初二英语上英语和物理笔记 初二上学期物理英语的一些要点
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2\uff0e\u5149\u7684\u76f4\u7ebf\u4f20\u64ad
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3\uff0e\u900f\u955c
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✪\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff1a\u6211\u603b\u7ed3\u7684\u505a\u9898\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u5224\u65ad\u95ed\u5408S\u2026\u5f00\u5173\uff0cL..\u548cL..\u4e32\u8054\u6216\u5e76\u8054\u3002\u5c31\u627e\u4e00\u5f20\u7eb8\u628a\u56fe\u7528\u94c5\u7b14\u753b\u4e0b\u6765\u95ed\u5408S\u5f00\u5173\uff0c\u7528\u7b14\u6cbf\u7740\u6b63\u6781\u5212\u5230\u8d1f\u6781\u770b\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u534e\u7535\u8def\u7684\u9898\u5f88\u96be\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4f60\u5148\u5224\u65ad\u7528\u7535\u5668\u4e32\u8054\u8fd8\u662f\u5e76\u8054\uff0c\u628a\u7535\u8def\u753b\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5148\u4e0d\u8981\u753b\u5f00\u5173\u3001\u7535\u6d41\u8868\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u6309\u6761\u4ef6\u5f80\u7535\u8def\u4e0a\u6dfb\u5f00\u5173\u548c\u7535\u6d41\u8868(\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529e\u6cd5\u66fe\u8ba9\u6211\u5728\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u8def\u9898\u4e5f\u6ca1\u9519)\u65b0\u76ee\u6807\u82f1\u8bed\u516b\u5e74\u7ea7\u4e0a\u7b14\u8bb0
Review of Unit 1\uff0d6
I. language goals \uff08\u8bed\u8a00\u76ee\u6807\uff09
1. Talk about how often you do things \u8c08\u8bba\u505a\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u9891\u7387\u3002
2. Talk about your health. Make suggestions.
\u8c08\u8bba\u5065\u5eb7\u8bdd\u9898\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u51fa\u5efa\u8bae\u3002
3. Talk about future plans.
\u8c08\u8bba\u672a\u6765\u7684\u8ba1\u5212/\u6253\u7b97\u3002
4. Talk about how to get to places.
\u8c08\u8bba\u5230\u8fbe\u67d0\u5730\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002
5. Learn to make invitations, say yes to invitations and say no to invitations and give reasons.
\u5b66\u4f1a\u53d1\u51fa\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u62d2\u7edd\u9080\u8bf7\u5e76\u8bf4\u51fa\u539f\u56e0\u3002
6. Learn to talk about personal traits and how to compare people.
\u5b66\u4f1a\u8c08\u8bba\u4e2a\u4eba\u54c1\u8d28\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u6bd4\u8f83\u4eba\u4eec\u3002
II. Key Phrases \uff08\u91cd\u70b9\u77ed\u8bed\uff09\uff1a
1. how often \u591a\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u4e00\u6b21
2. junk food \u5783\u573e\u98df\u54c1
3. a lot of \u8bb8\u591a
4. hardly ever \u5f88\u5c11
5. start with \u4ee5\u2026\u5f00\u59cb
6. try to do sth. \u8bd5\u7740\u53bb\u505a\u67d0\u4e8b
7. look after \u7167\u6599
8. be kind of unhealthy \u6709\u70b9\u4e0d\u5065\u5eb7
9. once a day \u4e00\u5929\u4e00\u6b21
10. twice a month \u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u4e24\u6b21
11. be good for \u5bf9\u2026\u6709\u597d\u5904
12. once in a while \u5076\u5c14
13. see a doctor / dentist \u770b\u75c5/\u770b\u7259\u533b
14. get a cold / fever \u611f\u5192/\u53d1\u70e7
15. have a stomachache \u809a\u5b50\u75bc
16. have a toothache \u7259\u75bc
17. have a sore throat \u55d3\u5b50\u75bc
18. lie down and rest \u8eba\u4e0b\u4f11\u606f
19. drink hot tea with honey \u559d\u52a0\u8702\u871c\u7684\u70ed\u8336
20. be stressed out \u7d27\u5f20
21. listen to \u2026 \u542c\u2026
22. get tired \u53d8\u7684\u75b2\u52b3
23. keep healthy \u4fdd\u6301\u5065\u5eb7
24. at the moment \u6b64\u523b\uff1b\u76ee\u524d
