求英文版日本概况（包括政治经济文化历史等方面常识） 美国与日本在地理、历史、政治、经济、文化等方面的资料。

\u6025\u6c42\u65e5\u672c\u82f1\u6587\u7b80\u4ecb

\u4e0a\u65e5\u672c\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u7f51\u7ad9\uff0c\u9009\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u6253\u5f00\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u82f1\u6587\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\u89c1\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599

\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\uff1ahttp://www.cn.emb-japan.go.jp/1st%20tier/indexc.html


\u65e5\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6b27\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\u4e1c\u4fa7\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u5e76\u5217\u6210\u7684\u5f13\u72b6\u5c9b\u56fd\u3002\u5317\u7eac\u7ea620\u5ea6-46\u5ea6\uff08\u548c\u4ece\u5317\u975e\u5230\u5357\u6b27\u7684\u7eac\u5ea6\u51e0\u4e4e\u76f8\u540c\uff09\u3002\u9762\u79ef372\uff0c000kmm\u5357\u5317\u957f\uff0c2\uff0c500km\u7531\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5c9b\u5c7f\u662f\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u3001\u672c\u5dde\u3001\u56db\u56fd\u3001\u4e5d\u5dde\u56db\u5c9b\u3001\u672c\u5dde\u5206\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5317\u3001\u5173\u4e1c\u3001\u4e2d\u90e8\u3001\u8fd1\u757f\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd5\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u571f\u7ea6\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u662f\u5c71\u5730\u4e0e\u4e18\u9675\u3001\u7f3a\u5c11\u5e73\u5730\u3001\u4f7f\u519c\u4e1a\u7528\u5730\u3001\u57ce\u5e02\u7528\u5730\u7684\u5229\u7528\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u5e73\u5730\u4e0a\u751f\u6d3b\u77401\u4ebf3\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5904\u4e8e\u6e29\u5e26\u4e2d\u90e8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6c14\u5019\u5927\u4f53\u6e29\u548c\u3002\u56db\u5b63\u53d8\u5316\u6781\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u6625\u79cb\u6c14\u5019\u975e\u5e38\u5b9c\u4eba\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\uff086\u30017\u30018\u6708\uff09\u7531\u4e8e\u4ece\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5439\u6765\u5b63\u98ce\u95f7\u70ed\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u51ac\u5b63\uff0812\u30011\u30012\u6708\uff09\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u9646\u5b63\u98ce\u800c\u76f8\u5f53\u5bd2\u51b7\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u5217\u5c9b\u5357\u5317\u72ed\u957f\uff0c\u5730\u5f62\u4e5f\u5f88\u590d\u6742\u3001\u6240\u4ee5\u5730\u5f62\u4e5f\u5f88\u590d\u6742\u3001\u6240\u4ee5\u5730\u57df\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u548c\u672c\u5dde\u4e34\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u7684\u4e00\u4fa7\uff0c\u51ac\u5b63\u79ef\u96ea\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u4f7f\u95ea\u901a\u9677\u4e8e\u762b\u75ea\u3002\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u671d\u6c14\u7684\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\u4eec\u590f\u5929\u53bb\u5927\u6d77\u51b2\u6d6a\uff0c\u51ac\u5929\u53bb\u9ad8\u5c71\u6ed1\u96ea\uff0c\u4e50\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u3002

\u3010\u56fd\u82b1\u548c\u56fd\u9e1f\u3011
\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u81ea\u53e4\u628a\u6a31\u82b1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u82b1\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u53e4\u4ee3\u795e\u8bdd\u6709\u5173\u6a31\u82b1\u7684\u4f20\u8bf4\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6a31\u82b1\u916c\u8c22\u65f6\u5e72\u8106\u5229\u843d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u628a\u5b83\u4e0e\u6b66\u58eb\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u89c2\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002
\u65e5\u672c\u5404\u5730\u90fd\u6709\u8d4f\u6a31\u82b1\u7684\u80dc\u5730\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\u6625\u5929\uff0c\u6a31\u82b1\u76db\u5f00\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u5458\u3001\u516c\u53f8\u540c\u4e8b\u4e00\u8d77\u5728\u6a31\u82b1\u6811\u4e0b\u6446\u8bbe\u9152\u5bb4\uff0c\u996e\u9152\u3001\u5531\u6b4c\u3001\u8df3\u821e\u3001\u8d4f\u82b1\u3001\u5c3d\u60c5\u4ea4\u6d41\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4e50\u8da3\u3002\u8d4f\u82b1\u65f6\u8282\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6b22\u4e50\u7684\u573a\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u4e00\u9053\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u98ce\u666f\u7ebf\u3002
\u795e\u8bdd\u548c\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u5e38\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u96c9\uff0c\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u56fd\u9e1f\u3002\u96c9\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u7279\u6709\u7684\u9e1f\uff0c\u96cc\u96c4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u8272\u5f69\u5dee\u5f02\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u96c4\u96c9\u8138\u90e8\u4e3a\u7ea2\u8272\uff0c\u9888\u90e8\u3001\u80f8\u90e8\u3001\u8179\u90e8\u4e3a\u6697\u7eff\u8272\uff0c\u80cc\u90e8\u7565\u5e26\u7d2b\u8272\uff0c\u5c3e\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u9ed1\u8272\u7684\u5e26\u72b6\u7fbd\u6bdb\u3002\u96cc\u96c9\u4e3a\u6de1\u8910\u8272\uff0c\u8eab\u4e0a\u5e26\u6709\u9ed1\u8272\u7684\u6591\u7eb9\uff0c\u5c3e\u90e8\u77ed\u3002\u96c9\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8349\u539f\u4ee5\u53ca\u519c\u7530\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u704c\u6728\u4e1b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de2\u5efa\u5728\u5730\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u679c\u5b9e\u3001\u6606\u866b\u4e3a\u98df\u3002

\u3010\u6c14\u5019\u3011
\u65e5\u672c\u5217\u5c9b\u5357\u5317\u957f3000\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u8de8\u4e9a\u70ed\u5e26\u5230\u4e9a\u5bd2\u5e26\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u53d7\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u548c\u6d77\u6d41\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u533a\u6c14\u5019\u5dee\u5f02\u663e\u8457\u3002 \u7531\u4e8e\u53d7\u7740\u6709\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u5b63\u98ce\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u51ac\u5b63\u5bd2\u6d41\u5357\u4e0b\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u70ed\u5e26\u6c14\u6d41\u5317\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6c14\u6d41\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u51ac\u590f\u4e24\u5b63\u5404\u957f\u8fbe\u6570\u6708\uff0c\u800c\u5904\u4e8e\u5b63\u98ce\u4ea4\u66ff\u4e4b\u9645\u7684\u6625\u79cb\u5b63\uff0c\u5404\u4e3a2\u4e2a\u6708\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u53d7\u592a\u4e4e\u6d0b\u6696\u6d41\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5217\u5c9b\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u96e8\u6c34\u5145\u8db3\uff0c\u5e74\u964d\u96e8\u91cf\u8fbe1600-1700\u6beb\u7c73\uff0c\u65e9\u6625\u81f3\u590f\u5b63\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\u751f\u957f\u671f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f6-7\u6708\u7684\u6885\u96e8\u5b63\u8282\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e0b\u96e8\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u5e74\u76848-10\u6708\uff0c\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u53f0\u98ce\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u3002 \u51ac\u5b63\u897f\u5317\u5bd2\u51b7\u5b63\u98ce\u88ad\u6765\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u964d\u96ea\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5c48\u6307\u53ef\u6570\u7684\u591a\u96ea\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u65b0\u8204\u53bf\u7b49\u5730\u79ef\u96ea\u90fd\u6df1\u8fbe4-5\u7c73\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e00\u4fa7\u591a\u6674\u5e72\u71e5\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u672c\u5dde\u5357\u90e8\u590f\u5b63\u708e\u70ed\uff0c\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u4e0e\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7167\u53f6\u6811\u6797\u5e26\u6c14\u5019\u3002\u590f\u5b63\u67093-4\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6c14\u5019\u4e0e\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u85af\u7c7b\u53ca\u6c34\u7a3b\u7b49\u5357\u65b9\u690d\u7269\u6210\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u519c\u8015\u6587\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4f7f\u65e5\u672c \u6587\u5316\u5177\u6709\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u578b\u7279\u5f81\u3002

