H—Cl的键能为432kJ/mol,H—F的键能明显高于432kJ/mol
\u6839\u636e\u952e\u80fd\u6570\u636e\uff1aH-Cl\uff1a 432kJ/mol\uff0cH-I\uff1a297kJ/mol\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bbaCD A\u7194\u70b9\u4e0e\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6392\u5e03\u76f8\u5173\uff1bB\u5206\u5b50\u4f53\u79ef\u4e0e\u539f\u5b50\u534a\u5f84\u6709\u5173\uff1bC\u7535\u79bb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u5316\u5b66\u952e\u7684\u65ad\u88c2\uff0c\u8d8a\u5bb9\u6613\u7535\u79bb\u9178\u6027\u8d8a\u5f3a\uff1bD\u76f4\u63a5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5316\u5b66\u952e\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002
\u53cd\u5e94\u70ed \u7528\u952e\u80fd\u8ba1\u7b97\u65f6\uff0c
\u25b3H = \u03a3\u53cd\u5e94\u7269\u952e\u80fd - \u03a3\u751f\u6210\u7269\u952e\u80fd \uff08\u5fc5\u987b\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u522b\u8bb0\u53cd\u4e86\uff09
\u25b3H = 436 + 243 - 2 * 431 = - 183 kJ/mol \uff08 2 HCl\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5H-Cl\u7684\u952e\u80fd\u8981\u4e58\u4ee52\uff09
\u9009\u62e9A
二看共价键的键长,键长越短,键能越大。而键长的比较要看原子半径,而F原子的半径小于Cl原子的半径,所以H—F的核间距离也就比H—Cl的核间距离小,键长也就短、键能也就大,所以H—F的键能比H—Cl的键能大
物质越稳定,破坏它就需要更多的能量 ,HF是最稳定的氢化物,故H-F的键能大于HCL
绛旓細mol-1銆H-Cl閿兘涓431kJ?mol-1锛岀敱浜庡弽搴旂儹=鍙嶅簲鐗╂婚敭鑳-鐢熸垚鐗╂婚敭鑳斤紝鍒欙細Cl2锛坓锛+H2锛坓锛=2HCl锛坓锛夌儹鏁堝簲鈻矵=436kJ?mol-1+243kJ?mol-1-2脳431kJ?mol-1=-183 kJ?mol-1锛屾晠绛旀涓猴細鏀惧嚭锛-183kJ/mol锛涳紙2锛1mol/L绋H2SO4涓庣暐杩囬噺鐨1mol/LNaOH婧舵恫鎸変綋绉瘮1L涓2L涓拰锛...
绛旓細宸茬煡H-Cl閿鐨勯敭鑳戒负431.4kJ/mol锛屾墍浠ヨ鎷嗗紑1 molH-Cl閿渶瑕佸惛鏀431.4kJ鑳介噺锛岃褰㈡垚1 molH-Cl閿渶瑕佹斁鍑431.4kJ鑳介噺锛屾晠閫塀锛
绛旓細鍖栧閿兘鎸1.01*10^5Pa鍜25鎽勬皬搴︿笅锛堝父娓╁父鍘嬩笅锛夛紝灏1mol鐞嗘兂姘斾綋鍒嗗瓙AB鎷嗗紑涓轰腑鎬ф皵鎬佸師瀛怉鍜孊鎵闇瑕佺殑鑳介噺锛堝崟浣涓篕J.mol-1锛夐敭鑳借秺澶э紝鍖栧閿秺鐗㈠浐锛屽惈鏈夎閿殑鍒嗗瓙瓒婄ǔ瀹氥備絾瑕佹敞鎰鐨勬槸锛岃繖棰樻槸鎸囦袱绉嶆皵浣撳湪姘翠腑鐨勬儏鍐点傚畠浠憾浜庢按浼氬舰鎴愮洂閰稿拰姘㈢~閰革紝鐩愰吀鏄己閰告瀬鏄撶數绂伙紝姘㈢~閰告槸寮遍吀...