25. watch TV \u770b\u7535\u89c6
26. play basketball \u6253\u7bee\u7403
27. babysit her sister \u7167\u770b\u5979\u7684\u59b9\u59b9
28. visit my friend \u62dc\u8bbf\u6211\u7684\u670b\u53cb
29. relax at home \u5728\u5bb6\u653e\u677e
30. sports camp \u8fd0\u52a8\u91ce\u8425
31. something interesting
32. go hiking / camping / fishing / shopping / sightseeing
\u53bb\u5f92\u6b65\u65c5\u884c/\u91ce\u8425/\u9493\u9c7c/\u8d2d\u7269/\u89c2\u5149
33. go away \u79bb\u5f00
34. get back to school \u8fd4\u56de\u5b66\u6821
35. stay for a week \u5446\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f
36. go bike riding \u9a91\u81ea\u884c\u8f66\u515c\u98ce
37. takes walks \u6563\u6b65
38. rent videos \u79df\u5f55\u50cf\u5e26
39. sleep a lot \u7761\u5f97\u591a
40. think about \u8003\u8651
41. take the subway / bus / boat / plane
\u4e58\u5730\u94c1/\u516c\u5171\u8f66/\u5c0f\u8239/\u98de\u673a
42. get to \u5230\u8fbe
43. go by bus / plane / boat \u4e58\u516c\u5171\u8f66/\u98de\u673a/\u5c0f\u8239
44. train / subway / bus station \u706b\u8f66/\u5730\u94c1/\u516c\u5171\u8f66\u7ad9
45. bus ride \u4e58\u516c\u5171\u8f66\u7684\u65c5\u884c
46. ride a bike \u9a91\u81ea\u884c\u8f66
47. bus stop \u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66\u7ad9
48. on foot \u6b65\u884c
49. leave for \u79bb\u5f00\u53bb\u2026
50. school bus \u5b66\u6821\u73ed\u8f66
51. the early bus \u65e9\u73ed\u8f66
52. be different from \u4e0e\u2026\u4e0d\u540c
53. half past six \u516d\u70b9\u534a
54. in North America \u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32
55. a quick breakfast \u5feb\u6377\u7684\u65e9\u9910
56. need to do \u9700\u8981\u505a\u2026
57. more than \u591a\u4e8e
58. play soccer \u8e22\u8db3\u7403
59. baseball game \u68d2\u7403\u6bd4\u8d5b
60. school team \u6821\u961f
61. come over to \u8fc7\u6765\u5230\u2026
62. the day after tomorrow \u540e\u5929
63. be good at \u64c5\u957f\u4e8e\u2026
64. two years ago \u4e24\u5e74\u524d
65. be outgoing \u5916\u5411\u7684
66. all the time \u4e00\u76f4
67. in some ways \u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762
68. look the same \u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u6837
69. talk to everyone \u4e0e\u5927\u5bb6\u8c08\u8bdd
70. make me laugh \u4f7f\u6211\u7b11
III. Key Sentence Structures \u91cd\u8981\u53e5\u578b\uff1a
Unit 1:
1. \uff0dWhat do you usually do on weekends?
\uff0dI usually go to the movies.
2. \uff0dWhat does he sometimes do on weekends?
\uff0dHe sometimes surfs the Internet.
3. How often do you exercise?
I exercise once a week.
4. How often does she eat vegetables?
She eats vegetables three times a day.
5. Most of the students go to the beach every year.
6. It makes a big difference to my grades.
7. My eating habits are pretty good.
Unit 2:
1. What\u2019s the matter?
What\u2019s wrong?
What\u2019s the trouble?
2. I\u2019m not feeling well. I have a cold / fever/ stomachache / sore throat.
/I have a lot of headaches.
3. Maybe you should see the doctor / dentist.
You should drink some hot tea with honey.
4. You shouldn\u2019t eat anything for 24 hours.
5. Don\u2019t get stressed out. It will make you sick.
6. I\u2019m sorry to hear that you are not feeling well.
Unit 3
1. \uff0dWhat is she doing for vacation?
\uff0dShe is babysitting her little sister.
\uff0dThat sounds nice / interesting.
2. \uff0dWhen are you going?
\uff0dI\u2019m going on Monday.
3. \uff0dWhere are they going?
\uff0dThey are going to Tibet.
4. \uff0dWho is she going with?
\uff0dShe is going with her parents.
5. \uff0dHow long is he staying.
\uff0dHe is staying for a week.
6. \uff0dHow is the weather there?