\u3010\u6587\u5316\u3011
\u65e5\u672c\u582a\u79f0\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u53d8\u5316\u6700\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u6c11\u65cf\u5341\u5206\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u5316\u65e2\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u6e0a\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u5927\u76f8\u6251\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u53c8\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u6b27\u5316\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u3001\u5f71\u89c6\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u4e66\u6cd5\u90fd\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u65b0\u65e7\u7ed3\u5408\u3001\u4e1c\u897f\u4ea4\u74a7\u7684\u7279\u8272\u3002\u6e38\u89c8\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u770b\u5230\u53e4\u6734\u5178\u96c5\u7684\u5bfa\u9662\u795e\u793e\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u6469\u5929\u5927\u53a6\u76f8\u90bb\u3002\u4e1d\u5f26\u6f14\u594f\u7684\u6c11\u8c23\u548c\u8282\u594f\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u8fea\u65af\u79d1\u540c\u6837\u53d7\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u559c\u7231\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4ea4\u54cd\u4e50\u56e2\u4f17\u591a\uff0c\u97f3\u4e50\u6c34\u51c6\u5df2\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u6d41\u3002 \u8336\u9053\u548c\u82b1\u9053\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u5f15\u4ee5\u81ea\u8c6a\u7684\u827a\u672f\u3002\u8336\u9053\u901a\u8fc7\u5949\u8336\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u8bb2\u7a76\u7684\u793c\u8282\u8868\u73b0\u9ad8\u96c5\u827a\u672f\u3002\u82b1\u9053\u662f\u5c06\u526a\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u82b1\u8349\u679d\u53f6\u63d2\u5728\u5668\u76bf\u91cc\u8868\u73b0\u7f8e\u611f\u548c\u751f\u6c14\u3002\u8336\u9053\u548c\u82b1\u9053\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u5987\u5973\u7684\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6559\u517b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002
\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u4f53\u80b2\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u6253\u9ad8\u5c14\u592b\u7403\u662f\u7ecf\u5e38\u6027\u7684\u4f53\u80b2\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf10\u4eba\u4e2d\u5c31\u67091\u4eba\u662f\u9ad8\u5c14\u592b\u7403\u7231\u597d\u8005\u3002\u67d4\u9053\u548c\u5251\u9053\u5df2\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u65e5\u672c\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684\u5fc5\u4fee\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u68d2\u7403\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u56fd\u7403\u3002\u201c\u76f8\u6251\u201d\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u7cb9\u201d\uff0c\u5df2\u67092000\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u56f4\u68cb\u6c34\u5e73\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e2d\u65e5\u56f4\u68cb\u4ea4\u6d41\u9891\u7e41\u3002\u56f4\u68cb\u3001\u5c06\u68cb(\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u68cb)\u53d7\u5230\u5e7f\u5927\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u559c\u7231\u3002

\u3010\u996e\u98df\u3011
\u8bf4\u5230\u996e\u98df\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4ee5\u5927\u7c73\u4e3a\u4e3b\u98df\u3001\u852c\u83dc\u3001\u9c7c\u4e0e\u8089\u4e3a\u526f\u98df\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5f0f\u9910\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u897f\u6b27\u4e2d\u56fd\u9910\u70b9\u4e00\u822c\u4e5f\u5f88\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u54c1\u5c1d\u5230\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u6837\u7684\u9910\u98df\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u8d28\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u975e\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u536b\u751f\u8bbe\u65bd\u4e5f\u5f88\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u996e\u7528\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u5316\u66f4\u662f\u591a\u5f69\u591a\u59ff\u3002\u5973\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u8336\u9053\u3001\u82b1\u9053\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8df3\u8fea\u65af\u79d1\u3002\u89c2\u89c8\u5e02\u533a\u3001\u53e4\u8001\u5bfa\u9662\u548c\u9ad8\u5c42\u5efa\u7b51\u76f8\u90bb\u800c\u5efa\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u5e76\u4e0d\u7a00\u5947\u3002\u6545\u800c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u5316\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u3001\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u3001\u897f\u6d0b\u7684\u548c\u4e1c\u6d0b\u7684\u6587\u5316\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u3002

\u3010\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3011
\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u4e1a\u56fd\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u6025\u901f\u5730\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u6570\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u4ece\u7535\u5b50\u5de5\u7a0b\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u7ecf\u8425\u5b66\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u5b66\u672f\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u53e4\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u9ad8\u5c16\u7aef\u6280\u672f\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002

\u3010\u4ea4\u901a\u3011
\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u573a\u6709\u65b0\u4e1c\u4eac\u56fd\u9645\uff08\u6210\u7530\uff09\u3001\u4e1c\u4eac\u56fd\u9645\uff08\u7fbd\u7530\uff09\u3001\u540d\u53e4\u5c4b\u3001\u5173\u897f\u56fd\u9645\u3001\u795e\u5188\u3001\u672d\u5e4c\u3001\u51fd\u9986\u3001\u9752\u68ee\u3001\u4ed9\u53f0\u3001\u65b0\u6cfb\u3001\u5bcc\u5c71\u3001\u5c0f\u677e\uff08\u77f3\u5ddd\u53bf\uff09\u3001\u5188\u5c71\u3001\u5e7f\u5c9b\u3001\u9ad8\u677e\u3001\u677e\u5c71\u3001\u957f\u5d0e\u3001\u5927\u5206\u3001\u9e7f\u513f\u5c9b\u3001\u51b2\u7ef3\u3001\u5168\u90e8\u517120\u4e2a\u673a\u573a\u3002\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u6765\u65e5\u672c\u65f6\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5165\u56fd\u673a\u573a\u4e3a\u4e1c\u4eac\u56fd\u9645\uff08\u6210\u7530\uff09\u548c\u5173\u897f\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u573a\u3002\u4ece\u673a\u573a\u5230\u5e02\u533a\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u624b\u6bb5\u6709\u7535\u8f66\u3001\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66\u548c\u51fa\u79df\u8f66\u3002 \u6cbb\u5b89 \u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u4e2d\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u4f4e\uff0c\u800c\u62d8\u6355\u7387\u9ad8\u7684\u6cbb\u5b89\u826f\u597d\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002

\u3010\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u3011
\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u662f\u65e5\u5143\u3002\u7eb8\u5e01\u67091\u4e07\u65e5\u5143\u30015\u5343\u65e5\u5143\u30011\u5343\u65e5\u51433\u79cd\uff0c\u786c\u5e01\u6709500\u65e5\u5143\u3001100\u65e5\u5143\u300150\u65e5\u5143\u300110\u65e5\u5143\u30015\u65e5\u5143\u30011\u65e5\u51436\u79cd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u8d27\u5e01\u53ef\u4ee5\u5230\u53ef\u6362\u6c47\u7684\u94f6\u884c\u53bb\u5151\u6362\u3002\u5404\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u6c47\u6da8\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u5728\u94f6\u884c\u6216\u7f8e\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u4f60\u5e38\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5151\u6362\u7387\u3002\u673a\u573a\u5151\u5e01\u5904\u7684\u5151\u6362\u7387\u6700\u4f4e\u3002\u996d\u5e97\u51fa\u7eb3\u5904\u5904\u4e8e\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u73b0\u91d1\u652f\u4ed8\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u4f7f\u7528\u4fe1\u7528\u5361\u7684\u5e97\u94fa\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6709\u6240\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u7528\u73b0\u91d1\u652f\u7968\u3002

