\u9632\u536b\u4f7f\u9986\u533a\u53e6\u591689\u540d\u5fb7\u56fd\u53ca\u5965\u56fd\u9646\u6218\u961f\u5458\u57281900\u5e746\u67083\u65e5\u62b5\u4eac\u3002
1900\u5e746\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u6148\u79a7\u8c03\u8463\u798f\u7965\u7684\u6b66\u536b\u540e\u519b\u8fdb\u57ce\uff0c\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u5929\u575b\u548c\u5148\u519c\u575b\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u8463\u519b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5c11\u58eb\u5175\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u3002
1900\u5e746\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u7aef\u90e1\u738b\u8f7d\u6f2a\u51fa\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u5404\u56fd\u4e8b\u52a1\u8859\u95e8\u5927\u81e3\u3002\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u62f3\u6c11\u4e8e\u540c\u65f6\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u4e3e\u5165\u4eac\u3002\u6700\u591a\u65f6\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u62f3\u6c11\u8d85\u8fc7\u5341\u4e07\u3002\u662f\u65e5\u8d77\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5916\u56fd\u4f7f\u9986\u5bf9\u5916\u901a\u8baf\u65ad\u7edd\u3002
1900\u5e746\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u9a7b\u534e\u4f7f\u9986\u4e66\u8bb0\u6749\u5c71\u5f6c\u88ab\u521a\u8c03\u5165\u4eac\u7684\u6e05\u5175\u7518\u519b\u6240\u6740 \uff0c\u88ab\u5f00\u8179\u5256\u5fc3\u3002\u9a7b\u5929\u6d25\u7684\u5404\u56fd\u9886\u4f7f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e8c\u5343\u4eba\u7684\u8054\u519b\uff0c\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6d77\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u897f\u6469\u5c14(Edward Seymour)\u5e26\u9886\uff0c\u4e58\u706b\u8f66\u589e\u63f4\u5317\u4eac\u5341\u4e00\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u94c1\u8def\u88ab\u62f3\u6c11\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u897f\u6469\u5c14\u53d7\u963b\u4e8e\u5929\u6d25\u57ce\u5916\u7684\u6768\u6751\u3001\u5eca\u574a\u4e00\u5e26\uff0c\u4e0e\u6e05\u5175\u53ca\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u5c55\u5f00\u6218\u6597\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u9000\u56de\u57ce\u4e2d\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u9664\u6e05\u5175\u548c\u4e49\u548c\u62f3\u6c11\u5bf9\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u7684\u56f4\u56f0\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u8be5\u6218\u4e8b\u88ab\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6297\u51fb\u5916\u654c\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5eca\u574a\u5927\u6377\u201d\u3002
1900\u5e746\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8fdb\u5165\u5185\u57ce\uff0c\u5f53\u5929\u70e7\u6bc1\u5b5d\u987a\u80e1\u540c\u4e9a\u65af\u7acb\u5802\u3001\u53cc\u65d7\u7aff\uff08\u4eca\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u8857\u897f\u53e3\u5916\uff09\u4f26\u6566\u4f1a\u3001\u516b\u9762\u69fd\uff08\u738b\u5e9c\u4e95\uff09\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e1c\u5802\u3001\u706f\u5e02\u53e3\u516c\u7406\u4f1a\u3001\u4e1c\u56db\u4e94\u6761\u897f\u53e3\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u798f\u97f3\u5802\u3001\u4ea4\u9053\u53e3\u4e8c\u6761\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u3001\u9f13\u697c\u897f\u9e26\u513f\u80e1\u540c\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u3001\u897f\u76f4\u95e8\u5185\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u897f\u5802\u3001\u897f\u56db\u7f8a\u8089\u80e1\u540c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5802\u3001\u77f3\u9a78\u9a6c\u6865\u5b89\u7acb\u7518\u4f1a\u3001\u5ba3\u6b66\u95e8\u5185\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5357\u5802\u517111\u6240\u6559\u5802\u3002\u67093200\u540d\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u9003\u5165\uff08\u670942\u540d\u6cd5\u5175\u5360\u636e\uff09\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5317\u5802\uff0c2000\u591a\u540d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u9003\u5165\u4e1c\u4ea4\u6c11\u5df7\u7684\u4f7f\u9986\u533a\u3002\u62f3\u6c11\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u653e\u706b\u70e7\u6389\u6559\u5802\u548c\u4e00\u5207\u4e0e\u897f\u6d0b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002
1900\u5e746\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u519b\u673a\u5904\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u4f20\u65e8\uff0c\u4ee4\u5728\u4efb\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u7684\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\uff0c\u53ca\u5c71\u4e1c\u5de1\u629a\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u901f\u5165\u4eac\u3002
