谁启动了20亿年前的核反应堆? 谁启动了20亿年前的核反应堆?
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\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\uff08GEN-I\uff09\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u539f\u578b\u5806\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u53731950\u5e74\u81f31960\u5e74\u524d\u671f\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u8f7b\u6c34\u5806\uff08light water reactors,LWR\uff09\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5e0c\u5e73\u6e2f(Shippingport)\u538b\u6c34\u5806\uff08pressurized-water reactor,PWR\uff09\u3001 \u5fb7\u7d2f\u65af\u987f(Dresden)\u6cb8\u6c34\u5806(boiling water reactor,BWR)\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u9541\u8bfa\u514b\u65af(Magnox)\u77f3\u58a8\u6c14\u51b7\u5806\u7b49\u3002
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\uff08GEN-\u2161\uff09\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u662f1960\u5e74\u540e\u671f\u52301990\u5e74\u524d\u671f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f00\u53d1\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u5927\u578b\u5546\u7528\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u5982LWR\uff08PWR\uff0cBWR\uff09\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u574e\u5ea6\u5806\uff08CANDU\uff09\u3001\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u538b\u6c34\u5806VVER/RBMK\u7b49\u3002\u52301998\u5e74\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u3002
\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\uff08GEN-\u2162\uff09\u662f\u6307\u6ee1\u8db3\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u6307\u6807\u7684\u5148\u8fdb\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u6307\u6807\u8fbe\u5230URD\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4ee3\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u91c7\u7528\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u3001\u6700\u4f73\u5316\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u975e\u80fd\u52a8\u5b89\u5168\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5982\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u6cb8\u6c34\u5806\uff08advanced boiling water reactors,ABWR\uff09\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf80+\u3001AP600\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u538b\u6c34\u5806\uff08European pressurized reactor,EPR\uff09\u7b49\u3002
\u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\uff08GEN-\u2163\uff09\u662f\u5f85\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u52302030\u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u5b9e\u7528\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6027\u9ad8\uff08\u4e0e\u5929\u71c3\u6c14\u706b\u529b\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\u76f8\u5f53\uff09\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u597d\u3001\u5e9f\u7269\u4ea7\u751f\u91cf\u5c0f\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u9632\u6b62\u6838\u6269\u6563\u3002
2002\u5e749\u670819\u65e5\u81f320\u65e5\u5728\u4e1c\u4eac\u53ec\u5f00\u7684GIF\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u6838\u80fd\u7cfb\u7edf\u56fd\u9645\u8bba\u575bGeneration IV International Forum,GIF\uff09\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f1a\u768410\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u572894\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5806\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u81f4\u540c\u610f\u5f00\u53d1\u4ee5\u4e0b\u516d\u79cd\u7b2c\u56db\u4ee3\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\u6982\u5ff5\u5806\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002
\u6309\u7167\u51b7\u5374\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u7c7b
\u6c14\u51b7\u5feb\u5806
\u6c14\u51b7\u5feb\u5806\uff08gas-cooled fast reactor,GFR\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u8c31\u6c26\u51b7\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u95ed\u5f0f\u71c3\u6599\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u71c3\u6599\u53ef\u9009\u62e9\u590d\u5408\u9676\u74f7\u71c3\u6599\u3002\u5b83\u91c7\u7528\u76f4\u63a5\u5faa\u73af\u6c26\u6c14\u8f6e\u673a\u53d1\u7535\uff0c\u6216\u91c7\u7528\u5176\u5de5\u827a\u70ed\u8fdb\u884c\u6c22\u7684\u70ed\u5316\u5b66\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7efc\u5408\u5229\u7528\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u8c31\u4e0e\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u518d\u5faa\u73af\uff0cGFR\u80fd\u5c06\u957f\u5bff\u547d\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5e9f\u7269\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u91cf\u964d\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u8c31\u8fd8\u80fd\u5229\u7528\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u88c2\u53d8\u6750\u6599\u548c\u53ef\u8f6c\u6362\u6750\u6599\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8d2b\u94c0\uff09\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u662f288\u5146\u74e6\u7684\u6c26\u51b7\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u51fa\u53e3\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e3a850\u2103\u3002