\u3010\u5a31\u4e50\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u3011
\u53ea\u4e1c\u4eac\u4e00\u5730\uff0c\u9152\u5427\u3001\u5564\u9152\u5c4b\u3001\u591c\u603b\u4f1a\u7b49\u5a31\u4e50\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u6570\u4e07\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e13\u95e8\u8fce\u5408\u5546\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u6536\u8d39\u6bd4\u8f83\u6602\u8d35\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u5de5\u85aa\u9636\u5c42\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u4ef7\u4f4d\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f4e\u5ec9\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5de5\u85aa\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u8f9b\u52b3\u4e00\u5929\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u559c\u6b22\u5230\u65c5\u793e\u91cc\u7684\u9644\u8bbe\u9152\u5427\uff0c\u767e\u8d27\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u590f\u5b63\u5c4b\u9876\u5564\u9152\u82b1\u56ed\u7b49\u5730\u5c0f\u996e\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f11\u606f\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u5916\u6765\u6e38\u5ba2\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u3002
\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u89c2\u8d4f\u65e5\u672c\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u620f\u5267\u3001\u6b4c\u821e\uff0c\u4f53\u9a8c\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u5e94\u4e0d\u5931\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u90fd\u5e03\u91cc\uff0c\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u97f3\u4e50\u4f1a\u3001\u82ad\u857e\u4e5f\u662f\u5e94\u6709\u5c3d\u6709

\u3010\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u7ea2\u65e5\u5b50\u3011
\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8282\u5047\u65e5\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u6302\u5386\u4e0a\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u7ea2\u8272\u8868\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u559c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7ea2\u65e5\u5b50\u201d\u3002
\u8282\u5047\u65e5\u5927\u4f53\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8282\u65e5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5143\u65e6\u3001\u6210\u4eba\u8282\u3001\u5efa\u56fd\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u3001\u6625\u5206\u3001\u5929\u7687\u8bde\u8fb0\u65e5\u3001\u5baa\u6cd5\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u3001\u513f\u7ae5\u8282\uff085\u67085\u65e5\uff09\u3001\u656c\u8001\u65e5\u3001\u79cb\u5206\u3001\u4f53\u80b2\u8282\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8282\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u611f\u8c22\u65e5\u7b49\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5e26\u6709\u4f20\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u8282\u65e5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7acb\u6625\u3001\u7aef\u5348\u3001\u4e03\u5915\u3001\u4e2d\u79cb\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e5f\u6309\u7167\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e60\u60ef\u8fc7\u8282\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u660e\u6cbb\u7ef4\u65b0\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8282\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e86\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6625\u8282\u6539\u6210\u4e86\u5143\u65e6\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u8fc7\u6625\u8282\u4e86\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e9b\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8282\u65e5\uff0c\u5982\u5723\u8bde\u8282\u3001\u4e94\u4e00\u3001\u5987\u5973\u8282\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u65e5\u672c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8282\u65e5\uff0c\u5982\u5973\u513f\u8282\u3001\u76c2\u5170\u76c6\u8282\u3001\u4e03\u4e94\u4e09\u7b49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u662f\u4f8b\u884c\u7684\u661f\u671f\u516d\u3001\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u3002
\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8282\u5047\u65e5\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u7a0d\u4e0d\u7559\u5fc3\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd8\u50cf\u5f80\u65e5\u4e00\u6837\u6253\u7535\u8bdd\u627e\u4eba\u8054\u7cfb\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u5374\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e5f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u60f3\u624d\u604d\u7136\u5927\u609f\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u201c\u7ea2\u65e5\u5b50\u201d\u3002
\u4e00\u5230\u8282\u5047\u65e5\uff0c\u4e1c\u4eac\u5e02\u91cc\u53cd\u5012\u662f\u5e02\u4e95\u51b7\u843d\u978d\u9a6c\u7a00\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u57ce\u91cc\u4e0a\u73ed\u7684\u4eba\u5927\u90fd\u4f4f\u5728\u90ca\u533a\u6216\u8fdc\u79bb\u4e1c\u4eac\u5e02\u533a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u8282\u5047\u65e5\u8c01\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u5446\u5728\u57ce\u91cc\u4e86\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u5546\u5e97\u5e72\u8106\u5173\u95e8\u4f11\u606f\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u6c7d\u8f66\u548c\u7535\u8f66\u4e5f\u51cf\u5c11\u73ed\u6b21\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8d8a\u662f\u8282\u5047\u65e5\uff0c\u57ce\u91cc\u8d8a\u51b7\u6e05\u3002
\u4eba\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u5c11\u7684\u597d\u5904\u3002\u4e1c\u4eac\u94f6\u5ea7\u4fbf\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u6b65\u884c\u8857\uff0c\u53f7\u79f0\u201c\u6b65\u884c\u5929\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u5f80\u5357\u76f4\u8fbe\u65b0\u6865\uff0c\u5f80\u5317\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e0a\u91ce\uff0c\u7ef5\u5ef6\u6570\u516c\u91cc\u3002\u5bbd\u9614\u7684\u5927\u9a6c\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u884c\u4eba\u4efb\u610f\u884c\u8d70\u3002\u5927\u5546\u5e97\u8fd8\u662f\u7167\u6837\u5f00\u95e8\uff0c\u4eba\u6765\u4eba\u5f80\uff0c\u4e0d\u5931\u5e73\u65e5\u7684\u7e41\u534e\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u8857\u4e0a\u4f1a\u6446\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e9b\u684c\u6905\uff0c\u62db\u5f85\u987e\u5ba2\u996e\u8336\u559d\u5496\u5561\u6216\u662f\u54c1\u5c1d\u5c0f\u5403\u3002\u6f2b\u6b65\u5728\u4eba\u884c\u5929\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd8\u771f\u6709\u70b9\u201c\u6b65\u5165\u5929\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u5473\u9053\u3002
\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8282\u65e5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8fc7\u6cd5\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u7aef\u5348\u8282\uff0c\u5728\u519c\u6751\u548c\u4e2d\u5c0f\u57ce\u9547\uff0c\u7528\u5e03\u505a\u6210\u5f69\u8272\u7684\u9ca4\u9c7c\u65d7\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u6302\u5728\u9ad8\u9ad8\u7684\u6746\u5b50\u4e0a\uff0c\u715e\u662f\u597d\u770b\u3002\u5973\u513f\u8282\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\u4e09\u65e5\u8ba9\u5c0f\u5973\u5b69\u7a7f\u4e0a\u548c\u670d\uff0c\u6446\u4e0a\u5c0f\u796d\u575b\uff0c\u88c5\u9970\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u5f62\uff0c\u4f9b\u4e0a\u7ea2\u3001\u767d\u3001\u7eff\u4e09\u8272\u7684\u505a\u6210\u83f1\u5f62\u7684\u7c98\u7cd5\u3001\u767d\u9152\u548c\u6843\u82b1\uff0c\u796d\u62dc\u5b8c\u4e86\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u5973\u513f\u6e38\u73a9\u53bb\u3002
\u8fc7\u76c2\u5170\u76c6\u8282\u65f6\uff0c\u793e\u533a\u4fbf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u62ac\u201c\u8206\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u8f7f\u5b50\u3002\u51e0\u5341\u540d\u4e0a\u7740\u82b1\u6761\u886c\u886b\u3001\u4e0b\u9762\u6709\u515c\u6863\u5e03\u7f20\u8eab\u3001\u811a\u7a7f\u8349\u978b\u7684\u5927\u6c49\u62ac\u7740\u8f7f\u5b50\uff0c\u55e8\u54df\u55e8\u54df\u5730\u6ee1\u8857\u8f6c\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e38\u884c\u961f\u4f0d\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u503e\u57ce\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u4e89\u76f8\u89c2\u770b\uff0c\u6e38\u884c\u961f\u4f0d\u7fe9\u7fe9\u8d77\u821e\uff0c\u4e1d\u7af9\u97f3\u4e50\u4e4b\u58f0\u4e0d\u7edd\u4e8e\u8033\uff0c\u851a\u4e3a\u58ee\u89c2\u3002\u5979\u4eec\u7684\u821e\u8e48\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5c31\u90a3\u4e48\u51e0\u79cd\u52a8\u4f5c\u53cd\u590d\u6f14\u4f5c\uff0c\u821e\u8e48\u52a8\u4f5c\u5927\u90fd\u6e90\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u821e\u8e48\uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u6781\u5177\u65e5\u672c\u6c11\u65cf\u7279\u8272\u3002
\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u56fd\u5e86\u8282\u4e0d\u662f\u5efa\u56fd\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u800c\u662f\u5929\u7687\u8bde\u751f\u65e5\u3002\u6211\u4e5f\u8bb0\u4e0d\u6e05\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u5929\u4e86\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u662f\u5929\u7687\u8bde\u751f\u65e5\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd8\u662f\u88d5\u4ec1\u5929\u7687\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u6211\u6070\u597d\u5728\u90a3\u4e00\u5929\u5230\u7687\u5bab\u524d\u53bb\u6444\u5f71\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u7687\u5bab\u95e8\u53e3\u6392\u7740\u957f\u957f\u7684\u961f\u4f0d\u3002\u51fa\u4e8e\u597d\u5947\u4e0a\u524d\u4e00\u95ee\uff0c\u624d\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u5929\u7687\u4f1a\u89c1\u516c\u6c11\u65e5\uff0c\u8c01\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u7687\u5bab\u89c1\u5929\u7687\u3002\u8fdb\u7687\u5bab\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u96be\u5f97\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u4e5f\u5c31\u6392\u961f\u3002\u8fdb\u7687\u5bab\u53ea\u80fd\u7a7a\u8eab\u8fdb\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u6212\u5907\u5f88\u4e25\u3002\u961f\u4f0d\u7531\u4e8c\u91cd\u6865\u8fdb\u7687\u5bab\u3002\u4e8c\u91cd\u6865\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u666f\u70b9\uff0c\u5e73\u65f6\u53ea\u80fd\u7ad9\u5728\u8fdc\u5904\u773a\u671b\u3002\u8fc7\u4e8c\u91cd\u6865\uff0c\u5c31\u8fdb\u4e86\u6c5f\u6237\u65f6\u4ee3\u7531\u5927\u5757\u82b1\u5c97\u77f3\u780c\u6210\u7684\u5927\u77f3\u95e8\uff0c\u95e8\u91cc\u6709\u5e62\u4e0d\u592a\u5927\u7684\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8b66\u536b\u4eec\u4f4f\u7528\u7684\u3002\u9662\u91cc\u6811\u6728\u7e41\u8302\uff0c\u82b1\u8349\u4fee\u526a\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u6574\u9f50\u3002\u6ca1\u8d70\u591a\u8fdc\uff0c\u4fbf\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u5e62\u4e73\u767d\u8272\u7684\u697c\u623f\u524d\uff0c\u697c\u623f\u5927\u7ea6\u4e8c\u4e09\u5c42\u9ad8\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u697c\u623f\u524d\u5df2\u662f\u4eba\u5c71\u4eba\u6d77\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u4ef0\u9996\u7fd8\u671b\u3002\u88d5\u4ec1\u5929\u7687\u4e0d\u662f\u603b\u7ad9\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5927\u7ea615\u5206\u949f\u51fa\u6765\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u7ad9\u5728\u4e8c\u5c42\u7684\u5927\u73bb\u7483\u7a97\u91cc\u63a5\u89c1\u7fa4\u4f17\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u4ee5\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u73bb\u7483\u7a97\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u504f\u6fc0\u7684\u4eba\u4e0a\u524d\u8981\u884c\u523a\u5929\u7687\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u88c5\u4e0a\u4e86\u9632\u5f39\u73bb\u7483\u7a97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u5929\u7687\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u8fc8\u7740\u6162\u60a0\u60a0\u7684\u6b65\u5b50\u548c\u7687\u540e\u4e00\u8d77\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u73bb\u7483\u7a97\u91cc\uff0c\u5411\u4eba\u4eec\u62db\u624b\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u9ea6\u514b\u98ce\u8bf4\u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u597d\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5927\u5bb6\u8f9b\u82e6\u4e86\u201d\uff0c\u8bf4\u5b8c\u62db\u62db\u624b\u5c31\u53c8\u8d70\u56de\u5185\u5ba4\u53bb\u4e86\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u62db\u624b\u3002\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u542c\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u558a\u201c\u5929\u7687\u4e07\u5c81\u201d\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u3002