1900\u5e746\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u524d\u95e8\u4e00\u5e26\u7ea6\u5343\u5bb6(\u4e00\u8bf4\u56db\u5343\u5bb6)\u5546\u94fa\u56e0\u8001\u5fb7\u8bb0\u897f\u836f\u623f\u5927\u706b\u800c\u88ab\u70e7\u6210\u5e9f\u589f\uff0c\u6b63\u9633\u95e8\u697c\u3001\u5317\u4eac24\u5bb6\u94f8\u94f6\u5382\u4e5f\u906d\u70e7\u6bc1\u3002\u62f3\u6c11\u540c\u65f6\u56db\u5904\u7834\u574f\u6559\u5802\u653b\u51fb\u6559\u6c11\uff0c\u5e84\u738b\u5e9c\u524d\u5927\u9662\u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u96c6\u4f53\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u5211\u573a\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5c60\u6740\u6559\u6c11\u5916\uff0c\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u66f4\u6ee5\u6740\u65e0\u8f9c\uff0c\u8bec\u6307\u8bb8\u591a\u5e02\u6c11(\u5305\u62ec\u8bb8\u591a\u5987\u5973\u5c0f\u7ae5)\u4e3a\u767d\u83b2\u6559\u800c\u70e7\u6b7b\u622e\u6b7b\uff0c\u5982\u636e\u5f53\u65f6\u76ee\u51fb\u8005\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u4e61\u6c11\u9002\u8d8b\u5e02\u96c6\uff0c\u4e03\u5341\u4f59\u4eba\u6089\u7d77\u4ee5\u6765\uff1b\u4f2a\u9970\u4f18\u4f36\u51a0\u670d\u513f\u7ae5\u620f\u7269\uff0c\u6307\u4e3a\u767d\u83b2\u6559\uff1b\u4e0b\u5211\u90e8\u4e00\u5915\uff0c\u672a\u8baf\u4f9b\uff0c\u9a88\u65a9\u897f\u5e02\u3002\u6709\u5987\u4eba\u5b81\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ea6\u9677\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6742\u8bdb\u4e4b\uff0c\u513f\u72b9\u5728\u62b1\u4e5f\u201d\uff1b\u4e5f\u6709\u88ab\u516c\u62a5\u79c1\u4ec7\u800c\u6740\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u6276\u6301\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u7684\u5e84\u4eb2\u738b\u8f7d\u52cb\u3001\u7aef\u90e1\u738b\u8f7d\u6f2a\u7684\u597d\u53cb\u526f\u90fd\u7edf\u795e\u673a\u8425\u7ffc\u957f\u5e86\u6052\u4e00\u5bb6\u5927\u5c0f\u5341\u4e09\u53e3\u56e0\u88ab\u5bfb\u4ec7\u4e8e\u4e03\u6708\u521d\u88ab\u5168\u90e8\u6740\u5bb3\u3002\u800c\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u6c11\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6d3e\u522b\u4e5f\u4e92\u76f8\u6b66\u6597\u6b8b\u6740\u3002\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u3001\u4eac\u5e08\u7981\u519b\u548c\u7518\u519b\u4e5f\u8086\u610f\u5978\u6740\u5987\u5973\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5176\u6570\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5c60\u6740\u5978\u6deb\u5916\uff0c\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u53ca\u6e05\u519b\u4e5f\u63b3\u63a0\u6d17\u52ab\u5546\u6237\u5e73\u6c11\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8d43\u7269\u516c\u5f00\u62cd\u5356\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6743\u8d35\u4e4b\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e78\u514d\uff0c\u5982\u540f\u90e8\u5c1a\u4e66\u5b59\u5bb6\u9f10\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u58eb\u5f90\u6850\u7684\u5bb6\u90fd\u88ab\u62a2\u63a0\uff0c\u5f90\u6850(\u65f6\u5e74\u516b\u5341)\u66f4\u88ab\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u6c11\u62d6\u51fa\u6279\u6597\u3002 \u662f\u65e5\u6148\u79a7\u53ec\u5f00\u5fa1\u524d\u4f1a\u8bae\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u53d1\u51fa\u52d2\u4ee4\u89e3\u6563\u62f3\u6c11\u7684\u4e0a\u8c15\u3002
1900\u5e746\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u8054\u519b\u653b\u5360\u5927\u6cbd\u53e3\u70ae\u53f0\u3002\u6148\u79a7\u6536\u5230\u6b64\u6d88\u606f\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u865a\u5047\u60c5\u62a5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5979\u5f52\u653f\u4e8e\u5149\u7eea\u3002\u6148\u79a7\u6001\u5ea6\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u767e\u516b\u5341\u5ea6\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u8f6c\u4e3a\u652f\u6301\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u53ca\u5411\u6d0b\u4eba\u5f00\u6218\u3002\u547d\u521a\u6bc5\u3001\u8f7d\u6f2a\u3001\u8f7d\u52cb\u3001\u8f7d\u6fc2\u3001\u8f7d\u6f9c\u7edf\u9886\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\uff0c\u8f7d\u52cb\u4efb\u6b65\u519b\u7edf\u9886\u4e5d\u95e8\u63d0\u7763\u3002[5]
\u5bf9\u5916\u5ba3\u6218
\u5929\u6d25\u7684\u4e49\u548c\u62f3\u6c11\u4f17
1900\u5e746\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u514b\u6797\u5fb7\uff08Klemens Freiherr von Ketteler\uff09\u4ee3\u8868\u5404\u56fd\u524d\u53bb\u603b\u7406\u8859\u95e8\u8981\u6c42\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u9014\u4e2d\u88ab\u6e05\u5175\u4f0f\u51fb\uff08\u7531\u4e8e\u514b\u6797\u5fb7\u66fe\u7ecf\u67aa\u6740\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u4f17\uff0c\u6b64\u6b21\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u62a5\u590d\uff09\uff1b\u917f\u6210\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5bfc\u706b\u7ebf\u3002
1900\u5e746\u670821\u65e5\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4ee5\u5149\u7eea\u7684\u540d\u4e49\uff0c\u5411\u82f1\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u5fb7\u3001\u610f\u3001\u65e5\u3001\u4fc4\u3001\u897f\u3001\u6bd4\u3001\u8377\u3001\u5965\u5341\u4e00\u56fd\u540c\u65f6\u5ba3\u6218\u3002