\u6db2\u6001\u91d1\u5c5e\u51b7\u5374\u5feb\u5806
\u94c5\u5408\u91d1\u6db2\u6001\u91d1\u5c5e\u51b7\u5374\u5feb\u5806(lead-cooled fast reactor,LFR)\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u8c31\u94c5\uff08\u94c5/\u94cb\u5171\u6676\uff09\u6db2\u6001\u91d1\u5c5e\u51b7\u5374\u5806\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u95ed\u5f0f\u71c3\u6599\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u53ef\u8f6c\u6362\u94c0\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8f6c\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u71c3\u6599\u662f\u542b\u6709\u53ef\u8f6c\u6362\u94c0\u548c\u8d85\u94c0\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u6216\u6c2e\u5316\u7269\u3002
LFR\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u53ef\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217 \u7535\u5382\u989d\u5b9a\u529f\u7387\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982LFR\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a1200\u5146\u74e6\u7684\u5927\u578b\u6574\u4f53\u7535\u5382\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u989d\u5b9a\u529f\u7387\u5728300\uff5e400\u5146\u74e6\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u6362\u6599\u95f4\u9694\u5f88\u957f\uff0815\uff5e20\u5e74\uff09\u768450\uff5e100\u5146\u74e6\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u3002LFR\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u578b\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u5236\u9020\u7684\u4ea4\u94a5\u5319\u7535\u5382\uff0c\u53ef\u6ee1\u8db3\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5c0f\u7535\u7f51\u53d1\u7535\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002
\u6db2\u6001\u94a0\u51b7\u5374\u5feb\u5806\uff08sodium-cooled fast reactor,SFR\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u8c31\u94a0\u51b7\u5806\uff0c\u5b83\u91c7\u7528\u53ef\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u53ca\u53ef\u8f6c\u6362\u94c0\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u7684\u95ed\u5f0f\u71c3\u6599\u5faa\u73af\u3002SFR\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\u9ad8\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5e9f\u5f03\u7269\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u7ba1\u7406\u949a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u6848\uff1a\u4e2d\u7b49\u89c4\u6a21\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u5373\u529f\u7387\u4e3a150\uff5e500\u5146\u74e6\uff0c\u71c3\u6599\u7528\u94c0-\u949a-\u6b21\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20-\u9506\u5408\u91d1\uff1b\u4e2d\u5230\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0c\u5373\u529f\u7387\u4e3a500\uff5e1 500\u5146\u74e6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u94c0-\u949a\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u71c3\u6599\u3002
\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u70ed\u54cd\u5e94\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u3001\u51b7\u5374\u5242\u6cb8\u817e\u7684\u88d5\u5ea6\u5927\u3001\u4e00\u56de\u8def\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u5927\u6c14\u538b\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8be5\u56de\u8def\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u94a0\u4e0e\u7535\u5382\u7684\u6c34\u548c\u84b8\u6c7d\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e2d\u95f4\u94a0\u7cfb\u7edf\u7b49\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u80fd\u597d\u3002
\u7194\u76d0\u5806\u7cfb
\u7194\u76d0\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\uff08molten salt reactor,MSR\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u8d85\u70ed\u4e2d\u5b50\u8c31\u5806\uff0c\u71c3\u6599\u662f\u94a0\u3001\u9506\u548c\u6c1f\u5316\u94c0\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u6db2\u4f53\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u3002\u7194\u76d0\u71c3\u6599\u6d41\u8fc7\u5806\u82af\u77f3\u58a8\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u8d85\u70ed\u4e2d\u5b50\u8c31\u3002MSR\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\u71c3\u6599\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5236\u9020\u71c3\u6599\u5143\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u6dfb\u52a0\u949a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u88c2\u53d8\u4ea7\u7269\u5728\u6db2\u6001\u51b7\u5374\u5242\u4e2d\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u6c1f\u5316\u7269\u3002\u7194\u878d\u7684\u6c1f\u76d0\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f20\u70ed\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u964d\u4f4e\u5bf9\u538b\u529b\u5bb9\u5668\u548c\u7ba1\u9053\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u7535\u7ad9\u7684\u529f\u7387\u6c34\u5e73\u4e3a1000\u5146\u74e6\uff0c\u51b7\u5374\u5242\u51fa\u53e3\u6e29\u5ea6700\uff5e800\u2103\uff0c\u70ed\u6548\u7387\u9ad8\u3002
\u51b7\u5806\u7cfb\u7edf