\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\uff0c\u7ecf\u7eac\u5ea6: 38\u00b0N, 97\u00b0W\uff0c\u548c\u5317\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\uff0c\u53ca\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u4ea4\u63a5\uff0c\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u548c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u5171\u6709 50 \u4e2a\u5dde\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u6ce2\u591a\u9ece\u5404\uff0c\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6d77\u5916\u5c5e\u5730\u5173\u5c9b\u7b49\u3002\u9886\u571f\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\uff0c\uff08\u5c11\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\u548c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff09\uff1b\u5b9e\u9645\u571f\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u7b2c\u56db\u5927\uff08\u5c0f\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\uff08\u5c11\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u56fd
\uff09
\u72ec\u7acb\u65e5
1776\u5e747\u67084\u65e5\u5927\u9646\u4f1a\u8bae\u5728\u8d39\u57ce\u6b63\u5f0f\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u30021783\u5e749\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u627f\u8ba4\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b63\u5f0f\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b9a\u8282\u5047\u65e5\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u90a3\u4e00\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u624d\u6709\u9500\u552e\u70df\u82b1\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u8fc7\u65b0\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u5730\u65b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e70\u5230\u70df\u82b1\u3002

\u5baa\u6cd5
1787\u5e749\u670817\u65e5\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c1789\u5e743\u67084\u65e5\u751f\u6548\u3002\uff08\u53f2\u79f0\u300a1787\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\uff09.