\u6e05\u5ef7\u5411\u5404\u56fd\u5ba3\u6218\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u60ac\u8d4f\u6355\u6740\u6d0b\u4eba\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u6740\u4e00\u6d0b\u4eba\u8d4f\u4e94\u5341\u4e24\uff1b\u6d0b\u5987\u56db\u5341\u4e24\uff1b\u6d0b\u5b69\u4e09\u5341\u4e24\u201d\u3002\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u53ca\u671d\u5ef7\u519b\u961f\u56f4\u653b\u5404\u56fd\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u4f7f\u9986\u3002\u4f7f\u9986\u533a\u5185\u88ab\u56f4\u4eba\u6570\u7ea63,000\u4eba\uff0c\u5f53\u4e2d\u7ea62000 \u4e3a\u5bfb\u6c42\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e4b\u534e\u4eba\uff1b400\u4eba\u4e3a\u5916\u56fd\u7537\u6027\u5e73\u6c11\uff0c147\u540d\u5987\u5973\u53ca76\u540d\u5c0f\u7ae5\u3002\u53e6\u6709\u58eb\u5175\u3001\u6c34\u5175\u53ca\u9646\u6218\u961f\u5171409\u4eba\uff0c\u6b66\u88c5\u67093\u633a\u673a\u67aa\u53ca\u56db\u95e8\u5c0f\u53e3\u5f84\u706b\u70ae\u3002\u5404\u56fd\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u4ee5\u6b66\u529b\u89e3\u6551\u4f7f\u9986\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5404\u4f7f\u9986\u7b51\u8d77\u9632\u5fa1\u5de5\u4e8b\uff0c\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u7aa6\u7eb3\u4e50\u8d1f\u8d23\u6307\u6325\u62b5\u6297\u3002
1900\u5e746\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u5f53\u6743\u6d3e\u8f7d\u6f2a\u3001\u8f7d\u52cb\u3001\u8f7d\u6fc2\u3001\u8f7d\u6ee2\u56db\u5144\u5f1f\u7387\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u516d\u5341\u591a\u4eba\u76f4\u5954\u701b\u53f0\u6b32\u5f11\u5149\u7eea\uff0c\u88ab\u6148\u79a7\u592a\u540e\u963b\u6b62\u800c\u672a\u679c[6] \u3002
\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u7684\u5404\u56fd\u519b\u961f(8\u5f20)
\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b\u4fb5\u534e
\u7d2b\u7981\u57ce\u5185\u7684\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b
\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6700\u7ec8\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u519b\u4e8b\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5728\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e73\u606f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7ea6\u670945,000\u540d\u6765\u81ea\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\uff08\u82f1\u519b\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u82f1\u5728\u5a01\u6d77\u536b\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5175\u56e2\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u53ca\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u6297\u62f3\u4e71\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u4e0e\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u62f3\u6c11\u5bf9\u6218\u30021900\u5e747\u6708\u81f38\u6708\u8fdb\u519b\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u8054\u519b\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u662f\u4fc4\u56fd\u4ebaGeneral Linevitch \u3002
1900\u5e747\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u8054\u519b\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u5929\u6d25\uff1b\u76f4\u96b6\u603b\u7763\u88d5\u7984\u5175\u8d25\u540e\u81ea\u6740\u3002
1900\u5e747\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u4e3b\u548c\u7684\u5927\u81e3\u8bb8\u666f\u6f84\u53ca\u8881\u6636\u88ab\u6e05\u5ef7\u5904\u6b7b\u3002
1900\u5e748\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u8054\u519b\u5411\u5317\u4eac\u8fdb\u903c\uff0c\u6cbf\u9014\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9047\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u529b\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6cbf\u9014\u7684\u6e05\u5175\u548c\u4e49\u548c\u62f3\u6c11\u4f30\u8ba1\u670915\u4e07\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u8054\u519b\u603b\u6570\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u4ec53\u4e07\u591a\u4eba\uff08\u540e\u6765\u6709\u6240\u589e\u52a0\uff09\u3002\u65f6\u503c8\u6708\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u708e\u70ed\u800c\u6f6e\u6e7f\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u6cbf\u9014\u6d53\u5bc6\u7684\u7389\u7c73\u5730\u5f62\u6210\u5929\u7136\u5c4f\u969c\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u519b\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u79cd\u79cd\u56f0\u96be\u3002
\u5fb7\u7687\u5a01\u5ec92\u4e16\u4e3a\u5fb7\u519b\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdc\u5f81\u519b\u8df5\u884c[6]
1900\u5e748\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u5904\u6b7b\u4e3b\u548c\u7684\u5927\u81e3\u8054\u5143\u3001\u7acb\u5c71\u53ca\u5f90\u7528\u4eea\u3002
1900\u5e748\u670814\u65e5\u51cc\u6668\uff0c\u8054\u519b\u6765\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u57ce\u5916\uff0c\u7ecf\u4e24\u5929\u7684\u6fc0\u6218\uff0c\u523015\u65e5\u9010\u6b65\u653b\u5360\u4e86\u5317\u4eac\u5404\u57ce\u95e8\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u4e0e\u6e05\u519b\u5728\u4eac\u57ce\u5404\u5904\u5c55\u5f00\u5df7\u6218\u3002
1900\u5e748\u670816\u65e5\u665a\uff0c\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b\u5df2\u57fa\u672c\u5360\u9886\u5317\u4eac\u5168\u57ce\u3002\u6148\u79a7\u53ca\u7687\u5ba4\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u9677\u843d\u4e4b\u540e\u7acb\u5373\u4ed3\u7687\u79bb\u5f00\uff0c\u9003\u5230\u897f\u5b89\u3002
\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b\u8fdb\u5165\u7d2b\u7981\u57ce\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u8f7d\u91cc\uff0c\u79f0\u8fd9\u6b21\u519b\u4e8b\u89e3\u9664\u516c\u4f7f\u9986\u5371\u673a\u884c\u52a8\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u89e3\u6551\u8fdc\u5f81\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5219\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b\u4fb5\u534e\u6218\u4e89\u3002
\u65e5\u519b\u7ed8\u672c\uff1a\u516b\u56fd\u8054\u519b[6]
