英语现在分词的用法 英语上现在分词是什么啊,和用法是怎么用的

\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u548c\u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u3002

\u521d\u4e2d\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5 \u52a8\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u533a\u5206

\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a \u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff1b\u8868\u793a\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u6216\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff1b\u5728\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u6709\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u5f0f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4e3b\u52a8\u5f0f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u88ab\u52a8\u5f0f\u201d\u4e4b\u5206, 1)\u4f5c\u8868\u8bed \u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u8868\u8bed\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u793a\u4e3b\u8bed\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u7279\u5f81.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a This story is quite interesting\uff0e The journey without you will be boring\uff0e 2)\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed \u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5355\u72ec\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed,\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u5408\u6210\u8bcd\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed,\u4f46\u5728\u66f4\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed,\u5305\u62ec\u9650\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u975e\u9650\u5b9a\u6027(\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u5206\u5f00),\u5728\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5.\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed\u901a\u5e38\u5e26\u6709\u4e3b\u52a8\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u610f\u4e49.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a The man following was obviously in a hurry\uff0e(\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u5355\u72ec\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed) They acted just like a conquering army\uff0e(\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u5355\u72ec\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed) Do you know the man standing over there by the door? (\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u4f5c\u9650\u5b9a\u6027\u5b9a\u8bed) Last night,we caught a thief stealing John\u2019s bike\uff0e(\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u4f5c\u9650\u5b9a\u6027\u5b9a\u8bed) The name Nebraske comes from the Oto Indian word \u201cebrathka\u201d,meaning flat water\uff0e(\u5206\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bed\u4f5c\u975e\u9650\u5b9a\u6027\u5b9a\u8bed) 3)\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed a\uff0e\u8868\u793a\u611f\u89c9\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd,\u5982hear,feel,find,listen to,look at,watch,notice,observe,smell,see\u7b49\u8bcd\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting\uff0e I can smell turkey roasting,and it's making me hungry\uff0e b\uff0e\u8868\u793a\u201c\u81f4\u4f7f\u201d\u7b49\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd,\u5982catch,get,have,keep,leave,set\u7b49\u8bcd\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside\uff0e Please don't keep the machine running while you are away\uff0e 4)\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed \u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed\u8868\u793a\u4e3b\u8bed\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u52a8\u4f5c,\u5b83\u5bf9\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u8d77\u4fee\u9970\u6216\u966a\u886c\u7684\u4f5c\u7528.\u8fd9\u65f6\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u4e0e\u5176\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8bed\u5728\u65f6\u6001\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7edf\u4e00.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a Rushing out of the room,he was knocked down by a car\uff0e(\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed) = When he rushed out of the room,he was knocked down by a car\uff0e Working harder,you will pass the entrance exam. (\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u72b6\u8bed) = If you work harder,you will pass the entrance exam\uff0e She sat at a window,reading a book\uff0e(\u4f5c\u4f34\u968f\u72b6\u8bed) =She sat at a window and read a book\uff0e Having won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars\uff0e(\u4f5c\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u8bed) = Because he had won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars\uff0e Even if taking a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting\uff0e(\u4f5c\u8ba9\u6b65\u72b6\u8bed) = Even if take a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting\uff0e The road is under construction,thus causing the delay\uff0e (\u4f5c\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u8bed) = The road is under construction,and thus caused the delay. \u6ce8\u610f,\u5f53\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u8ba9\u6b65\u72b6\u8bed\u65f6,\u4e00\u822c\u653e\u5728\u53e5\u9996,\u5e38\u5e38\u7531although,though,even if, unless\u7b49\u8fde\u8bcd\u5f15\u5165\uff1b\u4f5c\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u8bed\u65f6,\u4e00\u822c\u653e\u5728\u53e5\u672b,\u524d\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0so,thus,hence,thereby\u7b49\u526f\u8bcd. \u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a \u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u4e0d\u540c,\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u4e49,\u8868\u793a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u548c\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c.