\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212
\u5168\u56fd\u5171\u520610\u5927\u5730\u533a\u300150\u4e2a\u5dde\u548c1\u4e2a\u7279\u533a\uff08\u534e\u76db\u987f\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\uff09\uff0c\u67093042\u4e2a\u53bf\u6216\u90e1\uff08county\uff0c\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5b89\u90a3\u5dde\u7684\u90e1\u662fparish\uff09
\u5730\u533a\uff1a\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5730\u533a\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u5730\u533a\u3001\u4e2d\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5730\u533a\u3001\u897f\u5357\u5730\u533a\u3001\u963f\u5df4\u62c9\u5951\u4e9a\u5c71\u5730\u533a\u3001\u9ad8\u5c71\u5730\u533a\u3001\u4e1c\u5357\u5730\u533a\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6cbf\u5cb8\u5730\u533a\u3001\u5927\u6e56\u5730\u533a\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u4e0e\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u5dde\u3001\u4e9a\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u5dde\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u5dde\u3001\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u5dde\u3001\u963f\u80af\u8272\u5dde\u3001\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u3001\u79d1\u7f57\u62c9\u591a\u5dde\u3001\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u5dde\u3001\u7279\u62c9\u534e\u5dde\u3001\u4f5b\u7f57\u91cc\u8fbe\u5dde\u3001\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u5dde\u3001\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u5dde\u3001\u7231\u8fbe\u8377\u5dde\u3001\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5dde\u3001\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7eb3\u5dde\u3001\u827e\u5965\u74e6\u5dde\u3001\u582a\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u3001\u80af\u5854\u57fa\u5dde\u3001\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5b89\u90a3\u5dde\u3001\u7f05\u56e0\u5dde\u3001\u9a6c\u91cc\u5170\u5dde\u3001\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u5dde\u3001\u5bc6\u6b47\u6839\u5dde\u3001\u660e\u5c3c\u82cf\u8fbe\u5dde\u3001\u5bc6\u897f\u897f\u6bd4\u5dde\u3001\u5bc6\u82cf\u91cc\u5dde\u3001\u8499\u5927\u62ff\u5dde\u3001\u5185\u5e03\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u5dde\u3001\u5185\u534e\u8fbe\u5dde\u3001\u65b0\u7f55\u5e03\u4ec0\u5c14\u5dde\u3001\u65b0\u6cfd\u897f\u5dde\u3001\u65b0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5dde\u3001\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u3001\u5317\u5361\u7f57\u6765\u7eb3\u5dde\u3001\u5317\u8fbe\u79d1\u4ed6\u5dde\u3001\u4fc4\u4ea5\u4fc4\u5dde\u3001\u4fc4\u514b\u62c9\u4f55\u9a6c\u5dde\u3001\u4fc4\u52d2\u5188\u5dde\u3001\u5bbe\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u3001\u7f57\u5f97\u5c9b\u5dde\u3001\u5357\u5361\u7f57\u6765\u7eb3\u5dde\u3001\u5357\u8fbe\u79d1\u4ed6\u5dde\u3001\u7530\u7eb3\u897f\u5dde\u3001\u5f97\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u3001\u72b9\u4ed6\u5dde\u3001\u4f5b\u8499\u7279\u5dde\u3001\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u3001\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5dde\u3001\u897f\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u3001\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u661f\u5dde\u3001\u6000\u4fc4\u660e\u5dde\uff1b
\u8054\u90a6\u9886\u5730\uff1a\u6ce2\u591a\u9ece\u5404\u81ea\u7531\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u5317\u9a6c\u91cc\u4e9a\u7eb3\uff1b
\u6d77\u5916\u9886\u5730\uff08\u6709\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\uff09\uff1a\u7f8e\u5c5e\u8428\u6469\u4e9a\u3001\u5173\u5c9b\u3001\u4e2d\u9014\u5c9b\u3001\u7f8e\u5c5e\u7ef4\u5c14\u4eac\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff1b
\u6d77\u5916\u9886\u5730\uff08\u65e0\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\uff09\uff1a\u8d1d\u514b\u5c9b\u3001\u8c6a\u5170\u5c9b\u3001\u8d3e\u7ef4\u65af\u5c9b\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u65af\u987f\u5c9b\u3001\u91d1\u66fc\u7901\u3001\u7eb3\u5f17\u6c99\u5c9b\u3001\u5e15\u5c14\u7c73\u5c14\u5c9b\u3001\u5a01\u514b\u5c9b\u3002
\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02
\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e02\uff08New York City\uff09\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u5546\u6e2f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4eba\u53e3827.45\u4e07\uff082007\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u7b2c1\u540d\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u57ce\u5e02\u7b2c13\u540d\uff09\uff0c\u9762\u79ef1,214.4\u5e73\u65b9\u516c\u91cc\u3002
\u4e3b\u8981\u57ce\u5e02
\uff08\u6309\u4eba\u53e3\u987a\u5e8f\u524d20\u540d\uff0c2007\u5e74\uff09
\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff08New York\uff09\u3001\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\uff08Los Angeles\uff09\u3001\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\uff08Chicago\uff09\u3001\u4f11\u65af\u6566\uff08Houston\uff09\u3001\u83f2\u5c3c\u514b\u65af\uff08Phoenix\uff09\u3001\u8d39\u57ce\uff08Philadelphia\uff09\u3001\u5723\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u5965\uff08San Antonio\uff09\u3001\u5723\u8fed\u54e5\uff08San Diego\uff09\u3001\u8fbe\u62c9\u65af\uff08Dallas\uff09\u3001\u5723\u4f55\u585e\uff08San Jose\uff09\u3001\u5e95\u7279\u5f8b\uff08Detroit\uff09\u3001\u6770\u514b\u900a\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Jacksonville\uff09\u3001\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7eb3\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\uff08Indianapolis\uff09\u3001\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\uff08San Francisco\uff09\u3001\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\uff08Columbus\uff09\u3001\u5965\u65af\u4e01\uff08Austin\uff09\u3001\u5b5f\u6590\u65af\uff08Memphis\uff09\u3001\u6c83\u65af\u5821\uff08Fort Worth\uff09\u3001\u5df4\u5c14\u7684\u6469\uff08baltimore\uff09\u3001\u590f\u6d1b\u7279\uff08Charlotte\uff09\u3002