\u5728\u5fb7\u7687\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e8c\u4e16\u7684\u575a\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u74e6\u5fb7\u897f(Count Waldersee)\u4e8e8\u67087\u65e5\u88ab\u4efb\u4e3a\u8054\u519b\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u3002\u7136\u800c\u74e6\u5fb7\u897f\u53ca\u5fb7\u519b\u5728\u8054\u519b\u653b\u8fdb\u5317\u4eac\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u624d\u5230\u8fbe\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u56e0\u4e3a\u70ed\u5207\u6267\u884c\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e8c\u4e161900\u5e747\u67082\u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u72e1\u733e\u7684\u3001\u52c7\u6562\u7684\u3001\u6b66\u5907\u826f\u597d\u7684\u548c\u6b8b\u5fcd\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u3002\u5047\u5982\u4f60\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u4ed6\uff0c\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff1a\u4e0d\u8981\u540c\u60c5\u4ed6\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u63a5\u6536\u6218\u4fd8\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u8981\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u540e\u8fd8\u4e0d\u6562\u7aa5\u89c6\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u201d\u56db\u5904\u63b3\u63a0\uff0c\u800c\u5907\u53d7\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e8c\u4e16\u7684\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bb2\u8bdd\u662f\u5bf95\u4e16\u7eaa\u5308\u5974\u5165\u4fb5\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u3002\u540e\u6765\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\u4e5f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u88ab\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u501f\u7528\u6765\u8d2c\u635f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u654c\u4eba\u3002
\u4fc4\u56fd\u9664\u4e86\u4e0e\u968f\u8054\u519b\u8fdb\u653b\u5317\u4eac\u5916\uff0c\u66f4\u53e6\u5916\u4ece\u5357\u5317\u4e24\u8def\u6d3e\u4e8c\u5341\u4f59\u4e07\u4eba\u8fdb\u5360\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u3002\u5317\u8def\u4fc4\u519b8\u6708\u653b\u5360\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u7701\u57ce\u9f50\u9f50\u54c8\u5c14\uff0c\u81f39\u6708\u5360\u9886\u5409\u6797\u7701\u57ce\u5409\u6797\uff1b\u5357\u8def8\u6708\u5360\u636e\u8425\u53e3\uff0c10\u6708\u5360\u9886\u6c88\u9633\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\u4e24\u519b\u4f1a\u5e08\uff0c\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4e1c\u5317\u5168\u5883[7] \u3002 \u3000
\u4e1c\u5357\u4e92\u4fdd
\u5728\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5c1a\u672a\u5411\u5404\u56fd\u5ba3\u6218\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u6c5f\u603b\u7763\u5218\u5764\u4e00\u3001\u6e56\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u5f20\u4e4b\u6d1e\u3001
\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u56e2\u6c11\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u88ab\u7f8e\u519b\u9a916\u5e08\u4fd8\u864f
\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u3001\u94c1\u8def\u5927\u81e3\u76db\u5ba3\u6000\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u5de1\u629a\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u3001\u95fd\u6d59\u603b\u7763\u8bb8\u5e94\u9a99\u7b49\u5373\u5546\u8bae\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e1c\u5357\u5404\u7701\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5217\u5f3a\u6709\u501f\u53e3\u5165\u4fb5\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u5bc6\u8bae\u76d8\u7b97\u5018\u82e5\u5317\u4eac\u5931\u5b88\u800c\u4e24\u5bab\u4e0d\u6d4b\uff0c\u5f53\u7531\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u4f5c\u603b\u7edf\u652f\u6491\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5411\u5341\u4e00\u56fd\u5ba3\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5218\u5764\u4e00\u3001\u5f20\u4e4b\u6d1e\u3001\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\uff0c\u548c\u95fd\u6d59\u603b\u7763\u8bb8\u5e94\u3001\u56db\u5ddd\u603b\u7763\u594e\u4fca\u3001\u5c71\u4e1c\u5de1\u629a\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\uff0c\u5373\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u8fbe\u6210\u5730\u65b9\u4e0a\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u79f0\u4e1c\u5357\u4e92\u4fdd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u7687\u5ba4\u8bcf\u4ee4\u662f\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u80c1\u6301\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u77eb\u8bcf\u3001\u4e71\u547d\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u4e1c\u5357\u5404\u7701\u8fdd\u6297\u652f\u6301\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u3002
\u800c\u6e05\u671d\u7687\u5ba4\u9003\u5f80\u897f\u5b89\u9014\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u547d\u4ee4\u5404\u5730\u5b98\u5175\u527f\u706d\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u30021900\u5e749\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u53d1\u5e03\u4e0a\u8c15\uff0c\u79f0\u201c\u6b64\u6848\u521d\u8d77\uff0c\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u5b9e\u4e3a\u8087\u7978\u4e4b\u7531\uff0c\u4eca\u6b32\u62d4\u672c\u585e\u6e90\uff0c\u975e\u75db\u52a0\u94f2\u9664\u4e0d\u53ef\u201d\u3002\u4e2d\u5916\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u8054\u5408\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u6d3e\u5e86\u4eb2\u738b\u5955\u52bb\u53ca\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u4e3a\u5168\u6743\u7279\u4f7f\uff0c\u4e0e\u5404\u56fd\u548c\u8c08\u3002
