诺斯古德·帕金森的生平
\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u79d1\u533b\u751f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u7b80\u4ecbJames Parkinson (April 11, 1755 \u2013 December 21, 1824) was an English physician, geologist, paleontologist, and political activist. He is most famous for his 1817 work, An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, in which he was the first to describe paralysis agitans, a condition that would later be named Parkinson's Disease after him.
Early life
James Parkinson was born in Shoreditch, London, England. He was the son of John Parkinson, an apothecary and surgeon practising in Hoxton Square in London. In 1784 James Parkinson was approved by the City of London Corporation as a surgeon.
On May 21, 1783, he married Mary Dale, with whom he subsequently had six children. Soon after he was married, James Parkinson succeeded his father in his practice in 1, Hoxton Square. He believed that any worthwhile physician should know shorthand, at which he was adept.
Politics
In addition to his flourishing medical practice, Parkinson had an avid interest in geology and paleontology, as well as the politics of the day.
Parkinson was a strong advocate for the under-privileged, and an outspoken critic of the Pitt-government. His early career was marred by his being involved in a variety of social and revolutionary causes, and some historians think it most likely that he was a strong proponent for the French Revolution. He published nearly twenty political pamphlets in the post-French Revolution period, whilst Britain was in political chaos. Writing under his own name and his pseudonym "Old Hubert", he called for radical social reforms.
James Parkinson called for representation of the people in the House of Commons, the institution of annual parliaments, and universal suffrage. He was a member of several secret political societies, including the London Corresponding Society for Reform of Parliamentary Representation. In 1794 his membership in the organization led to his being examined under oath before the Privy Council to give evidence about a plot to assassinate King George III. He refused to testify regarding his part in "The Pop-Gun Plot", until he was certain he would not be forced to incriminate himself. The plan was to use a poisoned dart fired from a "pop gun" to bring the king's reign to a premature conclusion. Fortunately for Parkinson, the whole affair was soon forgotten, and no charges were ever brought against him.
Medicine
Parkinson turned away from his tumultuous political career, and between 1799 and 1807 published a number of medical works, including a work on gout in 1805. He was also responsible for the earliest writings on the subject of peritonitis in English medical literature.
James Parkinson was the first person to systematically describe 6 individuals with symptoms of the disease that bears his name. Unusually for such a description, he did not actually examine these patients himself but observed them on daily walks. [1] It was Jean Martin Charcot who coined the term "Parkinson's Disease" over 60 years later.
Parkinson was also interested in improving the general health and well-being of the population. He wrote several medical doctrines that exposed a similar zeal for the health and welfare of the people that was expressed by his political activism. He was a crusader for legal protection for the mentally ill, as well as their doctors and families.
In 1812 Parkinson assisted his son with the first described case of appendicitis in English, and the first instance in which perforation was shown to be the cause of death.
Science
Parkinson's interest gradually turned from medicine to nature, specifically the relatively new field of geology, and paleontology. He began collecting specimens and drawings of fossils in the latter part of the eighteenth century. He took his children and friends on excursions to collect and observe fossil plants and animals. His attempts to learn more about fossil identification and interpretation were frustrated by a lack of available literature, and so he took the decision to improve matters by writing his own introduction to the study of fossils.
In 1804 the first volume of his Organic Remains of the Former World was published. Gideon Mantell praised it as "the first attempt to give a familiar and scientific account of fossils". A second volume was published in 1808, and a third in 1811. Parkinson illustrated each volume, sometimes in color. The plates were later re-used by Gideon Mantell. In 1822 he published the shorter "Elements of Oryctology: an Introduction to the Study of Fossil Organic Remains, especially of those found in British Strata".
Parkinson also contributed several papers to William Nicholson\u2019s "A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts", and in the first, second, and fifth volumes of the "Geological Society\u2019s Transactions".
On November 13, 1807, Parkinson and a number of other distinguished gentlemen met at the Freemasons' Tavern in London. The gathering included such great names as Sir Humphry Davy, Arthur Aikin, and George Bellas Greenough. This was to be the first meeting of the Geological Society of London.