\uff0dI\u2019m hoping the weather will be nice.
7. He is leaving for Hong Kong the first week in June.
8. Have a good time.
Unit 4:
1. \uff0dHow do you get to school?
\uff0dI get to school by bus.
2. \uff0dHow does he go to work?
\uff0dHe usually walks to school.
3. \uff0dHow long does it take?
\uff0dIt takes about twenty minutes.
4. \uff0dHow far is it from his home to school?
\uff0dIt\u2019s three miles.
5. What do you think of the transportation in your town?
Unit 5:
1. \uff0dCan you come to my party on Wednesday?
\uff0dSure, I\u2019d love to. / I\u2019m sorry, I have to have a piano lesson.
2. \uff0dCan she go to the movies on Saturday?
\uff0dNo, she can\u2019t. She has to help her mom.
3. \uff0dCan you go to the concert on Monday?
\uff0dWhen is it?
\uff0dIt\u2019s at four o\u2019clock on Friday.
4. Thanks a lot for the invitation.
5. I\u2019m going to study for a test this evening.
6. What\u2019s the date today?
Unit 6
1. Pedro is funnier than Paul.
2. Tina is \uff08a little\uff09taller than Tara.
3. I am more athletic than my best friend.
4. My hair is longer than hers.
5. Liu Ying is not as good as her sister.
6. In some ways, we look the same.
7. For me, a good friend likes doing the same things as me.
8. I\u2019m quieter than most of the kids in my class, and so is my friend.
9. Who do you think should get the job, Ruth or Rose?
\u9ebb\u70e6\u91c7\u7eb3\u4ee5\u4e0b \u8c22\u8c22
\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u60a8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1f
1. 否定句型
1) 一般否定句
I don't know this. No news is good news.
There is no person (smoke)/not a person/not any person (smoke) in the house.
2)特指否定
He went to his office, not to see him.
I am sorry for not coming on time.
I don't think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.
3)部分否定
All the answers are not right//All is not gold that glitters
I don't know all of them.//I can't see everybody/everything.
Both of them are not right.
4)全体否定
None of my friends smoke.//I can see nothing/nobody.
Neither of them is right.//Nothing can be so simple as this.
5) 延续否定
You didn't see him, neither/nor did I.
You don't know, I don't know either.
He doesn't know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of (更不用说) French.
6) 半否定句
We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.
I know little English. I saw few people.
7) 双重否定
You can't make something out of nothing.//What's done cannot be undone.
There is no sweet without sweat.//No gain without pains.
I can't help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.
No man is so old but (that) he can learn.
8)排除否定
Everyone is ready except you.//He did nothing but play.
But for your help, I couldn't do it.
9)加强否定
I won't do it at all.//I can't see it any more.//He is no longer a boy.
2. 判断句型
1) 一般判断句
It is important for us to learn English.
It is kind of you to help me sincere means honest.
The boy is called/named Tom.
We regarded/consider it as an honor.
2)强调判断
It is English that we should learn.//It is he who helped me a lot.
3)弱式判断
Your sentence doesn't sound/look/appear/feel right.
You look/seem as if/as thought you had been there before.
Maybe/Perhaps/ she is ill.
He is probably ill.//He is likely ill. //It is possible that he is late
4) 注释判断
He can remember so many English words, that is (to say) he is a living dictionary.(活字典)
5) 正反判断
That sounds all right, but in fact it is not.
6) 比较判断
It is more a picture than a poem.
7) 互斥判断
He or you are wrong. Either he is right or I am.
3. 祝愿祁使句式
1) 一般句式
Study hard and keep fit. Be brave! Don't be shy! Get out of here.
2)强语式
Do tell me. Never tell a lie.
3) 委婉祈使句
Please tell me the true. Would/Will/Won't do me a favor?
Would/Do you mind my smoking? What/How/ about going on foot?
4)建议祈使句
Let us go. Let us know the time. Don't let the fire out.
Let's not waste the time. You'd better start early.
Shall we listen to some music? Why don't you get something to drink?
Suppose/supposing you pick me up at about six?
I suggest we (should) take the train.
5)祝愿句
Success to you! //Wish you a good journey.
May you have a happy marriage. //Here's to your success!
Allow me to propose a toast to our friendship!
4. 感叹句型
How well he speaks! //How kind she is! //What a nice weather it is!
Here he comes! //Such is life! //Wonderful! // Help!
5. 疑问句型
1) 一般疑问句
Is he a doctor?//Do you the way to the station?