\u4f59\u90e8\u62b5\u6297
\u6148\u79a7\u5728\u51fa\u8d70\u65f6\u53d1\u5e03\u4e0a\u8c15\uff0c\u5c06\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u63a8\u5230\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u5934\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u547d\u4ee4\u5404\u5730\u6e05\u519b\u4e88\u4ee5\u527f\u6740\u3002\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u8fc5\u731b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u90e8\u5206\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u6e05\u5ef7\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5728\u6e05\u5ef7\u6001\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fc5\u901f\u6d88\u4ea1\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u575a\u6301\u62b5\u6297\u3002\u5218\u5448\u7965
\u6e05\u5ef7\u5de1\u94fa\u902e\u6355\u7684\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u5458
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Righteousness and regiment exercise in 19 centuries, is an end is launch by the righteousness and the regiment, main occurrence at north China region, each Chinese social stratum extensively participates of patriotic sport.Because Manchu Court and foreign country invade the consociation of soldier to wring to kill, righteousness and regiment finally fail.The affairs resulted in this time very great influence.The Chinese historiography house is again called"the G son country change" or"eight country allied troops' services"ses to this affairs and also someone devaluate to be called "the boxing be disorderly".Some western nations also use the name(Boxer Rebellion) of "the boxing be disorderly".
Originate Shandong
Because Germany invades behavior in Shandong, make people in Shandong outward the country invade extremely bad impression.As early as 1897 took place huge wild teaching plan and Shandong cruised to fondle Li3 Bing3 Heng2 to be devaluated a job therefore.After this, the people of Shandong's teaching an antinomy has already increase and reduces.In 1897, hat county theater Tun village people in Shandong and church cause conflict because of the historical land dispute.The Wei county plum flower boxer Zhao4 San much frequently waits in response to the village people Yan book of invitation, go to help.Empress Zhao4 San changes name to plum flower boxing more righteousness and boxing.In June, 1898, Shandong cruises to fondle Zhang Ru3 Mei2 to up move imperial government, think righteousness and boxing originally belong country regiment, the suggestion"change a boxing courageously is people's regiment".Combine to definitely say righteousness and boxing are "righteousness and regiment" and put forward the concept of "righteousness and regiment" for the very first time in the officials in Manchu Dynasty.October Zhao4 San much waits for someone at hat county Jiang3 Jia Zhuang to stick out the flag of "hand pure put out ocean" to"start revolution" at the same year and encounter pure soldier suppression but fail.Next year namely in 1899, plain county in Shandong knows a county Jiang3 Kai3 cracks down on righteousness and regiment, local righteousness and boxing leader Li3 Chang2 Shui3 claim Ren even, righteousness and boxing leader of Gao Tang2 Deng3's ground the scarlet light support and the scarlet light formally stuck out "world righteousness and boxing interest pure put out ocean" flag in the Gang tidy troops of sub- Li3 Zhuang.On October 11, Jiang3 Kai3 leads courageously service several people to come suppression, is vanquish by righteousness and boxing.The affairs is afterwards called "the plain start revolution" this time.Afterwards the Manchu Court adds the parties Yuan a life time Dun to wait for someone to come suppression and defeat righteousness and boxing in the Sen the palace the combat.The afterward pure soldier swims shot Ma3 Jin Xu4 to capture alive righteousness and the boxing leader scarlet light, heart truly a monk to wait for someone.The then Shandong's cruising to fondle is that the Yu is wise, he is hostile to a foreign country to invade and teach conflict to the people anti- ocean more sympathetic toward.He recalled Jiang3 Kai3, Yuan a life time Dun...etc. and fondle the righteousness and the boxing Jiao and, take fondle as a lord, there is parlance point out ising exactly that the Yu is wise to change the boxing as regiment.Still move to teach the self-contradict responsibility the people to return knot at the church toward the imperial government one square.Its attitude is regard with hostility by foreign country and negotiate in the great powers Yu's being wise be remove from the office by the Ge to work.But he also carried on suppression to the righteousness and the boxing, issue order before it leave office scarlet light, heart truly monk, kill at clear water's etc..In December, 1899, the Yuan a life time Kai office reason Shandong cruises to fondle.