Parkinson belonged to a school of thought, Catastrophism, that concerned itself with the belief that the Earth's geology and biosphere were shaped by recent large-scale cataclysms. He cited the Noachian deluge of Genesis as an example, and he firmly believed that creation and extinction were processes guided by the hand of God. His view on Creation was that each 'day' was actually a much longer period, that lasted perhaps tens of thousands of years in length.
Memorials
Parkinson's life is commemorated with a stone tablet inside the church of St Leonard's, Shoreditch, where he was a member of the congregation; his grave is in the churchyard of St Leonard's. In addition, there is a blue plaque at 1 Hoxton Square, marking the site of his home.
\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000
\u3000\u3000\u533b\u751f\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a\u4f60\u597d\uff0c\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u6cbb\u7597\u4e4b\u80ce\u8111\u79fb\u690d\u6cbb\u7597\uff1a\u80ce\u8111\u4f9b\u4f53\u6765\u6e90\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4e14\u9700\u5f00\u9885\u624b\u672f\uff0c\u514d\u75ab\u6392\u65a5\u6027\u5f3a\u3001\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\u4f4e\u3001\u7ef4\u6301\u65f6\u95f4\u8f83\u77ed\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u60a3\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u3000\u3000\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u5b9a\u5411\u4fee\u590d\u518d\u751f\u8bca\u7597\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u96c6\u68c0\u6d4b\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u6cbb\u7597\u3001\u590d\u5065\u5eb7\u590d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u8bca\u7597\u5eb7\u590d\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u3000\u3000\u5728\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u65a5\u5de8\u8d44\u5f15\u8d77\u5168\u7403\u6700\u524d\u6cbf\u8111\u795e\u7ecf\u9012\u8d28\u68c0\u6d4b\u4eea;\u3000\u3000\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u963b\u65ad\u2192 \u6fc0\u6d3b\u2192 \u4fee\u590d\u2192 \u518d\u751f\u4e3a\u673a\u7406\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6b65\u9aa4\u6cbb\u7597;\u3000\u3000\u5728\u590d\u5065\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7269\u7406\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u758f\u5bfc\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u996e\u98df\u8fdb\u884c\u5468\u671f\u6027\u5eb7\u590d\u3002\u3000\u3000\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u529f\u4f7f20000\u4f8b\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u60a3\u8005\u8fc7\u4e0a\u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u6b64\u7597\u6cd5\u5386\u7ecf\u5317\u4eac\u822a\u5929731\u533b\u9662\u4ee5\u6881\u8d77\u6765\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