高手帮忙翻译一工科英文！！高分大谢！
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The intelligent home safety monitoring and alarming system in this design is based on a single chip microcomputer AT89S51. The alarm signals collected by sensors, such as smoke, flame and robbery information, are processed by the receiving circuit made up of a decoder chip PT2272 and a RF receiver module, and the home owner is alarmed via GSM messages sent out through TC35 module. The alarm device has both on spot siren and wireless alarm report functions. The design document includes the wireless alarm report system mechanism description, the overall design plan, and the individual module analysis and designs. It has also analyzed the hardware and software implementation for utilizing a single chip microcomputer to control TC35 module for message transmission, and provided a specific example of TC35 message transmission and receiving module applied in the intelligent home safety alarm system. The advantages of this system are its real time capability, high reliability, and its simplicity for installation, maintenance and operation.
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The same adhesion phenomenon occurs on the valve seat surfaces.同样的粘附现象，对阀座表面。 Figure 4 shows SEM micrographs of the worn exhaust valve seat surface of engine #6175 after 1474 hours of testing.图4显示形貌磨损排气阀座表面引擎＃ 6175后一四七四小时测试。 The valve material is Stellite 6 faced 23-8N (solution treated and aged).阀门材料Stellite 6面临23 - 8N （固溶处理和年龄） 。 The arrows in Figure 4b indicate the locations of EDX analysis.箭头图4B条显示的位置， X射线能谱分析。 Note the pits and deposits on the worn seat surface.请注意坑和存款的座位表面的磨损。 Figures 5a shows the EDX spectrum of spot A on Figure 4b showing adhered insert material.图5a显示能谱谱识别图4B条显示坚持插入材料。 Note molybdenum and manganese in the spectrum.注意：钼和锰的频谱。 Figure 5b shows the EDX spectrum of spot B in Figure 4b showing both adhered insert material and oil deposits.图5B条显示能谱谱现货B的图4B条既坚持插入材料和石油矿藏。 Note molybdenum., phosphorous, chlorine, calcium, and zinc in the spectrum.注意：钼。 ，磷，氯，钙，锌的频谱。 Other valves from different engines labeled as "adhesion" in Table 2 share this typical adhesive phenomenon.其他阀门从不同的引擎标示为“粘连”的表2分享这一典型胶粘剂现象。
The adhesive wear mode appears to predominate at valve seat interfaces with high asperity contact stresses or high combustion pressure.在粘着磨损为主模式似乎在阀座接口微凸体接触应力高或高燃烧压力。 The surface roughness can contribute to adhesion significantly.表面粗糙度可有助于粘附显着。 Valves faced with Stellite alloy show less adhesive wear than unfaced valves, Table 2.阀门面临Stellite合金显示较少粘着磨损比unfaced阀，表2 。 The presence of high melting point phases, such as carbide or ceramic compounds in the contacting materials is believed to help prevent microwelding or adhesion related wear.在场的高熔点阶段，如硬质合金或陶瓷化合物在接触材料被认为有助于防止microwelding或粘附相关磨损。
Shear strain, also known as radial flow, is defined as the first derivative of the displacement, ie, .剪应变，也称为径向流，被界定为一阶导数的位移，即。 Figure 6 [8].图6 [ 8 ] 。 Shear strain controlled wear can characterized as a surface plastic deformation process.剪应变控制的磨损可以定性为表面塑性变形过程。 The wear is the result of the shear strain on the seat surface exceeding the plasticity limit of the material.磨损是由于剪应变的座椅表面超过限额的塑性材料。 The material is then detached or delaminated from the seating surface as wear particles.材料是那么超脱或脱层从座椅表面磨损颗粒。 The typical appearance of shear strain controlled wear are ridges and/or radial flow of material on valve seats and inserts.典型的外观剪应变磨损是脊控制和/或径向流动的材料阀座和刀片。 Shear strain controlled wear sometimes is associated with adhesion.剪应变控制磨损有时与粘连。