\u8d85\u9ad8\u6e29\u6c14\u51b7\u5806(very high temperature reactor,VHTR)\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u901a\u8fc7\u5f0f\u94c0\u71c3\u6599\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u77f3\u58a8\u6162\u5316\u6c26\u51b7\u5806\u3002\u8be5\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u5806\u82af\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u68f1\u67f1\u5757\u72b6\u5806\u82af\uff08\u5982\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u9ad8\u6e29\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u53cd\u5e94\u5668HTTR\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7403\u5e8a\u5806\u82af\uff08\u5982\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ad8\u6e29\u6c14\u51b7\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5806HTR-10\uff09\u3002
VHTR\uff08\u8d85\u9ad8\u6e29\u6c14\u51b7\u5806\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u70ed\u91cf\uff0c\u5806\u82af\u51fa\u53e3\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e3a1 000\u2103\uff0c\u53ef\u4e3a\u77f3\u6cb9\u5316\u5de5\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u6c22\u6216\u5de5\u827a\u70ed\u3002\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u52a0\u5165\u53d1\u7535\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u70ed\u7535\u8054\u4f9b\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u91c7\u7528\u94c0/\u949a\u71c3\u6599\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u4f7f\u5e9f\u7269\u91cf\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u6709\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u5806\u91c7\u7528600\u5146\u74e6\u5806\u82af\u3002
\u8d85\u4e34\u754c\u6c34\u51b7\u5806
\u8d85\u4e34\u754c\u6c34\u51b7\u5806\uff08super-critical water-cooled reactor,SCWR\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u9ad8\u6e29\u9ad8\u538b\u6c34\u51b7\u5806\uff0c\u5728\u6c34\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\uff08374\u2103\uff0c22.1\u5146\u5e15\uff09\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u8d85\u4e34\u754c\u6c34\u51b7\u5374\u5242\u80fd\u4f7f\u70ed\u6548\u7387\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230\u8f7b\u6c34\u5806\u7684\u7ea61.3\u500d\u3002\u8be5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u51b7\u5374\u5242\u5728\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u4e2d\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u80fd\u91cf\u8f6c\u6362\u8bbe\u5907\u76f8\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u5927\u5927\u7b80\u5316\u7535\u5382\u914d\u5957\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u71c3\u6599\u4e3a\u94c0\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u3002\u5806\u82af\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u70ed\u4e2d\u5b50\u8c31\u548c\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u8c31\u3002\u53c2\u8003\u7cfb\u7edf\u529f\u7387\u4e3a1 700\u5146\u74e6\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u538b\u529b\u662f25\u5146\u5e15\uff0c\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u51fa\u53e3\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e3a510\uff5e550\u2103\u3002
\u7ec4\u6210\u7ed3\u6784
\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u6d3b\u6027\u533a\uff0c\u53cd\u5c04\u5c42\uff0c\u5916\u538b\u529b\u58f3\u548c\u5c4f\u853d\u5c42\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u6d3b\u6027\u533a\u53c8\u7531\u6838\u71c3\u6599\uff0c\u6162\u5316\u5242\uff0c \u51b7\u5374\u5242\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u68d2\u7b49\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5f53\u524d\u7528\u4e8e\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u4e2d\uff0c \u538b\u6c34\u5806\u662f\u6700\u5177\u7ade\u4e89\u529b\u7684\u5806\u578b\uff08\u7ea6\u536061%\uff09\uff0c \u6cb8\u6c34\u5806\u5360\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff08\u7ea6\u536024%\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u6c34\u5806\u7528\u7684\u8f83\u5c11\uff08\u7ea6\u53605%\uff09\u3002\u538b\u6c34\u5806\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff1a
1\uff09\u7528\u4ef7\u683c\u4f4e\u5ec9\u3001\u5230\u5904\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6c34\u4f5c\u6162\u5316\u5242\u548c\u51b7\u5374\u5242\uff0c
2\uff09\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u5185\u6e29\u5ea6\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u51b7\u5374\u6c34\u4fdd\u6301\u6db2\u6001\uff0c\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u5728\u9ad8\u538b\u529b\uff08\u6c34\u538b\u7ea6\u4e3a15.5 MPa \uff09\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53eb\u538b\u6c34\u5806\uff1b
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奥克洛核反应堆
由美国籍意大利著名物理学家恩利克·费米领导的小组于1942年12月（曼哈顿计划期间）在世界顶级学府 芝加哥大学建成。
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绛旓細浜虹被绗竴鍙鏍稿弽搴斿爢鐢辩編鍥界睄鎰忓ぇ鍒╄憲鍚嶇墿鐞嗗瀹舵仼鍒╁厠路璐圭背棰嗗鐨勫皬缁勪簬1942骞12鏈(鏇煎搱椤胯鍒掓湡闂)鍦ㄤ笘鐣岄《绾у搴 鑺濆姞鍝ュぇ瀛﹀缓鎴,鍛藉悕涓 鑺濆姞鍝ヤ竴鍙峰爢(Chicago Pile-1)[1]銆傝鍙嶅簲鍫嗘槸閲囩敤閾瑁傚彉閾惧紡鍙嶅簲,寮鍚簡浜虹被鍘熷瓙鑳芥椂浠, 鑺濆姞鍝ュぇ瀛︿篃鍥犳鎴愪负浜虹被鈥滃師瀛愯兘璇炵敓 鏍稿弽搴斿爢 鏍稿弽搴斿爢鏄牳鐢电珯鐨勫績鑴,瀹冪殑宸ヤ綔...
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