u91cd\u70b9\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u7814\u7a76\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u6f5c\u5fc3\u94bb\u7814\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u5c06\u79d1\u7814\u6210\u679c\u4e0e\u4e34\u5e8a\u5b9e\u8df5\u76f8\u8f6c\u5316\u3002\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u524d\u6cbf\u533b\u7597\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u75c5\u4f8b\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u4f9d\u6258\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6d77\u5185\u5916\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u9ad8\u6807\u51c6\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5916\u79d1\u624b\u672f\u4ee5\u53ca\u836f\u7269\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u5f0a\u7aef\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u9012\u8d28\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e0e\u795e\u7ecf\u4fe1\u53f7\u56e0\u5b50\u6df1\u5c42\u4fee\u590d\uff0c\u4f7f\u6cbb\u7597\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8fc8\u4e0a\u65b0\u53f0\u9636\u3002\u5176\u7cbe\u786e\u5ea6\u4ece\u4f20\u7edf\u624b\u672f\u7684\u8089\u773c\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u5398\u7c73\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u7ec6\u80de\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u767e\u5fae\u7c73\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5c06\u91cd\u5927\u5e76\u53d1\u75c7\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u964d\u81f3\u96f6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u4f7f\u5f97\u89c4\u8303\u8bca\u7597\u91cd\u65b0\u53c8\u7ad9\u5230\u4e86\u6cbb\u7597\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u5730\u5e26\u3002
帕金森是家中最小的儿子。他年轻时就读于历史悠久，享有盛名的圣彼得中学（ St. Peter's School, York）。1929年他进入剑桥大学伊曼纽尔学院（Emmanuel College）学习历史并于1932年获得学士学位。1934年他到伦敦国王学院继续研究生学习。
绛旓細甯曢噾妫槸瀹朵腑鏈灏忕殑鍎垮瓙銆備粬骞磋交鏃跺氨璇讳簬鍘嗗彶鎮犱箙锛屼韩鏈夌洓鍚嶇殑鍦ｅ郊寰椾腑瀛︼紙 St. Peter's School, York锛夈1929骞翠粬杩涘叆鍓戞ˉ澶у浼婃浖绾藉皵瀛﹂櫌锛圗mmanuel College锛夊涔犲巻鍙插苟浜1932骞磋幏寰楀澹浣嶃1934骞翠粬鍒颁鸡鏁﹀浗鐜嬪闄㈢户缁爺绌剁敓瀛︿範銆
绛旓細瑗块噷灏斅疯鏂彜寰仿峰笗閲戞．锛圕yril Northcote Parkinson),1909骞7鏈30鏃ョ敓浜庤嫳鍥芥潨浼﹂儭銆傛槸鑻卞浗钁楀悕鍘嗗彶瀛﹀銆備竴鐢熻憲涔60浣欐湰锛屾渶钁楀悕鐨勬槸銆婂笗閲戞．瀹氬緥銆嬨傝繖鏈功璁╀粬鍦ㄥ叕鍏辩鐞嗛鍩熶篃浜湁鐩涘悕銆
绛旓細璇烘柉鍙ゅ痉路甯曢噾妫紝鑻卞浗鍘嗗彶瀛﹀崥澹紝鏇惧湪鍝堜經澶у鎷呬换鏁欐巿銆1957骞达紝浠栧湪椹潵瑗夸簹涓涓捣婊ㄥ害鍋囨椂锛屾偀鍑轰簡涓涓畾寰嬶紝鍚庢潵浠栧皢鑷繁鎬濊冪殑缁撴灉鍙戣〃鍦ㄤ鸡鏁︾殑銆婄粡娴庡瀹躲嬫湡鍒婁笂锛屼竴涓炬垚鍚嶃傘婂笗閲戞．瀹氬緥銆嬩竴涔﹀嚭鐗堜互鍚庯紝琚炕璇戞垚澶氬浗璇█锛屽湪缇庡浗鏇存槸闀胯笧鐣呴攢涔︽帓琛屾姒滈銆傗滃ⅷ鑿叉硶鍒欌濄佲滃笗閲戞．瀹氱悊鈥濆拰鈥...
绛旓細鍒樻睙娉 2021骞6鏈5鏃ヤ簬鍖椾含鏄屽钩 涓銆佷粈涔堟槸甯曢噾妫畾寰嬶紵璇烘柉鍙ゅ痉路甯曢噾妫锛岃嫳鍥藉巻鍙插鍗氬＋锛屾浘鍦ㄥ搱浣涘ぇ瀛︽媴浠绘暀鎺堛傗滃ⅷ鑿叉硶鍒欌濄佲滃笗閲戞．瀹氱悊鈥濆拰鈥滃郊寰楀師鐞嗏濆苟绉颁负浜屽崄涓栫邯瑗挎柟鏂囧寲涓渶鏉板嚭鐨勪笁澶у彂鐜般傚笗閲戞．瀹氬緥锛圥arkinson's Law锛夋簮浜庡笗閲戞．1958骞村嚭鐗堢殑銆婂笗閲戞．瀹氬緥銆嬩竴涔︾殑鏍囬銆傚笗閲戞．鍦ㄤ功涓槓杩...
绛旓細1958骞达紝鑻卞浗鍘嗗彶瀛﹀銆佹斂娌诲瀹惰タ閲屽皵路璇烘柉鍙ゅ痉路甯曢噾妫锛圕yril Northcote Parkinson锛夐氳繃闀挎湡璋冩煡鐮旂┒锛屽嚭鐗堜簡銆婂笗閲戞．瀹氬緥銆(Parkinson's Law)涓涔︺傚笗閲戞．缁忚繃澶氬勾璋冩煡鐮旂┒锛屽彂鐜颁竴涓汉鍋氫竴浠朵簨鎵鑰楄垂鐨勬椂闂村樊鍒姝や箣澶э細浠栧彲浠ュ湪10鍒嗛挓鍐呯湅瀹屼竴浠芥姤绾革紝涔熷彲浠ョ湅鍗婂ぉ锛涗竴涓繖浜20鍒嗛挓鍙互瀵勫嚭涓鍙...