图2扫描电镜照片阀座磨损表面引擎＃ 6175后一四七四小时测试。箭头和标签说明的位置， X射线能谱分析。
同样的粘附现象，对阀座表面。图4显示形貌磨损排气阀座表面引擎＃ 6175后一四七四小时测试。阀门材料Stellite 6面临23 - 8N （固溶处理和年龄） 。箭头图4B条显示的位置， X射线能谱分析。请注意坑和存款的座位表面的磨损。图5a显示能谱谱识别图4B条显示坚持插入材料。注意：钼和锰的频谱。图5B条显示能谱谱现货B的图4B条既坚持插入材料和石油矿藏。注意：钼。 ，磷，氯，钙，锌的频谱。其他阀门从不同的引擎标示为“粘连”的表2分享这一典型胶粘剂现象。
在粘着磨损为主模式似乎在阀座接口微凸体接触应力高或高燃烧压力。表面粗糙度可有助于粘附显着。阀门面临Stellite合金显示较少粘着磨损比unfaced阀，表2 。在场的高熔点阶段，如硬质合金或陶瓷化合物在接触材料被认为有助于防止microwelding或粘附相关磨损。
剪应变，也称为径向流，被界定为一阶导数的位移，即。图6 [ 8 ] 。剪应变控制的磨损可以定性为表面塑性变形过程。磨损是由于剪应变的座椅表面超过限额的塑性材料。材料是那么超脱或脱层从座椅表面磨损颗粒。典型的外观剪应变磨损是脊控制和/或径向流动的材料阀座和刀片。剪应变控制磨损有时与粘连。
图2 SEM显微阀座镶嵌件表面磨损的引擎# 6175 1474后数小时的测试。箭和标签显示的位置进行分析。EDX
同样的粘附现象发生在阀座表面。图4显示的显微扫描穿的发动机排气阀门的阀座表面后几个小时,1474 # 6175测试。阀门材料采用钨铬钴合金6阀座23 - 8N解决养老待遇,()。图四乙显示的箭的地点EDX分析。值得注意的是,在那破旧的阀座表面沉积。数字表明谱5a当场上EDX图4b显示坚持插入资料。注意钼锰的光谱。数字表明EDX谱5b点B图4b表示双方的材料和石油沉积插入附着。注意molybdenum.、磷、氯离子、钙和锌,在光谱中。其他的阀门从不同的引擎贴上“粘”在表2分享这一典型的胶粘剂的现象。
胶穿模式似乎在阀门阀座接触应力与高asperity或燃烧的压力。表面粗糙度有助于粘连显著。面对钨铬钢显示阀门的磨损少胶阀门,比unfaced表2。在场的高熔点阶段,如硬质合金或陶瓷的化合物与物料接触被认为有助于防止microwelding或粘附有关的磨损。
剪切应变,也被称为径向流,被定义为全导数的位移,即。图6[8]。剪切应变能描绘为控制磨损表面塑性变形过程。磨损的剪切应变的阀座表面的塑性极限的超越物质。这个材料是那么分离或分层的阀座表面上像穿的粒子。典型的外形剪应变控制磨损山脊和/或径向流的资料在阀门阀座和插入。剪切应变控制与磨损有时附着力。
SEM显微图7a显示阀门阀座的磨损的引擎表面摄入1500小时后第7252耐力测验。阀门的资料是1面对Eatonite密封剂的6。值得注意的是,在阀座表面的山谷。SEM显微图7b显示表面磨损的引擎# 6168插入,也显示在插入阀座。山脊SEM显微图7c显示的阀座表面磨损的排气阀12小时后四分之三的负荷,12小时满载和2个小时,发动机功率曲线测试代码# 6173。阀门材料是伪造的,年龄21 - 2N。在图7d箭,放大图,注明7c的位置进行分析。EDX
数字表明EDX谱8a,一个身材和免疫指标的变化。值得注意的是坚持插入资料(铜、钨钼)和燃烧存款(磷和钙)在光谱中。图8b显示了在现场EDX谱图7d显示啊(钼材料粘附插入、镁、铬)和石油沉积钙、磷、(锌)。
值得注意的是提高资料附在山脊图7c。这些压力的压力,在最高时由于小座位接触区域的大小和位置,它们可能会发生的。它是推测,这些山脊图7所由于以下原因。第一,用户界面的运动,并且插入阀门阀座密封油中(或头部伸缩)的罐头食品的燃烧过程中可能造成更大的径向流的阀座表面材料。物料流动的阀座表面变化的整合与阀门和插入产生不同的层面上或脊。阀座面第二种可能是,凹凸不平的径向应力的压力分布不均的阀座表面径向磨损的原因,随后在座位上的山脊的阀座表面。第三个原因可能是由于磨损和阀门阀杆上的指导,这将造成错位的阀门,插入,导致凹凸不平的接触和穿的座位。之间的偏差和阀座镶嵌件也可能引起汽缸热变形。
图9的照片显示的是一个光学显微镜对发动机排气阀门阀座的耐久性800hours后第5911测试。阀门材料Inconel 7.51(解决养老待遇和双)。样品径向cross-sectioned etchant:大理石、蚀刻()。注意径向流在地表和地下。剪切应变的径向表面上是非常高的。其他的阀门从不同的引擎,也有类似的径向流在地表和地下都列在表2。
SEM显微图10显示的发动机排气阀门阀座cross-sectioned 1553小时后第6111这款手机吧。阀门的资料是23胜8N解决养老待遇,(1)面临钨铬钴合金。注意径向流表面裂缝(箭头),在硬质合金表面之下。硬质合金脆而不变形。因此,在这个裂缝的主要弱点的受拉应力。硬质合金阀座材料,具有高硬度和熔化和布置,垂直于阀座面,有利于抗剪切应变和粘附有关穿在身上的阀座表面。然而,人的缺点的大块carides在阀座材料可能是当这些碳化物暴露或分裂,远离地面,如图10,这些碎片的碳化物可作为三体产品会导致磨损的阀座表面上。
承接上问题
Figure 7a shows a SEM micrograph of the worn intake valve seat surface of engine #7252 after a 1500 hour endurance test. The valve material is Sil 1 faced with Eatonite 6. Note the ridges and valleys on the seat surface. Figure 7b shows a SEM micrograph of the worn insert surface of engine #6168, also showing ridges on the insert seat. Figure 7c shows SEM micrographs of a worn exhaust valve seat surface after 12 hours 3/4 load, 12 hours full load and 2 hours power curve testing, engine code #6173. The valve material is forged and aged 21-2N. The arrows in Figure 7d, a higher magnification of Figure 7c, indicate the locations of the EDX analysis.
