马士罗的欲望五个阶段具体内容是什么？ 《高老头》讲的主要内容是什么？
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Physiological needs
The physiological needs of the organism, those enabling homeostasis, take first precedence. These consist mainly of:
the need to breathe
the need to drink water
the need for sleep
the need to regulate body temperature
the need to regulate homeostasis
the need to eat
the need to dispose of bodily wastes
the need for sexual activity
If some needs are not fulfilled, a human's physiological needs take the highest priority. Physiological needs can control thoughts and behaviours, and can cause people to feel sickness, pain, and discomfort.
Safety needs
When physiological needs are met, the need for safety will emerge. When one stage is fulfilled, a person naturally moves to the next. Safety and security rank above all other desires when pertaining to physiological needs. These include:
Physical security — safety from violence, delinquency, aggressions
Security of employment
Security of revenues and resources
Moral and physiological security
Family security
Security of health
Security of personal property against crime
Love/Belonging/Social needs
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs is social. The psychological aspect of Maslow's hierarchy. This involves emotionally-based relationships in general, such as:
friendship
sexual intimacy
having a supportive and communicative family
Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group (such as clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs) or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors, close colleagues, confidants). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and depression. This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure. e.g. an anorexic ignores the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of belonging.
Esteem needs
According to Maslow, all humans have a need to be respected, to have self-respect, and to respect others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem, inferiority complexes, an inflated sense of self-importance or snobbishness. There are two levels to Esteem needs. The lower of the levels relates to elements like fame, respect, and glory. The higher level is contingent to concepts like confidence, competence, and achievement. The lower level is generally considered less advanced and more external; it is dependent upon other people. Someone in this level needs to be reassured because of lower esteem. People with low esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again are dependent on others. However confidence, competence and achievement only need one person and everyone else is inconsequential to one's own success. It may be noted, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.
Cognitive needs
Maslow believed that humans have the need to increase their intelligence and thereby chase knowledge. Cognitive needs is the expression of the natural human need to learn, explore, discover and create to get a better understanding of the world around them.
Aesthetic needs
Based on Maslow's beliefs, it is stated in the hierarchy that humans need beautiful imagery or something new and aesthetically pleasing to continue up towards Self-Actualization. Humans need to refresh themselves in the presence and beauty of nature while carefully absorbing and observing their surroundings to extract the beauty that the world has to offer.
Growth needs
中文意思：
1）生理上的需要。这是人类维持自身生存的最基本要求，包括饥、渴、衣、住、性的方面的要求。如果这些需要得不到满足，人类的生存就成了问题。在这个意义上说，生理需要是推动人们行动的最强大的动力。马斯洛认为，只有这些最基本的需要满足到维持生存所必需的程度后，其他的需要才能成为新的激励因素，而到了此时，这些已相对满足的需要也就不再成为激励因素了。
（2）安全上的需要。这是人类要求保障自身安全、摆脱事业和丧失财产威胁、避免职业病的侵袭、接触严酷的监督等方面的需要。马斯洛认为，整个有机体是一个追求安全的机制，人的感受器官、效应器官、智能和其他能量主要是寻求安全的工具，甚至可以把科学和人生观都看成是满足安全需要的一部分。当然，当这种需要一旦相对满足后，也就不再成为激励因素了。
（3）感情上的需要。这一层次的需要包括两个方面的内容。一是友爱的需要，即人人都需要伙伴之间、同事之间的关系融洽或保持友谊和忠诚；人人都希望得到爱情，希望爱别人，也渴望接受别人的爱。二是归属的需要，即人都有一种归属于一个群体的感情，希望成为群体中的一员，并相互关系和照顾。感情上的需要比生理上的需要来的细致，它和一个人的生理特性、经理、教育、宗教信仰都有关系。
（4）尊重的需要。人人都希望自己有稳定的社会地位，要求个人的能力和成就得到社会的承认。尊重的需要又可分为内部尊重和外部尊重。内部尊重是指一个人希望在各种不同情境中有实力、能胜任、充满信心、能独立自主。总之，内部尊重就是人的自尊。外部尊重是指一个人希望有地位、有威信，受到别人的尊重、信赖和高度评价。马斯洛认为，尊重需要得到满足，能使人对自己充满信心，对社会满腔热情，体验到自己活着的用处和价值。
（5）自我实现的需要。这是最高层次的需要，它是指实现个人理想、抱负，发挥个人的能力到最大程度，完成与自己的能力相称的一切事情的需要。也就是说，人必须干称职的工作，这样才会使他们感到最大的快乐。马斯洛提出，为满足自我实现需要所采取的途径是因人而异的。自我实现的需要是在努力实现自己的潜力，使自己越来越成为自己所期望的人物。
马斯洛把人的需要按其重要性和发生的先后次序排成五个层次：
生理需求、
安全需求、
社交需求、
尊重需求
自我实现的需求，
马斯洛认为，人们一般按照这个层次来追求各项需要的满足，并以此来解释人们行为的动机。
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