\u5728\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a,\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f. 1)\u4f5c\u8868\u8bed \u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u8868\u8bed\u8868\u793a\u4e3b\u6d6f\u6240\u5904\u7684\u72b6\u6001.\u7528\u4f5c\u8868\u6d6f\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u5927\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u53ca\u7269\u52a8\u8bcd\uff1b\u4e0d\u53ca\u7269\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u80fd\u4f5c\u8868\u8bed\u7684\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u8868\u793a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd,\u5982go,come,assemble\u7b49,\u5b83\u4eec\u7528\u5728\u8fde\u7cfb\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e4b\u540e,\u8868\u793a\u5b8c\u6210\u610f\u4e49,\u65e0\u88ab\u52a8\u610f\u4e49.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a The man looked quite disappointed\uff0e He is greatly discouraged by her refusal\uff0e His hair is nearly all gone. \u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u5927\u591a\u53ef\u4f5c\u8868\u8bed,\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6709\uff1aaccomplished,amazed,amused,astonished,broken,closed,completed,complicatcd, confused,crowded,devoted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,excited,frightened,hurt,interested,lost,satisfied,surprised, worried\u7b49. \u505a\u5b9a\u8bed a) \u524d\u7f6e\u5b9a\u8bed\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u901a\u5e38\u6765\u81ea\u53ca\u7269\u52a8\u8bcd,\u5e26\u6709\u88ab\u52a8\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u5b8c\u6210\u610f\u4e49.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter\uff0e = We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter\uff0e How many finished products have you got up to now? = How many products that have been finished have you got up to now? \u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u53ca\u7269\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u5f88\u5c11\u80fd\u5355\u72ec\u7528\u4f5c\u524d\u7f6e\u5b9a\u8bed,\u80fd\u4f5c\u8fd9\u6837\u7528\u7684\u4ec5\u9650\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u8bcd,\u8fd9\u65f6\u4ec5\u8868\u793a\u5b8c\u6210\u610f\u4e49,\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u88ab\u52a8\u610f\u4e49\uff1a a retired worker = a worker who has retired an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped a faded\uff0fwithered flower = a flower that has faded the risen sun = the sun that has just risen a returned student = a student who has returned vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished b)\u7528\u4f5c\u540e\u7f6e\u5b9a\u8bed\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u6765\u81ea\u53ca\u7269\u52a8\u8bcd,\u8868\u793a\u88ab\u52a8\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u5b8c\u6210\u610f\u4e49.\u8fd9\u65f6\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a Things seen are better than things heard\uff0e = Things which are seen are better than things which are heard\uff0e The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious\uff0e = The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious. \u505a\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed a) see, hear, feel,find,think\u7b49\u8868\u793a\u611f\u89c9\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation\uff0e I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street\uff0e Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute. d) make, get, have, keep \u7b49\u8868\u793a\u201c\u81f4\u4f7f\u201d\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a I have my clothes washed everyday. Don't get your schedule changed\uff1bstay with us in the class\uff0e He\u2019s trying to make himself understood. Please keep us informed of the latest price\uff0e c)like,want,wish,order\u7b49\u8868\u793a\u5e0c\u671b\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u7b49\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e26\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u8865\u8db3\u8bed.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a We don't like such topics (to be) discussed in class\uff0e I wish this problem (to be) solved this week\uff0e 4)\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed \u7528\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u901a\u5e38\u6765\u81ea\u53ca\u7269\u52a8\u8bcd.\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u7528\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed\u65f6,\u4fee\u9970\u4e3b\u53e5\u7684\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd,\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5,\u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u4f34\u968f\u72b6\u51b5\u7b49.\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed,\u524d\u8fb9\u5f80\u5f80\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0when, while, if,as if, though.\u4e00\u822c\u8bf4\u6765,\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8bed\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0e\u4e3b\u53e5\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e00\u81f4.