初一上学期英语语法总结 初一第一学期英语语法

\u521d\u4e00\u4e0a\u5b66\u671f\u82f1\u8bed\u8bed\u6cd5\u603b\u7ed3\u3002

1. \u540d\u8bcd

\u540d\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\uff08Proper Nouns\uff09\u548c\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd (Common Nouns\uff09\uff0c\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\uff08\u4e9b\uff09\u4eba\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u673a\u6784\u7b49\u4e13\u6709\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5982Beijing\uff0cChina\u7b49\u3002\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd\u662f\u4e00\u7c7b\u4eba\u6216\u4e1c\u897f\u6216\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\uff1abook\uff0csadness\u7b49\u3002\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd\u53c8\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e0b\u9762\u56db\u7c7b\uff1a
1\uff09\u4e2a\u4f53\u540d\u8bcd\uff08Individual Nouns\uff09\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u67d0\u7c7b\u4eba\u6216\u4e1c\u897f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\uff1agun\u3002
2\uff09\u96c6\u4f53\u540d\u8bcd\uff08Collective Nouns\uff09\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u82e5\u5e72\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\uff1afamily\u3002
3\uff09\u7269\u8d28\u540d\u8bcd\uff08Material Nouns\uff09\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5b9e\u7269\uff0c\u5982\uff1aair\u3002
4\uff09\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8bcd\uff08Abstract Nouns\uff09\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u52a8\u4f5c\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u54c1\u8d28\u3001\u611f\u60c5\u7b49\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\uff1awork\u3002
\u4e2a\u4f53\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u540d\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6570\u76ee\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u53ef\u6570\u540d\u8bcd\uff08Countable Nouns\uff09\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u540d\u8bcd\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8bcd\u4e00\u822c\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u6570\u76ee\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6570\u540d\u8bcd\uff08Uncountable Nouns\uff09\u3002\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56fe\u8868\u793a\uff1a


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| |\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u8bcd | |
| \u540d | | \u4e2a\u4f53\u540d\u8bcd | |
| | | | \u53ef\u6570\u540d\u8bcd |
| | | \u96c6\u4f53\u540d\u8bcd | |
| |\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8bcd | | |
| \u8bcd | | \u7269\u8d28\u540d\u8bcd | |
| | | | \u4e0d\u53ef\u6570\u540d\u8bcd|
| | | \u62bd\u8c61\u540d\u8bcd | |



\u4e00\u822c\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u7684\u7528\u6cd5

1) \u7ecf\u5e38\u6027\u6216\u4e60\u60ef\u6027\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e38\u4e0e\u8868\u793a\u9891\u816e\u5ea6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed\u8fde\u7528\u3002
\u65f6\u95f4\u72b6\u8bed\uff1a every\u2026, sometimes, at\u2026, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) \u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) \u8868\u793a\u683c\u8a00\u6216\u8b66\u53e5\u4e2d\u3002
Pride goes before a fall. \u9a84\u8005\u5fc5\u8d25\u3002

\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u6b64\u7528\u6cd5\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e3b\u53e5\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u53e5\u8c13\u8bed\u4e5f\u8981\u7528\u4e00\u822c\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u3002
\u4f8b\uff1aColumbus proved that the earth is round..

4) \u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u6027\u683c\u3001\u4e2a\u6027\u3002
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
\u6bd4\u8f83\uff1aNow I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.

\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u7528\u4e00\u822c\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u64cd\u4f5c\u6f14\u793a\u6216\u6307\u5bfc\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u793a\u8303\u6027\u52a8\u4f5c\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u8a00\u884c\u7684\u77ac\u95f4\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u518d\u5982\uff1aNow watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. \u7b2c\u4e8c\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684now\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u540e\u53e5\u7528\u4e00\u822c\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u3002

\u540d\u8bcd\u590d\u6570\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u53d8\u5316

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\u60c5\u51b5 \u6784\u6210\u65b9\u6cd5 \u8bfb\u97f3 \u4f8b\u8bcd
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\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5 \u52a0 -s 1.\u6e05\u8f85\u97f3\u540e\u8bfb/s/; map-maps
2.\u6d4a\u8f85\u97f3\u548c\u5143\u97f3\u540e bag-bags
\u8bfb /z/; car-cars
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\u4ee5s,sh,ch,
x\u7b49\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u8bcd \u52a0 -es \u8bfb /iz/ bus-buses
watch-watches
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\u4ee5ce,se,ze,
(d)ge\u7b49\u7ed3\u5c3e
\u7684\u8bcd \u52a0 -s \u8bfb /iz/ license-licenses
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\u4ee5\u8f85\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd+y \u53d8y \u4e3ai
\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u8bcd \u518d\u52a0es \u8bfb /z/ baby---babies
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\u4eba\u79f0\u4ee3\u8bcd\u7684\u7528\u6cd5