Extend of war
On June 10, great powers regardless of pure government of obstruct, send the west Mo Er rate a soldier to enter hair toward Peking from Tienjin, there is theory taking this as eight country allied troops to invade the marking of Hua.But many because of along the road railroad have already been destroy by righteousness and regiment, the continuously take the offensive of the righteousness and regiment and sweet soldier add again, the west Mo Er sinks into a predicament at Yang2 Cun, compelled after withdraw, again the on the return journey encounter righteousness and the regiment gallery shop of fight and Nie private become the attack of department, hurt to return to Tienjin to rent boundary on June 26.The west Mo Er said "righteousness and regiment use to establish for the western arms and supplies, then rate allied troops necessarily whole army Fu didn't" when west Mo Er spoke of this time combat.Chinese historiography house call it is "overwhelming victory in the gallery shop".In righteousness and regiment and west Mo Er of gallery shop engage in the meantime, the great powers continues to gather troops, and guard a soldier a bottom to reach an ultimatum toward big Gu fort China on June 16, request to hand over a fort, encounter brush-off.Next day, be apart from the diplomatic note limit of time still differs for 70 minutes, the warship of great powers namely with guard a soldier to hand over fire, guard a military strength war not an enemy, the big Gu lose to the enemy and guard to lift the Ka Shi Ga Er Du brilliance sacrifice.
The pure government outward declares war
Face the great powers Duo Duo pressing situation, the Manchu Court internal lord and fight with lord, main Jiao and lord fondle of rift more serious.The pure government sends Zhao4 Shu to raise on June 5 with is a Ying, send on June 6 resolute and firm go to the Zhuo state"advise to spread" righteousness and regiment, in really investigate a circumstance.The result resolute and firm"dint speech boxing people can Shi", again add it carry Yi etc. bureaucrat of stir up, pure government starts admit righteousness and regiment as legal organization gradually, directly cause 6 beginning of the month righteousnesses and regiment in great quantities get into Peking.Under the situation nervous circumstance, the queen mother of Ci Xi convenes to resist an ex- meeting in a row, and end made is go to the capital with force arrestment allied troops of decision, among them, a decision of importance would be to outward declare war.The reason that the pure government outward declares war is many to say different, but mostly think that the opinion of the queen mother of Ci Xi had a decisive function.The decision that the Manchu Court outward opens hostilities encounters the lord and the parties big minister of vigorous objection, but lord and parties lose support in the conflict, five lords and send big minister Xu3 Jing3 Cheng2, Yuan Chang, Xu2 Yong4 Yi2, sign mountain, allied dollar at afterward the allied troops approach Peking is kill successively.On June 21, the pure government outward "declares war" by the form which releases up the Yu.At this time be apart from a big Gu have already lose to the enemy for four days.
The Manchu Court declared war an imperial enactment and nominated to declare war toward He2 Guo2, would also declare war a message to deliver to a foreign diplomatic corps, in the war, Manchu Dynasty and great powers always keep a diplomacy relation.Past someone think the Manchu Court declares war have merely empty fame, only is 1 to mobilize to make.
Lay siege to legation
Lin2 De2 is after kill then become the target for attackstone in the foreign legation of Peking from the gram.Manchu Court's laying siege to move of legation is also 1 to endless debatablely hang a case.At that time at pure soldier and righteousness and regiment of Peking for according to guarded legation area and the west Shi foreign troops of the database bema to contain overwhelming advantage, but always can'ted capture.This relates to the actual decision maker Ci Xi queen mother of the pure government, she for herself stay enoughly, be not willing to with all strength take the offensive legation.Pure soldier many times stop take the offensive legation and also send to the vegetable and watermelon of rice, noodles, full car toward the legation.Lay siege to legation had been keep on till Peking is offend by the allied troops to sink, the French minister lefts for the west Shi database church to call on a Fan beam bishop of country after break siege, they"with each other celebrate remaining years, embrace each other for the gift".