Figure 8a shows the EDX spectrum of spot A, Figure 7d. Note the adhered insert material (copper and molybdenum) and combustion deposits (phosphorous and calcium) in the spectrum. Figure 8b shows the EDX spectrum of spot B in Figure 7d showing adhered insert material (molybdenum, magnesium, and chromium)and oil deposits (phosphorous, calcium, and zinc).
Note the raised material attached to the ridges in Figure 7c. The ridges are where the stress of pressure is the highest during seating due to a smaller contact area and hence, they are likely locations for adhesion to occur. It is speculated that these ridges in Figure 7 were generated due to the following reasons. First, the radial motion at the interfaces of valve seats and inserts during seating and oil canning (or head flexing) during combustion could cause the radial flow of material on the seat surface. The material flow on the seat surface changes the conformity of the valve and insert contact and produces the different facets or ridges on the seat face. The second possibility is that uneven stress of pressure distribution radially on the seat surface causes uneven wear radially on the seat and subsequently results in the ridges on the seat surface. The third cause is probably due to the wear on the valve stem and valve guide which will cause misalignment of the valve and insert, and lead to uneven contact and wear on the seat. Misalignment between the valve and the seat insert may also result from cylinder head thermal distortion.
Figure 9 shows an optical microscope photo of the exhaust valve seat of engine #5911 after 800hours of durability testing. The valve material is Inconel 751 (solution treated and double aged). The sample was radially cross-sectioned and etched (etchant: marbles). Note the radial flow on the surface and subsurface. The shear strain in the radial direction on the surface is extremely high. Other valves from different engines which have similar radial flow on the surface and subsurface are listed in Table 2.
Figure 10 shows SEM micrographs of the exhaust valve seat of engine #6111 cross-sectioned after 1553 hours of testing. The valve material is 23-8N (solution treated and aged) faced with Stellite 1. Note the radial flow on the surface and the cracks (arrows) in carbides below the surface. Carbides are brittle and can not deform substantially. Therefore, cracks are initiated at the weakest points of carbides subjected to tensile stress. Carbides in seat materials, having high hardness and melting points and being arranged perpendicular to the seat face, are beneficial to resist shear strain and adhesion related wear on the seat surface. However, one of the disadvantages of the large pieces of carides in the seat material may be that when these carbides are exposed or fractured and detached from the surface, such as shown in Figure 10, these fragments of carbides can act as third body abrasives which will cause abrasive wear on the seat surface.
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绛旓細1.寮鍦虹櫧 Good morning. I am very glad to be here for this interview.2.濮撳悕锛鑻辨枃鍚嶏紝姣曚笟闄㈡牎锛屾瘯涓氫笓涓氾紝姣曚笟瀛﹂櫌 First let me introduce myself. My name is LiShuai, and my English name is Jacky Lee. I've finished my undergraduate education in Xidian University, Majoring in ...
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