1\uff09\u4eba\u79f0\u4ee3\u8bcd\u7684\u4e3b\u683c\u5728\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\u6216\u4e3b\u8bed\u8865\u8bed\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
\u7ea6\u7ff0\u7b49\u4e86\u4e00\u4f1a\u513f\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4ed6\u56de\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5e0c\u671b\u90a3\u4f4d\u4e58\u5ba2\u662f\u739b\u4e3d\uff0c\u8fd8\u771f\u662f\u5979\u3002

\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u5728\u590d\u5408\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e3b\u53e5\u548c\u4ece\u53e5\u4e3b\u8bed\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e3b\u8bed\u8981\u7528\u5728\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u540d\u8bcd\u4e3b\u8bed\u7528\u5728\u4e3b\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4e00\u5230\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u53bb\u94f6\u884c\u4e86\u3002

2\uff09\u4eba\u79f0\u4ee3\u8bcd\u7684\u5bbe\u683c\u5728\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u6216\u4ecb\u8bcd\u5bbe\u8bed\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u53e3\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e5f\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\u8865\u8bed\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u5728\u7701\u7565\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
\u6211\u770b\u5230\u5979\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5979\u3002\uff08her\u505a\u5bbe \u8bed\uff0cthem\u505a\u4ecb\u8bcd\u5bbe\u8bed\uff0cher\u505a\u4e3b\u8bed\u8865\u8bed\uff09
a. -- Who broke the vase? --\u8c01\u6253\u788e\u4e86\u82b1\u74f6\uff1f
b. -- Me. --\u6211\u3002\uff08me\u505a\u4e3b\u8bed\u8865\u8bed= It's me.\uff09

\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u4e24\u4f8b\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0cher\u548cme\u5206\u522b\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\u8865\u8bed\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u591a\u7528\u5bbe\u683c\uff0c\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u6587\u4f53\u4e2d\u8fd9\u91cc\u5e94\u4e3ashe\u548cI\u3002
\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u683c

\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u540d\u8bcd\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0"'s"\u6765\u8868\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e26\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bcd\u5c3e\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a\u8be5\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u683c\uff0c\u5982\uff1aa teacher's book\u3002\u540d\u8bcd\u6240\u6709\u683c\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a
1\uff09 \u5355\u6570\u540d\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\u52a0"'s"\uff0c\u590d\u6570\u540d\u8bcd\u8bcd\u5c3e\u6ca1\u6709s\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u52a0"'s"\uff0c\u5982the boy's bag \u7537\u5b69\u7684\u4e66\u5305\uff0cmen's room \u7537\u5395\u6240\u3002
2\uff09 \u82e5\u540d\u8bcd\u5df2\u6709\u590d\u6570\u8bcd\u5c3e-s \uff0c\u53ea\u52a0"'"\uff0c\u5982\uff1athe workers' struggle \u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u3002
3\uff09 \u51e1\u4e0d\u80fd\u52a0"'s"\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528"\u540d\u8bcd+of +\u540d\u8bcd"\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u8868\u793a\u6240\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\uff1athe title of the song \u6b4c\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002
4\uff09 \u5728\u8868\u793a\u5e97\u94fa\u6216\u6559\u5802\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u6216\u67d0\u4eba\u7684\u5bb6\u65f6\uff0c\u540d\u8bcd\u6240\u6709\u683c\u7684\u540e\u9762\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u51fa\u73b0\u5b83\u6240\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\uff1athe barber's \u7406\u53d1\u5e97\u3002
5\uff09 \u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u5e76\u5217\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5206\u522b\u6709's\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a"\u5206\u522b\u6709"\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a's\uff0c\u5219\u8868\u793a'\u5171\u6709'\u3002
\u5982\uff1aJohn's and Mary's room\uff08\u4e24\u95f4\uff09 John and Mary's room\uff08\u4e00\u95f4\uff09
6\uff09 \u590d\u5408\u540d\u8bcd\u6216\u77ed\u8bed\uff0c's \u52a0\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u8bcd\u5c3e\u3002
\u5982\uff1aa month or two's absence

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1. 名词

名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:

_______________________________________
| |专有名词 | |
| 名 | | 个体名词 | |
| | | | 可数名词 |
| | | 集体名词 | |
| |普通名词 | | |
| 词 | | 物质名词 | |
| | | | 不可数名词|
| | | 抽象名词 | |

一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.

第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

名词复数的规则变化

___________________________________________________
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
__________________________________________________
一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps
2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags
读 /z/; car-cars
___________________________________________________

以s,sh,ch,
x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses
watch-watches
___________________________________________________
以ce,se,ze,
(d)ge等结尾
的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
___________________________________________________
以辅音字母+y 变y 为i
结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
___________________________________________________
人称代词的用法

1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。

说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me. --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)

说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
名词的格

在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1) 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。
4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。
5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
如:John's and Mary's room(两间) John and Mary's room(一间)
6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。
如:a month or two's absence

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