为了增强大脑的功能性,以下哪做法是促进大脑放能的？ 精神分裂症中的大脑功能性障碍指的是什么？
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【引爆右脑】这四种方法，可以增强大脑可塑性！

儿童教育资讯
2019-03-28
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大脑可塑性也称为神经可塑性(neural plasticity)，这个词根据大脑变化和根据现实改变的能力而来。当人们说大脑具有可塑性时，他们并不是说大脑和塑料一样。
神经代表神经元，神经细胞是组成大脑和神经系统的基石，可塑性指的是大脑的延展性。
直到1960年代，研究人员都认为大脑的变化只会发生在婴幼儿阶段。在成年早期，大脑的物理结构几乎定型。
现代的研究发现，大脑可连续生成新的神经元，并改变现有的细胞以适用新的环境，学习新的信息，产生新的记忆。
大脑的可塑性是如何工作？
人类大脑含有大约860亿个神经元。早期的研究发现神经发生或新的神经元的产生，在脑细胞死亡后很快就会发生。
现如今，我们知道大脑拥有重新组织通路的能力，产生新的联系，在某些情况下，甚至能产生新的神经元。
随年龄而变化。神经可塑性贯穿整个生命，某种类型的变化在特定年龄段占主要地位。大脑在生命早期会发生很大的变化，例如，未成熟的大脑不断生长和自我整理。通常，与老年大脑相比，年轻的大脑更加敏感，对经历的应答能力更强。
这包含各种不同的过程。在整个生命过程中都时刻发生可塑性，参与总的是大脑细胞，而不是神经元，包括神经胶质细胞和神经血管细胞。
有两个不同的原因导致神经可塑性发生。那就是学习、经历和记忆形成的结果，或是大脑损伤的结果。而人们过去常常认为人在一定年龄后大脑就基本固定了，新的研究发现大脑从未停止对学习的应答。对大脑的损伤，如卒中发病过程中，大脑中与特定功能相关的区域可能会发生改变。最后，健康的部分会接管这部分功能，且这种能力会被修复。
环境在这个过程中发挥重要的作用。遗传也对这个过程造成很大的影响。环境和遗传之间的相互作用对大脑的可塑性起决定作用。
大脑的可塑性并不一定总是好事情。大脑的改变看起来是某些方面得到改善，但事情没那么简单。在有些情况下，大脑可能会受精神活性物质或病理学疾病影响，对大脑和行为造成有害影响。

大脑可塑性有哪些类型？
功能可塑性：指的是大脑从受损区域到未受损区域的移动能力。
结构可塑性：指的是大脑在学习过程中改变物理结构的能力。在儿童早期的几年内，是大脑快速生长的时期。出生时，大脑皮层的每个神经元大约有2500个突触，三岁时，数量会增至15000。
到了成年，突触的总数量反而会下降。这个过程称为“突触修剪”（或称“剪枝”）。常用的神经元会越来越强，而那些很少使用的神经元会最终死亡。透过修剪，大脑不断适应新环境，完成例如“学习”这样的心智过程。

以下几种方法可以增强大脑的可塑性
科学家发现，成人大脑的可塑性比以前认识的要多，我们的行为和环境可能造成大脑的重大结构更改或者职能更改，有些人甚至认为，即使是我们的思维本身都能重塑大脑。
神经形成(诞生新的神经细胞)是成年人大脑的正常过程。研究表明，人脑内最活跃的区域是海马区，它对学习和长期记忆也非常重要。
神经形成同样发生在处理气味的嗅球中，但不是所有的神经元都能存活下来，事实上，大多数新生神经元都会死亡，为了存活，新生的细胞需要营养以及与其他成熟神经元细胞进行连接。科学家现已正确确认了神经形成的影响要素，无论是精神的还是物理的大脑锻炼，都能够增加新生神经元的存活能力。以下是六种让你脑子越来越聪明的方法：

音乐
当你欣赏心爱的专辑时，大脑的听觉皮层开始分析音乐的组成部分：音量，音高，音色，旋律和节奏等等。但是，音乐与大脑更精彩的互动可不仅仅是这些声音本身，它可以激活你大脑的奖励中心，抑制杏仁体活性，从而减少恐惧及其他负面情绪。
广为人知的一项研究表明，听莫扎特的音乐能提高人的认知能力，因此，莫扎特的CD成为父母教育孩子的不二神器。而现在，“莫扎特效应”还在流行，但原来的研究已有些声名扫地。新的研究表明，来自音乐的智力提升似乎是微乎其微到可以忽略的。尽管如此，音乐确实拥有治疗焦虑、失眠、降低血压、缓解痴呆症状的良好效果，对初生婴儿来说，轻音乐也有着很好的安抚和鼓励作用。
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