20世纪60年代美国黑人的境遇？求答案！ 20世纪60年代美国的社会状况
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Black history in America as an independent discipline, the history of 1915 - began in 1916 famous black historians Sherwood professor founded the Negro lives and historical research association and the journal of black history. Later as the U.S. history course, especially 50, 60 began in the black civil-rights movement of magnificent and victorious unfolds, plus many historians of hard efforts, black history now in the United States has become a very important and very mature discipline. China's black American history research started is much later, before liberation only some brief introduction (1). After liberation especially 50 or 60 since the 1990s because of domestic and foreign political environment influence, black history, black question becomes the Chinese academic circles especially world history a research focus and important research subject, scholars have published a series of papers, outstanding achievement. Enter in the 1980s, black history research once silent, but recent research areas and depth have been enlarging and deepening, obtain many important new achievements. Of course because objective historical environment and some subjective factors limit, our country of black history research inevitable also has a lot of problems and deficiencies.
(a) the 1950s - in the 1970s
After liberation, especially 50, 60, since the American civil rights movement in China's rising caused strong response and response. Chairman MAO zedong in 1963 and 1968 twice issued a statement (2), enthusiastic support black americans struggle against racial discrimination. By this statement affect and encouraged by the domestic academics have picked up a pen to eulogizing black American, enthusiasm for freedom, equality, rights and heroic struggle for national liberation, revealed and flay the history of the United States race exploitation, racial discrimination, racial oppression phenomenon. This period published many articles, gained a lot of important achievements.
Shandong normal university professor \u5218\u795a\u660c American history study in the 1960s, one of the main achievements of black is the history of the research. During this period, he has published a series articles of the American civil war, the blacks, Lincoln and slavery, Douglas and black American liberation movement such issues, made brilliant discussion. Mr. Liu to "Lincoln and slaves made" the problem of the most detailed and in-depth research. His "Lincoln liberate slaves historical truth" (3), thought Lincoln promulgated the emancipation proclamation, is from the objective situation has forced, not to the interests of the slaves itself, but to hit southern rebels, in order to restore the federal unified, in the final analysis is to the north of bourgeois interests. He also through the "declaration of concrete analysis, thought the total spirit is: it is extremely beneficial to slave owners class against blacks," is an unfavorable to the liberator liberation. The author finally through the greatness of blacks in the civil war, and points out that the role of narrative black is rely on own strength from slavery to free the down. In the theory of Lincoln "(4) a context, Mr. Liu thinks, Lincoln although opposed slavery, but he's not abolitionist, just advocated limiting slavery expansion. Lincoln's published the emancipation proclamation, is also predominantly in the objective circumstances and people's movement under pressure to make. But another, Mr. Liu also emphasizes, Lincoln became a great man, that he can change with the changes of continuous progress. For example, he removed in black, armed Negro suffrage and black on the question of the attitude, in the later have different degrees of improvement. And Abraham Lincoln in slavery problems once made a significant decision-making, never step backward, but put it adheres to the end.
During the same period also published many related articles. Nankai university professor YangShengMao black slaves in the Lincoln and the liberation -- a evaluation "(5) in the Lincoln in the background of that time and the class struggle will provide the total situation and research, affirmation and praised the Lincoln as an outstanding bourgeois politicians in the civil war in the creation of the great achievements, thought Lincoln became the hero, first, because he in people's support and driven, forward continuously, and revolutionary way, maintain the unity of the nation, destroyed the black slavery, solved the social economy at that time are the main contradiction, thus promotes the development of American society. The authors also to Lincoln and slaves liberation of some paradoxical problems for interpretation. For example this paper reviews the Lincoln in the emancipation proclamation, published first forty years of political career, strongly proves the Lincoln not advocate using compulsory means promptly abolished slavery this fact, As for the emancipation proclamation,, it is "in various domestic and international pressure include military pressure, political pressure and people's strong pressure before declaring," Lincoln did accidentally thoroughly liberation slaves, he never from the Angle of realizing racial equality to consider the Negro, Johnson in the reconstruction problem by policy, is actually formulated, in Lincoln old slave-owners, tolerance refuse to give black citizenship and land issues, the two men were not too, just because of Lincoln is as a martyr and fell down, which makes it a President to become "saints". Based on analyzing the Lincoln cannot complete liberation slaves reasons when think, that is because "Lincoln as an asset class politically spokesmen, is desperate to maintain capitalism", this is understood in Lincoln slavery question has taken on the various policy of key, Lincoln reluctant to also cannot complete liberation slaves, is from his place class status determine. Finally, the authors today by the revolutionary people commemorate Lincoln, is his memorial in bourgeois-democratic revolution of the outstanding contributions, rather than his memorial is a so-called "great liberator". Jilin university professor NieShouZhi the black slaves thought Lincoln liberation of the formation and development of "(6) mainly is to develop the vision and Angle to elaborate Lincoln liberation of the black slaves idea, their viewpoints and the argument vary, but its conclusion is not a big inaccuracies. Our world historiography circle around this problem again later on long-term of debate and discussion, greatly promoted the deep research on this problem.