绛旓細璇烘柉鍙ゅ痉路甯曢噾妫锛岃嫳鍥藉巻鍙插鍗氬＋锛屾浘鍦ㄥ搱浣涘ぇ瀛︽媴浠绘暀鎺堛1957骞达紝浠栧湪椹潵瑗夸簹涓涓捣婊ㄥ害鍋囨椂锛屾偀鍑轰簡涓涓畾寰嬶紝鍚庢潵浠栧皢鑷繁鎬濊冪殑缁撴灉鍙戣〃鍦ㄤ鸡鏁︾殑銆婄粡娴庡瀹躲嬫湡鍒婁笂锛屼竴涓炬垚鍚嶃傘婂笗閲戞．瀹氬緥銆嬩竴涔﹀嚭鐗堜互鍚庯紝琚炕璇戞垚澶氬浗璇█锛屽湪缇庡浗鏇存槸闀胯笧鐣呴攢涔︽帓琛屾姒滈銆傗滃ⅷ鑿叉硶鍒欌濄佲滃笗閲戞．瀹氱悊鈥濆拰鈥...
绛旓細瑗块噷灏斅璇烘柉鍙ゅ痉路甯曢噾妫浜1956骞寸殑钁椾綔銆婂笗閲戞．瀹氱悊锛屼互鍙婂叾浠栧湪绠＄悊涓婄殑鐮旂┒銆嬶紙Parkinson's law, and other studies in administration锛変腑棣栨鎻愬嚭杩欎釜璁虹偣銆傚湪绗笁绔狅紝銆婇珮鏄傜殑浠锋牸锛屾垨鍏磋叮娑堝け鐨勫钩琛＄偣銆嬩腑锛屽笗閲戞．鎻忚堪浜嗕竴涓櫄鏋勭殑璐㈡斂璁細涓璁虹殑涓夐」璁锛氱涓椤逛负鎼缓浠峰间竴鍗冧竾鑻遍晳鐨勫弽搴斿爢锛岀...
绛旓細甯曢噾妫畾寰嬫槸涓绉嶅父瑙佺殑缁勭粐鐥呮侊細鐢辫嫳鍥藉巻鍙插瀹璇烘柉鍙ゅ痉路甯曢噾妫浜1958骞存彁鍑恒傚畾寰嬪叿浣撳唴瀹规槸鍦ㄤ换浣曠粍缁囬噷锛岀鐞嗗眰鎵鍗犵殑姣斾緥鏈灏忥紝绠＄悊灞備汉鏁伴愭閫掑锛涚涓夛紝绠＄悊灞傞渶瑕佽嚜鍔ㄨ啫鑳銆傝繖涓畾寰嬭鏄庝簡涓涓粍缁囨満鏋勶紝绠＄悊灞傝秺澶氾紝鏁堢巼瓒婁綆銆傚笗閲戞．绗竴瀹氬緥鎸囩殑鏄潈鍔涚殑鍒嗘暎瓒嬪娍锛氫竴涓粍缁囦腑鐨勬潈鍔涗細閫愭笎鍒嗘暎...
绛旓細1958骞达紝鑻卞浗鍘嗗彶瀛﹀鍏兼斂娌诲瀹惰タ閲屽皵路璇烘柉鍙ゅ痉路甯曢噾妫鍦ㄥ叾钁椾綔銆婂笗閲戞．瀹氬緥銆嬩腑鎻ず浜嗕竴绉嶅叧浜庢満鏋勮啫鑳鐨勬繁鍒昏瀵熴備粬鎻愬嚭锛屼竴涓笉绉拌亴鐨勫畼鍛樺湪闈㈠鑱屼笟閫夋嫨鏃讹紝寰寰鍊惧悜浜庨噰鍙栨煇浜涚瓥鐣ャ傞鍏堬紝浠栦滑閫氬父涓嶄細閫夋嫨鐩存帴閫浣嶏紝鍥犱负杩欏皢涓уけ鏉冨姏锛堝敖绠¤繖鍙兘瀵艰嚧鏁堢巼鎻愬崌锛夛紱鍏舵锛屼粬浠篃涓嶆効鎺ョ撼鑳藉共鐨勫姪鎵嬶紝...