\u8d44\u6e90
\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u7164\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u3001\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u3001\u94c1\u77ff\u77f3\u3001\u94be\u76d0\u3001\u78f7\u9178\u76d0\u3001\u786b\u78fa\u7b49\u77ff\u7269\u50a8\u91cf\u5747\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u524d\u5217\u3002\u6218\u7565\u77ff\u7269\u8d44\u6e90\u949b\u3001\u9530\u3001\u94b4\u3001\u94ec\u7b49\u4e3b\u8981\u9760\u8fdb\u53e3\u3002\u63a2\u660e\u7164\u50a8\u91cf35,966\u4ebf\u5428\u3002\u63a2\u660e\u539f\u6cb9\u50a8\u91cf270\u4ebf\u6876\u3002\u63a2\u660e\u5929\u7136\u6c14\u50a8\u91cf56,034\u4ebf\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\u3002\u68ee\u6797\u9762\u79ef\u7ea644\u4ebf\u4ea9\uff0c\u8986\u76d6\u7387\u8fbe33\uff05\u3002
[\u7f16\u8f91\u672c\u6bb5]\u4e8c\u3001\u5386\u53f2
\u4e94\u6708\u82b1\u53f7:1620\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u671d\u5723\u8005\u5230\u4e86\u5317\u7f8e\u5927\u9646\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u524d\uff081607\u4ee5\u524d\uff09
\u5728\u4e24\u4e07\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u6279\u6765\u81ea\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u6d41\u6d6a\u8005\uff0c\u7ecf\u7531\u5317\u7f8e\u5230\u4e2d\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7684\u7956\u5148\u3002\u5f53\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u5927\u9646\u65f6\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\uff0c \u7ea6\u67092,000\u4e07\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5927\u7ea6100\u4e07\u4eba\u4f4f\u5728\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u5317\u90e8\uff0c \u5176\u4f59\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f4f\u5728\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u3002 \u5927\u7ea61\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u6279\u4e9a\u6d32\u4eba\uff0c \u79fb\u5c45\u5230\u5317\u7f8e\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7231\u65af\u57fa\u6469\u4eba\u3002\u800c\u6700\u65e9\u5230\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u5927\u6982\u662f\u7ef4\u4eac\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u559c\u597d\u5192\u9669\u7684\u6355\u6e14\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u57281,000\u5e74\u524d\u66fe\u5230\u8fc7\u5317\u7f8e\u4e1c\u6d77\u5cb8\u3002
\u6b96\u6c11\u65f6\u671f\uff081607-1753\uff09
1607\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ea6\u4e00\u767e\u4eba\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c \u5728\u4e5e\u6c99\u6bd4\u514b\u6d77\u6ee9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u9547\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u6240\u5efa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c \u5728\u4ee5\u540e150\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u6d8c\u6765\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\uff0c\u5b9a\u5c45\u4e8e\u6cbf\u5cb8\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u8377\u5170\u3001\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c13\u4e2a\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\uff0c \u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0b\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd913\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u533a\u56e0\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u5730\u7406\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5404\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002
\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\uff081754-1783\uff09
18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u4e86\u88c2\u75d5\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u67d0\u79cd\u81ea\u89c9\uff0c\u81ea\u89c9\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u800c\u840c\u751f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5ff5\u5934\u3002
1773\u5e74\uff0c\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u503e\u8336\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u53cd\u503e\u9500\u30021774\u5e74\uff0c\u6765\u81ea13\u5dde\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u805a\u96c6\u5728\u8d39\u57ce\uff0c\u53ec\u5f00\u6240\u8c13\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5bfb\u51fa\u4e00\u6761\u5408\u7406\u7684\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u5e73\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7136\u800c\u82f1\u738b\u5374\u575a\u6301\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5fc5\u987b\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u81e3\u670d\u4e8e\u82f1\u738b\uff0c\u5e76\u63a5\u53d7\u5904\u5206\u30021775\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u5dde\u83b1\u514b\u661f\u987f\u70b9\u71c3\u6218\u706b\uff1b1776\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u8d39\u57ce\u53ec\u5f00\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u9646\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u575a\u5b9a\u4e86\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u8868\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\u6765\u6253\u8fd9\u573a\u4ed7\u30021777\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u8428\u62c9\u6258\u52a0\u5927\u6377\uff0c\u626d\u8f6c\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u521d\u671f\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u6001\u52bf\u3002\u6b64\u5f79\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5927\u589e\uff0c\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u652f\u63f4\u30021778\u5e742\u6708\u6cd5\u7f8e\u7b7e\u8ba2\u519b\u4e8b\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b63\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u8377\u5170\u76f8\u7ee7\u53c2\u6218\u30021781\u5e74\uff0c\u7ea6\u514b\u57ce\u6218\u5f79\u5927\u6377\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u8d62\u5f97\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u7ea6\u514b\u6566\u6218\u5f79\u540e\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6d77\u4e0a\u5c1a\u6709\u51e0\u6b21\u4ea4\u6218\u548c\u9646\u4e0a\u7684\u96f6\u661f\u6218\u6597\u5916\uff0c\u5317\u7f8e\u5927\u9646\u6218\u4e8b\u5df2\u57fa\u672c\u505c\u6b62\u30021782\u5e7411\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u7f8e\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u8349\u6848\uff0c1783\u5e749\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6b63\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\u7f8e\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u3002
\u7ec4\u6210\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\uff081784-1819\uff09
\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u4e86\u4ee5\u7acb\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u30021787\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u8d39\u57ce\u4e3e\u884c\u8054\u90a6\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e2d\u534e\u76db\u987f\u88ab\u63a8\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u6743\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u5ba1\u614e\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u548c\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u9879\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u7a0e\u6536\u3001\u94f8\u9020\u8d27\u5e01\u3001\u8c03\u6574\u5546\u4e1a\u3001\u5ba3\u6218\u53ca\u7f14\u7ed3\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u529b\u8fc7\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u7684\u5747\u6743\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u5373\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e73\u7b49\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0e\u5236\u8861\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u5373\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e09\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u76f8\u4e92\u8c03\u548c\uff0c\u5236\u8861\u800c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u6743\u5360\u63a7\u5236\u5730\u4f4d\u3002
\u5411\u897f\u6269\u5f20\uff081820-1849\uff09
19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u6570\u4ee5\u5343\u8ba1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8d8a\u8fc7\u963f\u5e15\u62c9\u5951\u5c71\uff0c\u5411\u897f\u79fb\u52a8\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u5f00\u62d3\u8005\uff0c\u79fb\u5c45\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6df1\u5165\u5c5e\u4e8e\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u9886\u5730\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ecb\u4e8e\u963f\u62c9\u65af\u52a0\u4e0e\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u4fc4\u52d2\u5188\u3002\u5f00\u62d3\u8005\u52c7\u6562\u3001\u52e4\u594b\u5730\u5411\u897f\u5bfb\u6c42\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002
\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\uff081850-1869\uff09
\u5f15\u8d77\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e0d\u5355\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5185\u6218\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u8003\u9a8c\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fd9\u6b21\u8003\u9a8c\uff0c \u7f8e\u56fd\u624d\u6b65\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5316\u4e4b\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5766\u9014\u3002\u5357\u5317\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u5974\u96b6\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u8d77\u4e89\u6267\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u9488\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u6269\u5927\u201c\u68c9\u82b1\u4e0e\u5974\u96b6\u201d\u5236\u5ea6\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff1b\u800c\u5317\u90e8\u5404\u5dde\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u751f\u4ea7\u65e0\u9700\u4f9d\u8d56\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u30021860\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c11\u4e2a\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u5dde\u8131\u79bb\u8054\u90a6\uff0c\u53e6\u7ec4\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u5219\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7edf\u4e00\u5c06\u4e0d\u60dc\u4ed8\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u4ee3\u4ef7\u30021861\u5e74\uff0c\u5185\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u6d41\u8840\u6218\uff0c\u6253\u4e86\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u906d\u5230\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7559\u4e0b\u6df1\u6df1\u7684\u4f24\u75d5\u30021865\u5e74\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u6218\u80dc\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u80dc\u5229\u4e0d\u4f46\u663e\u793a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6062\u590d\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ece\u6b64\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u4e0d\u518d\u65bd\u884c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5ea6\u3002