2)反意疑问句
He is a teacher, isn't he?//It is quite cheap, don't you think?
3) 特殊疑问句
What is the distance/width/size/population/temperature/fare?
Who is he? What is he?(干什么的)//What is he like? // How is he?
How do you like him? //What do you think of him?
What ever do you mean by saying this?
4)选择疑问句
He is a doctor or a nurse?
5)间接疑问句
Do you know how old he is? //Tell me if (whether) you like it.
What do you think/say/suppose I should do?
6. 数词句型
1) 表数目
It is exactly ten o'clock.//It is five miles away from here.
He is more than/over/ at least not less than 20.
He is under/at most/no more than 20.
2)表年月日
He was born on April 22 1994/in 1994 on the morning of Oct.1.
3)表年龄
He is 20 years old/years of age.//He is at the age of 10.
4)表倍数
It is four times that of last years.
This is four times as big (again) as that one.
This is four times bigger than that one.
The income is double what it was.
The output of coal was 200% greater than in 1998.
5)表计量
It is 10 meters long/wide/high.//It costs me 100 yuan.
I spent 10 hours to finish it.//It took me 10 days to finish it.
It is worth 100 yuan.
7. 关联指代句型
1)两项关连
I have two books, one is Chinese; the other English.
I have five books, one is Chinese; the others English.
To say is one thing, but/and/ to do is another.
One the one hand, I am your teacher, and on the other hand, I am also you friend.
Some like to play football, others are fond of basketball.
2)先后顺序
First/firstly, I wish good health, second/secondly success in your study, third/thirdly good luck in everything.
First stop, then look, finally cross.
At first/in the beginning/ he word hard. Later/Afterwards he is not so diligent.
3)修饰限制
This is the same book as I lost yesterday.
This is the same book that I lost yesterday.(同一本书)
Don't trust such a man as over praise you.
He/One/Those/They who should come failed to appear.
A man/A person/The one/Anyone/People who saw her liked her very much.
The day/time/moment will come when China is strongest in the world.
4) 两项连接
He can speak not only English but also French.
The book is both interesting and instructive.
It is neither cold nor hot.
Please either come in or go out.
The old worker has experience and knowledge as well.
5)加和关系
Besides literature, we have grammar and writing.
Apart from oxygen, there are some other gases in the air.
In addition to "if", there is many other conjunctions that can introduce conditional clauses.
I must go now, incidentally, if you want that book.
You seem to like tea, so do I.
8. 比较句型
1)等比句
He is as tall as I. // He is the same height as I.
She is no less diligent than he. The lab is no better than a cottage.
2) 差比句
I speak English worse than he does.//He is not so/as tall as I am.
Our knowledge is much inferior to their.
3) 极比句
He is the tallest of all in the class.
None/No one/ is so blind as those that won't see.
Nothing is so easy as this.
4)比例句
The more a man knows, the more he feels his ignorance(无知).
5) 择比句
He is taller than any other boy in the class
It is better late than never.//They would die than live as slaves
He prefers doing to talking//He prefers to do rather than to talk.
He prefers mathematics to English.//I'd rather stay here.
6)对比句
You think me idle, but on the contrary, I am busy.
They are working hard while you are wasting your time.
9. 比喻句型
We must work like him.//He behaves as his father does.
He speaks English as if/though he was a foreigner.
10. 条件假设句
1) 一般事实
If we succeed, what will the people say?
Suppose it rains, what shall we do?
Persevere(坚持) and you'll succeed.
2)虚拟条件句
If I were you, I would go.//If you had seen it, you would have been moved.
3)反条件句
Unless you try, you'll never succeed.//Don't move, or/else/otherwise I'll shot.
4)唯一条件句
If only I have another chance, I shall do better.
Only in this way can we learn English well.
So/As long as we don't lose heart, we'll succeed.
5)推论条件句
Since that is so, there is no more to say.
Now that you are grown up, you must stop this behavior.
11. 时间句型
1)一般时
When I see him, I'll tell him.
2) 表同时
You'll grow wiser as you grow older.
Work while you work, play while you play.
He worked, at the same/in the meantime he listened to the music.
3)限制时
Every/each time when I went to his house, he was out.
By the time that we got there, he was out.
4)交替时
Sometimes he sings, sometimes he dances.
At one time the baby cries, at another it talks.
5)先时
I stopped hem before he began to talk with me.
6)后时
I'll tell you after I finish it.