Righteousness and regiment blindness enemy kill to teach a people
Because the great powers invade of deepen, and part of unprogressive parties bureaucrat of manipulate, parts of righteousnesses and regiment lose rational, carried on to the western culture general reject, among them, the biggest tragedy would be to kill to the blindness enemy which teaches a people
(The following data leads 100 sections from the Wei Ji)
In righteousness and regiment affairs, each province of whole country is to north China keep bemainly long to, mountain west, and Inner Mongolia and northeast, the widespread occurrence aims at foreigner the large-scale genocidal affairs of Chinese Christian even.Following dead and injured circumstance and death numeral mostly according to the church personage's covariance, the Chinese authorities didn't have a formal historical data confirmation: According to the covariance, if totally there are 241 Christians(the Catholic be 18000 people, Protestantism 5000 people) with Chinese foreigners(Catholic missionary 53 people, Protestantism missionary and its sons and daughters be total 188 people, among them 53 child), more than 20,000s, the death is in the massacre of 1900 summer.
At the mountain west, whole provinceses are kill of the Chinese Catholic account to it is said more than 5700 person, the protestant also has several thousand people, among them with hinterland would be most, other belong to justice meeting, British Baptist Church etc..On July 9, at too at first cruise to fondle Ya before the door, cruise to fondle Yu wise kill Catholic a square to help each meeting the missionary be 12 people(Italian book moxa private's hero and rich space 2 hot bishops, 3 fathers, monk, 7 nuns), Protestantism missionary and it is 34 sons and daughters(belong to British Baptist Church and life sun to preach religion meeting, among them 11 child) of family members and add up to 46 people.The mountain west is a national enemy to kill foreign resident peace residents in the most province.
At Inner Mongolia, July 19, the pure destrier brigade offends hall place into the Mongolia southwest diocese bishop of 24 just, the large quantity in the village the Catholic be kill, Han2 Mo4 of the Belgian book manages a bishop then drive"the brothers match to fasten, the Guan is with the bamboo pole, " then"wear a shoulder bone by iron cable, the jailbird is with the cage", swim street everywhere, July 24, is give a gram to give city to be kill.The Mongolia eastern diocese then takes place the Luan even county to bury alive absolute being affairs just.Mongolia central diocese in addition to at west gulf son(the river north Chong gift) bishop the hall seek refuge of more than 5000 fellow believer, the overwhelming majority(more than 3200 person) are kill.
The Catholic, who is kill in the Mukden(Liaoning), has more than 1400 persons, have a bishop among them, 10 absolute being just.
The Qu pedestal that is in Zhejiang is two states and also genocidal affairs happenned.Heng state in Hunan and Xia west also bishop's absolute being happen to be just killed affairs.At Shandong, river south, the church is ruined to share ten it 78.
The southeast with each other protects
The southeast with each other protected to really protect the fruit of the southeast economic development of each province capitalism at that time, in really wise raise.The officials of south everyplace all clearly know the is exploited by Manchu Court of"exercise" oneself fantastic property and may bring of huge bane, richer and populous southern region officials obviously would not like to be toghter dragged along watering by the Manchu Court, hence adopt to boycott with ambiguous attitude towards send army widespreadly.This also reflects to settle a court to gradual economy alignment modern age turn of the south has already started to be out of control, this also actually is future the "southern independence in each province" and Manchu Dynasty collapse of omen.
The Tienjin protects a war
After the big Gu lose to the enemy, pure soldier and righteousness and regiment outward the country invaded a soldier to carry on aggressive holdout, righteousness and the regiment leader Cao blessing farmland and Zhang De2 to become etc. lead righteousness and regiment to get into attack in Tienjin to invade a soldier and keep belong to governor of province Yu the Lu mutually treat by gift.Righteousness and regiment carried on the war that the old group leader train station fight war and purple bamboo grove under the pure soldier help.Keep belong to governor of province Yu the Lu also speaks of the merit of righteousness and regiment in move the chapter.But in the meantime allied troops also at quick strengthen troops.On July 9, the Japan's Imperial Army take the offensive Chuang in Ji's house, defeat righteousness and regiment, then attack from both flanks Nie a private with other allied troops to become, Nie private become the department fail because of the few can not fight the many.The Nie private become in eight inside the set die for country.
After Nie private becomes sacrifice, Ma3 Yu4 Kun waits a pure soldier and will get the attitude variety toward the righteousness and the regiment.Ma3 Yu4 Kun's department let boxing people Chong vanguard, but is behind killing a boxing with gun a people.For example in July 9 day and night, strike against combat of rent the boundary in"Hua soldier at after, righteousness and regiment fore, match to offend to rent boundary;The ocean soldier opens a row gun to resist it, early dawn but, account to bomb to die righteousness and regiment more than 2,000s ……the boxing be many to hold to go before the knife, the ocean soldier opens fire to bombard, and the ex- row has already die;At the latter, the government troops namely uses to shoot dead.Past is Xi boxing many deads such of many, not all the ocean soldier kill".Sung which afterwards arrives Tienjin celebrates "meet regiment to namely kill" also.The result is "half day outside tree ensign inside the city establish an altar all spread go to" and consumedly weakenned own strength.But allied troops at work well full preparation after launch to Tienjin always to offend on July 13.Through the bloody battle, the allied troops blast open a city wall to offend into the city on July 14 under the instruction of the traitor of China and Tienjin lose to the enemy.The allied troops establish "all all Ya door" to carry on colonizing governance to Tienjin.