\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u4e0e\u6539\u9769\uff081870-1929\uff09
19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u5185\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u5219\u6b65\u5165\u6210\u719f\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5728\u4ece\u5185\u6218\u81f3\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u4e0d\u523050\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u519c\u6751\u5316\u7684\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u673a\u5668\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e86\u624b\u5de5\uff0c\u4ea7\u54c1\u5927\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u94c1\u9053\u7f51\uff0c\u589e\u8fdb\u4e86\u8d27\u54c1\u6d41\u901a\u3002\u5e94\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\u5e94\u5e02\u4e86\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u5de5\u5546\u4e1a\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u6269\u5927\u3002\u6545\u4ece1890\u52301917\u5e74\u7684\u8fd130\u5e74\u95f4\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8fdb\u6b65\u65f6\u671f\u201d\u30021914\u5e74\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7206\u53d1\uff1b1917\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u5927\u6218\u6f29\u6da1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u626e\u6f14\u65b0\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002
1930\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u8427\u6761\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u5b83\u7684\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u6050\u614c\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e0a\u767e\u4e07\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u5931\u4e1a\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u7684\u519c\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u653e\u5f03\u8015\u5730\uff0c\u5de5\u5382\u5546\u5e97\u5173\u95e8\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u5012\u95ed\uff0c\u4e00\u7247\u8427\u6761\u30021932\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u62ff\u51fa\u884c\u52a8\u6765\u7ed3\u675f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u8427\u6761\uff0c\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u867d\u7136\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u624d\u82cf\u9192\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u8d25\u3001\u82f1\u6cd5\u5b9e\u529b\u7684\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u88ab\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u4e24\u5927\u9635\u8425\u3002\u7f8e\u82cf\u53ca\u5176\u5404\u81ea\u9635\u8425\u5206\u522b\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5ba3\u4f20\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u52a0\u7d27\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u4e00\u5982\u6218\u65f6\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u51b7\u6218\u201d\u3002
1976\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd200\u5468\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u4e3e\u884c\u5404\u9879\u5e86\u795d\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u51b7\u6218\u4e2d\u6700\u7ec8\u62d6\u57ae\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\uff0c1991\u5e74\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u89e3\u4f53\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e24\u5927\u9635\u8425\u4e4b\u95f4\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u58c1\u5792\u4e5f\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u65e5\u65b0\u6708\u5f02\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c06\u5c55\u5f00\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u9875\u3002
[\u7f16\u8f91\u672c\u6bb5]\u4e09\u3001\u653f\u6cbb
\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u53c2\u89c1\u8bcd\u6761\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u4f53\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7f8e\u5229\u575a\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\u3002
\u653f\u5e9c
\u603b\u7edf\u5185\u9601\u5236\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u8111\u517c\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u6548\u529b\u3002\u603b\u7edf\u901a\u8fc7\u95f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u4efb\u671f\u56db\u5e74\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u9601\u7531\u5404\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u548c\u603b\u7edf\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5185\u9601\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u8d77\u603b\u7edf\u52a9\u624b\u548c\u987e\u95ee\u56e2\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u6743\u529b\u30022001\u5e741\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u6c83\u514b\u00b7\u5e03\u4ec0\u5ba3\u8a93\u5c31\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\uff0c2005\u5e741\u670820\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4efb\u671f\u3002\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u5e03\u9c81\u65af\u00b7\u5207\u5c3c\uff08Richard Bruce Cheney\uff09\uff0c\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u5eb7\u591a\u8389\u624e\u00b7\u8d56\u65af\uff08Condoleezza Rice\uff09\u3002 2009\u5e741\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u514b\u00b7\u4faf\u8d5b\u56e0\u00b7\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\uff08\u5c0f\uff09\uff08Barack Hussein Obama Jr.\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u4e00\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u9ed1\u4eba\u603b\u7edf\u3002
\u5baa\u6cd5
1776\u5e747\u67084\u65e5\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6587\u4ef6\u300a\u8054\u90a6\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u30021787\u5e745\u6708\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u8349\u6848\uff0c1789\u5e743\u6708\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a\u56fd\u4f1a\u5ba3\u5e03\u751f\u6548\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6210\u6587\u5baa\u6cd5\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5171\u5236\u5b9a\u4e8627\u6761\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u6709\uff1a1791\u5e749\u6708\u7531\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u5305\u62ec\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u8a00\u8bba\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u96c6\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u524d10\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff0c\u540e\u901a\u79f0\u201c\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u201d\uff08\u6216\u201c\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u201d\uff09\uff1b1865\u5e74\u548c1870\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5e9f\u9664\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u627f\u8ba4\u9ed1\u4eba\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7b2c13\u6761\u548c15\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff1b1951\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u603b\u7edf\u5982\u4e0d\u80fd\u884c\u4f7f\u804c\u6743\u7531\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u5347\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u7b2c25\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5404\u5dde\u62e5\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7acb\u6cd5\u6743\uff1b\u5b9e\u884c\u4e09\u6743\u5206\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e09\u90e8\u95e8\u9f0e\u7acb\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7ea6\u3002
\u56fd\u4f1a
\u56fd\u4f1a\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u7531\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u3001\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u4e24\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u7531\u5404\u5dde\u9009\u6c11\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u53c2\u8bae\u5458\u6bcf\u5dde2\u540d\uff0c\u5171100\u540d\uff0c\u4efb\u671f6\u5e74\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e24\u5e74\u6539\u90091/3\u3002\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u6309\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5206\u914d\u540d\u989d\u9009\u51fa\uff0c\u5171435\u540d\uff0c\u4efb\u671f\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u671f\u6ee1\u5168\u90e8\u6539\u9009\u3002\u4e24\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u5747\u53ef\u8fde\u4efb\uff0c\u4efb\u671f\u4e0d\u9650\u3002\u53c2\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u5747\u7cfb\u4e13\u804c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u517c\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c\u804c\u52a1\u3002\u672c\u5c4a\u56fd\u4f1a\uff08\u7b2c107\u5c4a\uff09\u4e8e2000\u5e7411\u67087\u65e5\u4e0e\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\u540c\u65f6\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5e2d\u4f4d\uff0834\u5e2d\uff09\u548c\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u5168\u90e8435\u4e2a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6539\u9009\u3002\u5171\u548c\u515a\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5728\u65b0\u4e00\u5c4a\u56fd\u4f1a\u53c2\u3001\u4f17\u4e24\u9662\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5206\u522b\u53d8\u621050\uff1a50\u548c221\uff1a212\uff08\u4f17\u9662\u4e2d\u53e6\u4e24\u5e2d\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u4eba\u58eb\uff09\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u5207\u5c3c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u517c\u4efb\u53c2\u8bae\u957f\uff0c\u5728\u53c2\u9662\u62e5\u6709\u53ef\u6253\u7834\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4ecd\u638c\u63e1\u5bf9\u4e24\u9662\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u4e34\u65f6\u8bae\u957f\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u00b7\u745f\u8499\u5fb7\uff08Strom Thurmond\uff09\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u515a\uff08\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff09\u9886\u8896\u7279\u4f26\u7279\u00b7\u6d1b\u7279\uff08Trent Lott\uff09\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u515a\uff08\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff09\u9886\u8896\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u8fbe\u65bd\u52d2\uff08Thomas Daschle\uff09\u3002\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u8bae\u957f\u4e39\u5c3c\u65af\u00b7\u54c8\u65af\u7279\u5fb7\uff08Dennis Hastert\uff09\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u515a\uff08\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff09\u9886\u8896\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u963f\u7c73\uff08Richard Armey\uff09\uff0c\u5c11\u6570\u515a\uff08\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff09\u9886\u8896\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u683c\u666e\u54c8\u7279\uff08Richard Gephardt\uff09\u3002
\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784