7)紧接时
As soon as I see him, I'll tell him.
Once you begin, you must continue.
The (very) moment/instant (that) I saw him, I recognized him.
On hearing the news, she bust into tears.
Hardly had I seen the light, when I heard a loud thundering.
8)延续时
I haven't seen him since I came here.
A friend is never know till/until a man have need.
12. 地点句型
1) 一般地点
Where have you been?
Where there is a will, there is a way.
2)方位
Hebei lies in the east of China.
Japan is lies to the east of China.
The house faces (to) the south.
He is sitting at the front of the classroom
He is standing in front of/before me.
He is sitting at the back of/behind me.
He is sitting in the back of/at the rear of the classroom.
He is sitting next to/besides me.
He is sitting close to/near me.
At the top of/On top of the shelf, there are some books.
He is sitting on the left/right.
The mountain you see to the right is the Purple Mountain.
13. 原因句型
He didn't go to school because he was ill.
Since we are all here, let's begin our meeting.
It might rain yesterday, for the ground was wet.
Now (that) we have finished the work, we can go home.
I am glad to meet you.
I am sorry that I hear that.
Thank you for your help.
That is why he failed to come.
He didn't come because of/on account of the weather.
He went out of curiosity.
I succeeded thanks to his help.
This failure is due to the fact they lack experience.
Owing to our joint efforts, the task was fulfilled.
What are studying English for?
For what reason did you choose this?
What's the point of asking his to do that?
How come you never told me about it?
What with the wind and what with the rain, our walk was spoiled.
14. 目的句型
He stopped aside so that she could go in.
He sits in the front in order that he can see words clearly.
He gets up early so as to/in order to have time to do exercises.
He repeated it for fear that there should be any mistake.
15. 结果句型
It was very cold, so that the river froze.
They cost a lot of money, so/therefore we use them carefully.
He is such a good man that every one likes him.
He ran so fast that no one could catch him.
He hurried to the house only to find that it was empty.
I was caught in the rain. As a result, I had a bad cold.
16. 程度句型
How often do you write to your parents?
How long do you stay at home?
It is so beautiful that we all love it.
It is too big for you.
He is too excited to speak.
He is not old enough to know this.
The letter must be sent as soon as possible
You must work as hard as you can.
As far as I know, I can speak only English.
17. 让步句型
Though/Although he is rich, (yet/still) he doesn't show off.
Yang as he is, he know a lot of things.
Even if/though he succeeded, he was not proud.
No matter what you say, I'll still try to do it.
Keep calm, whatever happens.