绛旓細H鈥擣閿己 浠庣粨鏋勪笂鐪嬶紝F鍘熷瓙鍗婂緞灏忥紝H鈥擣閿暱鐭紝閿兘澶 浠庡懆鏈熻〃瑙掑害鐪嬶紝F鐨勯潪閲戝睘鎬у己锛孒F鏇寸ǔ瀹氾紝閿兘鏇村ぇ 鏁版嵁锛H鈥擟l 閿暱127 pm 閿兘431 kJ/mol H鈥擣 閿暱92 pm 閿兘565 kJ/mol
绛旓細閭f槸鍥犱负姘㈡皵鏄疕-H缁撴瀯锛屾隘姘旀槸Cl-Cl锛孒-H閿兘鏄436KJ/mol锛孋l-Cl閿兘鏄247kJ/mol锛岀敓鎴愮殑H-Cl閿兘鏄431.3 kJ/mol銆備篃灏辨槸璇达紝灏1mol H2鎷嗗紑鎴2mol H鍘熷瓙闇瑕佹秷鑰436KJ鑳介噺锛屽皢1molCl2鎷嗗紑鎴2mol Cl鍘熷瓙闇瑕247kJ鑳介噺 锛岃2mol H鍘熷瓙鍜孋l鍘熷瓙 缁撳悎鎴2mol HCl浼氭斁鍑431.3*2=862.6KJ...
绛旓細纭呭師瀛愬拰鍏跺畠鍥涗釜纭呭師瀛愬舰鎴愬洓涓叡浠烽敭锛岃屼竴涓猄i-Si鏄敱涓や釜纭呭師瀛愬舰鎴愶紝鍥犳涓涓鍘熷瓙褰㈡垚鍥涗釜鈥滃崐涓敭鈥濓紝鍗2(Si-Si)
绛旓細鍖栧鍙嶅簲涓紝鏃ч敭鏂鍚告敹鑳介噺锛屽舰鎴愭柊閿斁鍑鸿兘閲忥紝鍙嶅簲Cl2+H2=2HCl涓紝褰㈡垚1molHCl鏃讹紝闇瑕佹柇瑁0.5molCl-Cl閿拰0.5molH-H閿紝鍒欏惛鏀惰兘閲忥細0.5mol脳436KJ/mol+0.5mol脳243KJ/mol=339.5KJ锛岀敓鎴1molHCl鏃堕渶鐢熸垚1molH-Cl閿紝鏀惧嚭1mol脳431KJ/mol=431KJ鑳介噺锛屽垯鏀惧嚭鐨勮兘閲忎负431KJ-339....
绛旓細H2+Cl2=2HCl 鍏辨柇瑁1molH-H锛1molCl-Cl閿紝褰㈡垚2molH-Cl閿 螖H=436KJ/mol+243KJ/mol-2*431KJ/mol=-183KJ/mol 鐑寲瀛︽柟绋嬪紡涓 H2(g)+Cl2(g)=2HCl(g) 螖H=-183KJ/mol
绛旓細鍙嶅簲鐑 鐢ㄩ敭鑳借绠楁椂锛屸柍H = 危鍙嶅簲鐗╅敭鑳 - 危鐢熸垚鐗╅敭鑳 锛堝繀椤昏浣忥紝骞朵笖鍒鍙嶄簡锛夆柍H = 436 + 243 - 2 * 431 = - 183 kJ/mol 锛 2 HCl锛屾墍浠-Cl鐨勯敭鑳瑕佷箻浠2锛夐夋嫨A
绛旓細瑙g瓟璧锋潵涓嶆槸涓涓嬭兘璇存竻妤氱殑锛屾垜瑙夊緱瑙f瀽鑲畾浣犱篃璇寸殑娓呮鐨勫緢锛屾垜灏辫D鍚 D锛欻2鏄疕-H鍏变环閿紝瑕佹墦寮浠栨槸涓嶆槸闇瑕丠-H閿兘澶у皬鐨勮兘閲忥紝涔熷氨鏄436锛岃孎2涔熸槸涓鏍风殑锛157锛岃繖鏄弽搴旂墿锛屽弽搴旂墿鐩稿姞436+157=593锛岃岀敓鎴愮墿鏄疕-F568锛孒2鍜孎2鐢熸垚涓や釜HF锛屾墍浠ヨ涔樹互2锛屽氨鏄568*2=1136锛岀敤鍙嶅簲鐗...