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a Whenever praised,she blushes\uff0e(\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed) = Whenever she is praised,she blushes\uff0e United,we stand\uff1bdivided,we fall\uff0e(\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\u72b6\u8bed) = If we are united,we stand\uff1bIf we are divided,we fall\uff0e Written in great haste,this book is full of errors\uff0e(\u4f5c\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u8bed) = Because this book is written in great haste,it is full of errors\uff0e Mary was reading a love story,completely lost to the romantic life\uff0e(\u4f5c\u4f34\u968f\u72b6\u6d6f) = Mary was reading a love story,and was completely lost to the romantic life. Although born in Germany,John lives and works in U.S.A. (\u4f5c\u8ba9\u6b65\u72b6\u8bed) = Although John was born in Germany,he lives and works in U.S.A. 3\uff0e\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u53ca\u88ab\u52a8\u5f0f \u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u8fc7,\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f,\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u53ca\u88ab\u52a8\u5f0f\u5747\u6307\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u53ca\u88ab\u52a8\u5f0f. \u5982\u679c\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u52a8\u4f5c,\u4e0d\u8868\u660e\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u5148\u540e\u6216\u4e0e\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u4f5c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u751f,\u8fd9\u65f6\u8981\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a Living in the downtown,we found a lot of amusements\uff0e \u5982\u679c\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u5148\u4e8e\u53e5\u5b50\u8c13\u8bed\u53d1\u751f,\u5c31\u8981\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u201c(not) having+\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u201d.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a Having heard from my father,I was relieved\uff0e Not having received any letter from my family,I was worried\uff0e \u5982\u679c\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u8bed\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u6240\u8868\u793a\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61,\u5219\u8981\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f,\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f\u201c(not) being+\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u201d\u548c\u5176\u5b8c\u6210\u5f62\u5f0f\u201c(not) having been+\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u201d.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a Upon being questioned,he denied having robbed the bank\uff0e The new method,having been widely used abroad,can increase the working efficiency. 4\uff0e\u5206\u8bcd\u72ec\u7acb\u7ed3\u6784 \u5982\u679c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\u6216\u73b0\u5728\u5206\u8bcd\u5e26\u6709\u4e0e\u53e5\u5b50\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed,\u8fd9\u5c31\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u7ed3\u6784,\u4e5f\u53eb\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u5782\u60ac\u7ed3\u6784,\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u53e5\u4e2d\u8d77\u72b6\u8bed\u4e1b\u53e5\u7684\u4f5c\u7528,\u8868\u793a\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u65b9\u5f0f\u6216\u4f34\u968f\u72b6\u51b5.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a The holidays being over,they began to get down to do their work again\uff0e(\u539f\u56e0\u72b6\u8bed) = As the holiday was over,they began to get down to do their work again\uff0e All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours\uff0e(\u6761\u4ef6\u72b6\u8bed) = All things are considered,her paper is of greater value than yours\uff0e His homework done,Johan went out to play. (\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed) = After his homework had been done,Johan went out to play\uff0e The girl was smiling sweetly,her long hair flowing in the breeze\uff0e(\u4f34\u968f\u72b6\u8bed) \u5f53\u72ec\u7acb\u7ed3\u6784\u8868\u793a\u4f34\u968f\u72b6\u51b5\u65f6,\u53ef\u53d8\u4e3a\u7531with\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u4ecb\u8bcd\u8bcd\u7ec4, \u800c\u8868\u793a\u5426\u5b9a\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7ed3\u6784\u4fbf\u53ef\u7531without\u5f15\u5bfc.\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0a\u4f8b\u53ef\u53d8\u4e3a\uff1a The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze\uff0e Without anyone noticing,I slipped out of the room\uff0e \u72ec\u7acb\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6bd4\u8f83\u7075\u6d3b,\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4e8e\u53e5\u9996\u3001\u53e5\u4e2d\u6216\u53e5\u672b.\u53e6\u5916,\u72ec\u7acb\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7528\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u9650\u5b9a\u8bcd\u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565.\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a The manager sat quietly in his office,(his) eyes closed\uff0e He stood in the doorway,(his) wet cloak dripping water on the rug,and waited for some sign of recognition\uff0e

\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5927\u6cd5\u3002

现在分词的基本用法: 现在分词表示主动的意义;表示一般性的或正在进行的动作;在表现形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分, 1)作表语 现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征。例如: This story is quite interesting. The journey without you will be boring. 2)作定语 现在分词可以单独作定语,也可以构成合成词作定语,但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语,包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开),在意义上相当于一个定语从句。现在分词作定语通常带有主动意义和未完成意义。例如: The man following was obviously in a hurry.(现在分词单独作定语) They acted just like a conquering army.(现在分词单独作定语) Do you know the man standing over there by the door? (分词短语作限定性定语) Last night,we caught a thief stealing John’s bike.(分词短语作限定性定语) The name Nebraske comes from the Oto Indian word “ebrathka”,meaning flat water.(分词短语作非限定性定语) 3)作宾语补足语 a.表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear,feel,find,listen to,look at,watch,notice,observe,smell,see等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如: I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting. I can smell turkey roasting,and it's making me hungry. b.表示“致使”等意义的动词,如catch,get,have,keep,leave,set等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。