In spite of this, we must go ahead with our plans.
Regardless of all the difficulties, we'll fight it out to the end.
18. 转折句型
I searched everywhere but could not find him.
You may go, only return quickly.
He is seriously ill, still there is hope of his recovery.
It looked like rain, however it was clear in the afternoon.
He is still young, yet he is high up in the position.
He didn't tell me the truth, I know it, though.
19. 省略句
I think/say/suppose/expect/believe/hope so.
Why not come earlier next time?
物理笔记
1．声音的发生和传播
发生体在振动——实验；声音靠介质传播——介质：一切固液气；真空不能传声
声速——空气中声速（约340m/s）；一般的，固体中速度>液体中速度>气体中速度；声音速度随温度上升而上升
回声——回声所需时间和距离；应用
计算——和行程问题结合
2．音调、响度和音色
客观量——频率（注意人听力范围和发声范围）、振幅
主观量——音调、响度（高低大小的含义）；影响响度的因素：振幅、距离、分散程度
音色——作用；音色由发声体本身决定
3．噪声的危害和控制
噪声——物理和生活中的噪声（物理-不规则振动，生活-影响工作、学习、休息的声音）；噪声等级：分贝（0dB-刚引起听觉）；减小噪声方法（声源处、传播过程中、人耳处）；四大污染（空气污染、水污染、固体废物污染、噪声污染）
1．光源——火把、蜡烛、电灯、恒星（月亮和行星不是光源）
2．光的直线传播
光的直线传播——条件（均一）；可在真空中传播；现象（激光准直、影子、小孔成像P78及大树下的光斑、日食、月食）；真空中的光速(3×10[sup]8[/sup]m/s)，光年是长度单位
3．光的反射
反射定律——三线共面；分居两侧；角相等；光路可逆（注意叙述顺序要符合因果关系）
镜面反射和漫反射——每一条光线都符合反射定律（现象解释：抛光的金属表面、平静的水面、冰面、玻璃面可看作镜面；其他看作粗糙面，P79图5-40；应根据现象回答）
4．平面镜
平面镜成像——规律（等距、等大、正立、虚像）；能看见（看不见）像的范围；潜望镜
5．作图——按有关定律做图
1．光的折射
折射——定义（……方向一般发生变化）；折射规律（三线共面、两侧、角不等；光路可逆；注意叙述顺序要符合因果关系）；现象解释（水中的鱼变浅、水中筷子弯曲、海市蜃楼等）
2．光的传播综合问题
注意区分折射和反射光线；注意区分不同的影子和像
3．透镜
透镜中的名词——主光轴、光心、焦距、焦点（测量焦距的方法）
凸透镜、凹透镜对光线的作用——“会聚光线”和“使光线会聚”的区别：“会聚光线”是能聚于一点的光线，“使光线会聚”是光线经过凸透镜后比原来接近主光轴）
透镜的原理——多个三棱镜组合；光线在透镜的两个表面发生折射
变化了的凸透镜——玻璃球、盛水的圆药瓶、玻璃板上的水滴等
黑盒问题
4．凸透镜成像
三条特殊光线（过光心－方向不变；平行于主光轴－过光心；过光心的光线－平行于主光轴）；像距／像的大小／虚实／正倒和物距的关系；像移动的快慢（依据：光路图）；实际应用
1．温度计
温度计——常见温度计的测温物质、原理、量程（体温计：35~42℃；寒暑表：-20~50℃）
使用方法——体温计构造及使用（缩口部分；甩体温计的作用、原理；不甩的后果-只影响测低温）、温度计的使用（注意量程的选择）；校正温度计；读数（一般地，读数时不能离开物体）
温标——摄氏温标、热力学温标及换算；绝对零度；常见温度
2．物态变化
熔化和凝固——实验装置（水浴加热）；常见晶体、非晶体；熔点、凝固点；图象
汽化——蒸发；影响蒸发快慢的因素；沸腾实验装置；蒸发和沸腾的联系、区别（都是汽化；剧烈程度、发生条件等）；酒精灯的使用（可参照化学相关内容）
液化——两种途径（降温一定可使气体液化；压缩可能使气体液化）
升华和凝华——实例
3．物态变化中的热量传递
吸热——固→液→气（即使温度不变也有热量的传递）；放热——气→液→固
4．其他
现象解释——例：P3图0-3、纸锅烧水、“白气”和玻璃上的水珠（液化）、霜、露、晾衣服（蒸发和升华）、樟脑等；电冰箱原理；物态变化中的热量计算；注意名词的写法（汽、气；溶、融、熔；化、华；凝）以及字母（t和T；℃和K）
第四章 电路
1．摩擦起电 两种电荷
静电——电荷种类的判断；验电器结构（P45图）；电量（单位：库仑C）
物质微观结构——原子结构（可与化学中原子概念对照）；摩擦起电原因（核外电子的转移）
2．电路相应概念
电流（及方向：正电荷移动方向）；电源；导体、绝缘体；串联、并联；电路中的自由电荷及运动方向；电路图；通路、断路及短路；常见电路（楼道电路；电冰箱电路：第一册P60图4-18）
等效电路的判断——先去除电流表／电压表（电流表：短路；电压表：断路）再做判断
1．各个物理量（I、U、R、P）的定义、单位（单位符号）及含义、换算
电流表、电压表的使用方法（量程及量程的选择、串并联、正负极、能否直接接电源两端）及其构造
2．电阻的测量（基本方法及变化）；影响电阻的因素；滑动变阻器的构造及使用（P94图7-7）；变阻箱的使用及读数（P95图7-9、7-10；电位器）；滑动变阻器的变形（如P101图7-19）
3．欧姆定律及变形（注意物理意义）
4．串并联电流、电压、电阻公式（注意条件。如串联时功率和电阻成正比，并联时成反比；焦耳定律求功率只适用于纯电阻电路，求热量时适用于一切电路）
常用结论（各比例式；当滑动变阻器的阻值变化时，电路中各物理量的变化情况-注意推导顺序）
5．电功——W=UIt=UQ；电能表及利用电能表测功率（P130）；
电器铭牌；电冰箱工作时间系数（P130）
6．电学计算——①画等效电路图（几个状态画几个图）；②按串联、并联找等量关系和比例关系；③求解（注意电流、电压、电功率均应取同一状态下的值
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