Sand Russia invades northeast
The parties soldier attends eight country allied troops to invade north China, besides which, ， sand Russia also sends a troops to invade our country northeast, since July, the cent south of Russia troops of the sand north two roadses distinctly invade northeast region, finally offend to sink iron Ling on October 6 and east three provinces subjugate.Sand Russia return on July 17~21 made bubble and river's east of the sea orchid is 64 Tun murder cases, massacre large quantity Chinese civilian.Face invade of sand Russia, the Chinese armed forces and people strive holdout, the Ai Hun is all vice- generally, the Han soldier inset yellow Manchu Yang2 Feng4 to soar to fight hard sacrifice, general life mountain in Heilongjiang suicide.People in northeast everyplace attend six match boxing and loyalty volunteer army to wait various anti- Russia organization, determinedly resist aggression a soldier.
Suburb Zu shot in the city fight
On August 4, the allied troops start taking the offensive toward Peking.But pure soldier and righteousness and regiment are in Tienjin then lose to the enemy keep of ex- break out of to belong to under the governor of province Yu Lu conductor in the north camalig a take Zu shot allied troops.On August 5, the allied troops offend to sink a north camalig, and make track for the shot pure soldier to Yang2 Cun, August 6, the pure soldier once more loses war, Yu Lu suicide.
Have already allowed Li3 Bing3 Heng2 who inspect the navy in Yangtze River big minister to lead troops into"frequently king" in the city before north camalig lose to the enemy, and is definitely opposing with the meeting main force of the queen mother of Ci Xi and foreign argument with.Hence eight country allied troops capture Ci Xi in the Forbidden City to send its rate soldier to resist allied troops, Li3 Bing3 Heng2 leads each province frequently Wang2 Jun with 3,000 righteousnesses and regiment at August 6 sunrises hair, arrive a river west duty on August 9, stand opposite with allied troops for a day, the various soldier defeat, and Li3 Bing3 Heng2 also commits suicide to die for country.
Peking lose to the enemy
On August 13, the allied troops enter to arrive the bottom of city in Peking, the dawn of August 14, 1900, eight country the allied troops launch to Peking always to offend, and offend to break east to keep, dynasty sun, east then, wide each door of dike get into Peking and Dong3 Fu2 Xiang2's sweet soldier and righteousness and regiment insist holdout, the contemporaries calls the war"most for strive, only one soldier of Dong3 Fu2 Xiang2" in Peking.The Ci Xi sees certainly far from good at this time, hence lead emperor, Long Yu empress...etc. and parts of princes and dukeses, eunuch in Guangxu to appear lost in thought martial door west to escape at morning on the 15th.The allied troops continue to take the offensive Peking and after street fighting offend to sink Peking on the 16th.The great powers establishes committee in management Peking to carry on governance to Peking on December 10.Peking loses to the enemy to also symbolize righteousness and regiment to exercise to fail.
不好意思,有个别地方没能翻译出,省略了.
Brief Introduction for the Boxer Rebellion and the reasons for their failure.
Is the end of the Qing Dynasty, from Shandong, Zhili (now Hebei) in the vicinity of the villagers in self-defense group for the protection of assets in order to help each other of 'justice' Wo Hop from the boxing and social organizations to teach the door. Zhao, including more than 3 "will Meihuaquan," White Lotus left branches of the "Big", Xi Guan Red Fist "Fukui 18," Quan Chi Pingxian 800 and a number of people learning boxing.
Shandong these areas will be civil society, through lesson plans Caozhou after learning some of the Fist of God to fight groups such as "Tie Bushan," "golden" and the Eight Diagrams Hongjin Inner Mongolia to teach the "Mission Hom word," Huang Jin Meng " Mission dry words, "wear black" words against the group ", composed of young women," Hong Dengzhao, "the widow of the composition of the" Qing Deng as "beggars and the composition of the elderly," according to casserole, "and so on, eventually evolve into hate Christians and foreigners co-organized by the Ching court officials permission to become a legitimate militia. Early boxing organizations will be fine-sounding name Boxer, in Jiaqing, prohibited by the above law.
Reasons for the failure of the Boxer Rebellion:
Subjectively:
① is a spontaneous mass events has not advanced class leadership, there is no scientific theory;
② up with blindness, lack of purpose;
③ not form a close-knit organization, just "a leaflet, 1,000 Poly-li";
④ use of the means of superstition, with a strong feudal backwardness;
⑤ clear understanding of feudal rule, the performance of the limitations of the peasant class.
Objective: the joint Chinese and foreign reactionary forces powerful.
Lessons: As the farmers are small producers, is not representative of the advanced productive forces, advanced theory, can not be made to reflect the historical development of the law of that right. That is, because of the limitations of age and class, a simple peasant war of the Democratic Revolution can not be achieved victory.
绛旓細and parts of princes and dukeses, eunuch in Guangxu to appear lost in thought martial door west to escape at morning on the 15th.The allied troops continue to take the offensive Peking and after street fighting offend to sink Peking on the 16th.The great powers establishes committee in manage...
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