Mr. \u5218\u795a\u660c on American black leaders eph cardin Douglas also has a deep research. In "Douglas and black American liberation movement" (7) a text of his highly Douglas in the abolition movement and the civil war makes great contribution to think it as "politics.
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但是从里根政府开始,党内的两大派系为此政策开始争辩不休,进入20 世纪90年代后,这种舆论变得更为强大, 1996年在由共和党人皮特·威尔逊任州长的加利福尼亚州通过一项议案,禁止任何个人或集团,无论其性别、肤色、民族性或民族身份如何,在公职人员用人、公共教育或公共项目的执行中搞歧视或偏袒。平权措施确立的许多办法和规定已经成了美国经商规则的一部分,然而平权措施在20世纪 90年代末前景变得不明朗,平权措施又受到挑战、谴责和重新审视,[1](P250)而且黑人政策又显示出种族主义性质。 (二)黑人政治地位提升之路辗转曲折经过不懈的斗争,黑人的政治地位有了明显的提升。
1988年2月27日出版的美国《教育周刊》曾公布一项盖洛普民意测验,结果表明,有62%的黑人和56%的白人认为,在2008年以前,美国可能出现一位黑人总统。这虽是预测,但是也从一个侧面反映了美国黑人政治力量将日益增强和其政治地位将发生更大变化的可能前景。事实证明,从黑人“政治行动派”的创始者道格拉斯到奥巴马可以看出,黑人在美国参政的地位有了很大的提升,黑人在美国受歧视现象有弱化趋势。这些既是黑人自身的奋斗结果,又是其美国梦不断完善的重要表现之一。
如在整个南部, 1968年,黑人中只有250人担任选举官职, 10 年后人数剧增到2 000人。据统计,通过选举产生的各级黑人官员已从1970年1 497位增加到1987年的6 348位, 其中包括大小市长306位。尽管如此,事实上的种族歧视依然存在。虽然3月21日是“国际消除种族歧视日”,但是《2005年美国的人权纪录》显示,在美国的司法、医疗、就业和职业等领域,存在着相当严重的种族歧视现象,黑人和其他少数民族处于美国社会的底层。
有个链接非常好，http://cache.baidu.com/c?m=9d78d513d9c743b8599d830f0b01a0150e24867448a4c7150ec3e24984155956376df4cf54351174c4b50f7077dc5e2de0e74702234460e99492ce0c9fac935b32957764310b8636418f5ff4dc4653907ccc4de9d848bae5ed74c9ee8580894353bc59017e82f09c5a7617dd6f861726e3d1c30e4a01&p=903dcd02a4934eaf5ff3c7710b08&user=baidu&fm=sc&query=60%C4%EA%B4%FA+%C3%C0%B9%FA%BA%DA%C8%CB&qid=ce49d68808bc8092&p1=5
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绛旓細20涓栫邯60骞翠唬浠ユ潵,鐢变簬缇庡浗榛戜汉姘戞潈鎰忚瘑澧炲己, 浠栦滑鍙戝姩鐨勬皯鏉冭繍鍔ㄤ篃鍙栧緱浜嗚澶氭垚鏋,鍦ㄦ斂娌荤敓娲讳腑鍙栧緱浜嗕护浜虹灘鐩殑鎴愬氨銆傞鍏堜粠缇庡浗鏀垮簻瀵归粦浜烘斂绛栫殑婕斿彉灏卞彲浠ョ湅鍑虹鍊備笌涔嬪墠鍘嬪埗榛戜汉銆侀噰鍙栫鏃忛殧绂诲埗搴︾浉姣,鈥滀簩鎴樷濆悗,鑱旈偊鏀垮簻杞彉绛栫暐,鍒跺畾浜嗕竴绯诲垪鐨勫畨鎶氭斂绛,濡傝壘妫豹濞佸皵鍜岃偗灏艰开鏀垮簻鐨勯粦浜烘皯鏉冩斂绛栥併婃皯鏉冩硶銆嬨併...
绛旓細Black history in America as an independent discipline, the history of 1915 - began in 1916 famous black historians Sherwood professor founded the Negro lives and historical research association and the journal of black history. Later as the U.S. history course, especially 50, 60 began...
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