例如: What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside. Please don't keep the machine running while you are away. 4)作状语 现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作,它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一。例如: Rushing out of the room,he was knocked down by a car.(作时间状语) = When he rushed out of the room,he was knocked down by a car. Working harder,you will pass the entrance exam. (作条件状语) = If you work harder,you will pass the entrance exam. She sat at a window,reading a book.(作伴随状语) =She sat at a window and read a book. Having won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars.(作原因状语) = Because he had won the championship,he was awarded a million dollars. Even if taking a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting.(作让步状语) = Even if take a taxi,I will still be late for the meeting. The road is under construction,thus causing the delay. (作结果状语) = The road is under construction,and thus caused the delay. 注意,当现在分词作让步状语时,一般放在句首,常常由although,though,even if, unless等连词引入;作结果状语时,一般放在句末,前面可以加so,thus,hence,thereby等副词。 过去分词的基本用法: 与现在分词不同,过去分词表示被动的意义,表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上,只有一种形式。 1)作表语 过去分词作表语表示主浯所处的状态。用作表浯的过去分词大多来自及物动词;不及物动词的过去分词能作表语的只限于少数表示位置转移的动词,如go,come,assemble等,它们用在连系动词之后,表示完成意义,无被动意义。例如: The man looked quite disappointed. He is greatly discouraged by her refusal. His hair is nearly all gone. 已经形容词化了的过去分词大多可作表语,常见的有:accomplished,amazed,amused,astonished,broken,closed,completed,complicatcd, confused,crowded,devoted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,excited,frightened,hurt,interested,lost,satisfied,surprised, worried等。 做定语 a) 前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义。例如: We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter. = We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter. How many finished products have you got up to now? = How many products that have been finished have you got up to now? 来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置定语,能作这样用的仅限以下几个词,这时仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义: a retired worker = a worker who has retired an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped a faded/withered flower = a flower that has faded the risen sun = the sun that has just risen a returned student = a student who has returned vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished b)用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词,表示被动意义和完成意义。这时相当于一个定语从句。例如: Things seen are better than things heard. = Things which are seen are better than things which are heard. The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious. = The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious. 做宾语补足语 a) see, hear, feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如: Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation. I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street. Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute. d) make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如: I have my clothes washed everyday. Don't get your schedule changed;stay with us in the class. He’s trying to make himself understood. Please keep us informed of the latest price. c)like,want,wish,order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词可以带过去分词作宾语补足语。例如: We don't like such topics (to be) discussed in class. I wish this problem (to be) solved this week. 4)作状语 用作状语的过去分词通常来自及物动词。过去分词用作状语时,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。过去分词作状语,前边往往可以加when, while, if,as if, though。一般说来,这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。例如: Whenever praised,she blushes.(作时间状语) = Whenever she is praised,she blushes. United,we stand;divided,we fall.(作条件状语) = If we are united,we stand;If we are divided,we fall. Written in great haste,this book is full of errors.(作原因状语) = Because this book is written in great haste,it is full of errors. Mary was reading a love story,completely lost to the romantic life.(作伴随状浯) = Mary was reading a love story,and was completely lost to the romantic life. Although born in Germany,John lives and works in U.S.A. (作让步状语) = Although John was born in Germany,he lives and works in U.S.A. 3.分词的完成式及被动式 前面提到过,过去分词只有一种形式,所以这里所讲的完成式及被动式均指现在分词的完成式及被动式。 如果现在分词表示的是一般性动作,不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生,这时要用现在分词的一般形式。例如: Living in the downtown,we found a lot of amusements. 如果现在分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生,就要用现在分词的完成式“(not) having+过去分词”。例如: Having heard from my father,I was relieved. Not having received any letter from my family,I was worried. 如果现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词所表示的动作的对象,则要用现在分词的被动形式,包括其一般形式“(not) being+过去分词”和其完成形式“(not) having been+过去分词”。例如: Upon being questioned,he denied having robbed the bank. The new method,having been widely used abroad,can increase the working efficiency. 4.分词独立结构 如果过去分词或现在分词带有与句子主语不同的主语,这就构成了独立结构,也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构,通常在句中起状语丛句的作用,表示原因、时间、条件、方式或伴随状况。例如: The holidays being over,they began to get down to do their work again.(原因状语) = As the holiday was over,they began to get down to do their work again. All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.(条件状语) = All things are considered,her paper is of greater value than yours. His homework done,Johan went out to play. (时间状语) = After his homework had been done,Johan went out to play. The girl was smiling sweetly,her long hair flowing in the breeze.(伴随状语) 当独立结构表示伴随状况时,可变为由with引导的介词词组, 而表示否定意义的类似结构便可由without引导。例如上例可变为: The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze. Without anyone noticing,I slipped out of the room. 独立结构的位置比较灵活,它可以置于句首、句中或句末。另外,独立结构中用作主语的名词之前的限定词有时可以省略。例如: The manager sat quietly in his office,(his) eyes closed. He stood in the doorway,(his) wet cloak dripping water on the rug,and waited for some sign of recognition.



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