\u8bbe\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u5dde\u6cd5\u9662\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u522b\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7531\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c8\u540d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u7ec8\u8eab\u4efb\u804c\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6709\u6743\u5ba3\u5e03\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u5404\u5dde\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u73b0\u4efb\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u4f26\u594e\u65af\u7279\uff08William Rehnquist\uff09\u3002
\u653f\u515a
\u7f8e\u56fd\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u515a\u6d3e\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u6cbb\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u8d77\u91cd\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u5171\u548c\u515a\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u3002
\uff081\uff09\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff08Republican Party\uff09:\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1854\u5e74\u30021861\u5e74\u6797\u80af\u5c31\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u9996\u6b21\u6267\u653f\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u81f31933\u5e74\u768470\u591a\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u966416\u5e74\u5916\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3b\u653f\u767d\u5bab\u30021933\u5e74\u81f32001\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u66fe\u6709\u827e\u68ee\u8c6a\u5a01\u5c14\uff081953\u5e741\u6708\u81f31961\u5e741\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u3001\u798f\u7279\uff081969\u5e741\u6708\u81f31977\u5e741\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u91cc\u6839\uff081981\u5e741\u6708\u81f31989\u5e741\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u5e03\u4ec0\uff081989\u5e741\u6708\u81f31993\u5e741\u6708\uff09\u6267\u653f\u3002\u8be5\u515a\u9886\u8896\u4e3a\u603b\u7edf\u6216\u843d\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u5e2d\u73b0\u4e3a\u5409\u59c6\u00b7\u5409\u5c14\u6469\uff08Jim Gilmore\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u603b\u7edf\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\u6295\u7968\u7ed9\u8be5\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u5373\u4e3a\u5176\u515a\u5458\u3002
\uff082\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff08Democratic Party\uff09\uff1a1791\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u79f0\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30021794\u5e74\u6539\u79f0\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff0c1828\u5e74\u6539\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30021861\u5e74\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5185\u90e8\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u8be5\u515a\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u5974\u96b6\u4e3b\u7b56\u5212\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5728\u91ce24\u5e74\u30021885\u5e74\u514b\u5229\u592b\u5170\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u8be5\u515a\u53c8\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u91ce\u30021933\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4eba\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u3001\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u3001\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u3001\u5361\u7279\u3001\u514b\u6797\u987f\u5148\u540e\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u6267\u653f\u3002\u8be5\u515a\u9886\u8896\u4e3a\u603b\u7edf\u6216\u843d\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3b\u5e2d\u73b0\u4e3a\u7279\u91cc\u00b7\u9ea6\u8003\u5229\u592b\uff08Terry McAuliffe\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5176\u515a\u5458\u662f\u5927\u9009\u4e2d\u6295\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u7968\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u3002
\uff083\uff09\u7b2c\u4e09\u515a\u6709\u7eff\u515a\uff08Green Party\uff09\u548c\u6539\u9769\u515a\uff08Reform Party\uff09\u7b49\u3002
[\u7f16\u8f91\u672c\u6bb5]\u56db\u3001\u519b\u4e8b
\u603b\u7edf\u517c\u4efb\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u6700\u9ad8\u6307\u6325\u6743\u3002\u8fdb\u653b\u6027\u6218\u7565\u6b66\u5668\u548c\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u6743\u96c6\u4e2d\u63a7\u5236\u5728\u603b\u7edf\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u519b\u4e8b\u6307\u6325\u7cfb\u7edf\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u53ca\u53c2\u8c0b\u957f\u8054\u5e2d\u4f1a\u8bae\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u51b3\u7b56\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u6709\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u957f\u3001\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u548c\u603b\u7edf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u4e8b\u52a1\u52a9\u7406\uff0c\u53c2\u8054\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u987e\u95ee\u3001\u4e2d\u60c5\u5c40\u957f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u60c5\u62a5\u987e\u95ee\u5217\u5e2d\u3002\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u6307\u6325\u5168\u519b\u7684\u529e\u4e8b\u673a\u6784\u3002\u53c2\u8054\u4f1a\u65e2\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u54a8\u8be2\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u5411\u5404\u8054\u5408\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u53d1\u5e03\u603b\u7edf\u548c\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u6307\u6325\u673a\u5173\u3002\u53c2\u8054\u4f1a\u548c\u4e09\u519b\u53c2\u8c0b\u90e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u62df\u5b9a\u4f5c\u6218\u8ba1\u5212\u5e76\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u65bd\u4f5c\u6218\u6307\u6325\u30022001\u5e74\u201c9\u00b711\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8c03\u6574\u519b\u4e8b\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u52a0\u5feb\u5efa\u7acb\u7531\u6838\u4e0e\u975e\u6838\u8fdb\u653b\u6027\u6253\u51fb\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5bfc\u5f39\u9632\u5fa1\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u80fd\u8fc5\u901f\u5e94\u4ed8\u6050\u6016\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u56fd\u9632\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u6784\u6210\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u6218\u7565\u529b\u91cf\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u7f8e\u519b\u66fe\u5728\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4ee5\u53ca1948\u5e74\u81f31973\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u5b9e\u884c\u8fc7\u4e49\u52a1\u5175\u5f79\u5236\u30021973\u5e74\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u5e9f\u9664\u4e49\u52a1\u5175\u5f79\u5236\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u4e00\u76f4\u5b9e\u884c\u5fd7\u613f\u5175\u5f79\u5236\u81f3\u4eca\u3002
\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u519b\u4e8b\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u73b0\u5f79\u90e8\u961f\u4eba\u6570\u7ea6140\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9646\u519b50\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u6d77\u519b\u548c\u7a7a\u519b\u540435\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u6d77\u519b\u9646\u6218\u961f18\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u9646\u519b\u5206\u4e3a10\u4e2a\u6218\u6597\u5e08\u548c4\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u65c5\u53ca\u88c5\u7532\u9a91\u5175\u56e2\uff1b\u6d77\u519b\u7f16\u5236\u4e3a5\u4e2a\u8230\u961f\uff0c\u517112\u4e2a\u822a\u6bcd\u6218\u6597\u7fa4\u300111\u4e2a\u4e24\u6816\u6212\u5907\u5927\u961f\u300159\u8258\u653b\u51fb\u6f5c\u8247\u3001117\u8258\u6218\u8230\u548c10\u4e2a\u8230\u8f7d\u673a\u8054\u961f\uff1b\u7a7a\u519b\u7f16\u5236\u4e3a20\u4e2a\u98de\u884c\u8054\u961f\uff08\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8054\u961f\u7ea674\u67b6\u6218\u673a\uff09\uff1b\u6d77\u519b\u9646\u6218\u961f\u7f16\u5236\u4e3a3\u4e2a\u5e08\u548c3\u4e2a\u52e4\u52a1\u652f\u63f4\u5927\u961f\uff0c\u88c5\u59073\u4e2a\u98de\u884c\u8054\u961f\uff08\u7ea621\u4e2a\u4e2d\u961f\uff09\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u6570\u5341\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u8bbe\u6709\u6570\u767e\u5904\u519b\u4e8b\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u9a7b\u519b\u7ea6\u4e3a28.78\u4e07\u4eba\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u57fa\u5730\u5927\u81f4\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u4e9a\u592a\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u3001\u4e2d\u4e1c\u4e0e\u5317\u975e\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u6d32\u56db\u5927\u6218\u7565\u533a\u30022004\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5e03\u4ec0\u603b\u7edf\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c06\u5728\u672a\u6765\u768410\u5e74\u5185\u628a\u9a7b\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u519b\u961f\u524a\u51cf6\u4e07\u81f37\u4e07\u4eba \u30022007\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u9632\u90e8\u957f\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u76d6\u8328\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u201c\u53cd\u6050\u6218\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba1\u5212\u5728\u672a\u67655\u5e74\u5185\u5c06\u7f8e\u519b\u73b0\u5f79\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u589e\u52a09.2\u4e07\u4eba \u3002\u7f8e\u519b\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8bbe\u6709\u4e94\u5927\u6218\u533a\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u5317\u65b9\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u3001\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u548c\u5357\u65b9\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u8d1f\u8d23\u5168\u7403\u51e0\u5927\u533a\u57df\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u30022007\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u5e03\u4ec0\u603b\u7edf\u6279\u51c6\u519b\u65b9\u5173\u4e8e\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u975e\u6d32\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002
[\u7f16\u8f91\u672c\u6bb5]\u4e94\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e
\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e02\u7684\u534e\u5c14\u8857\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u529b\u91cf\u53c2\u89c1\u8bcd\u6761\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u3002
\u7f8e\u56fd\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u5176\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u548c\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u989d\u5747\u5c45\u4e16\u754c\u9996\u4f4d\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u53d7\u6b64\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u7f8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u957f\u8fbe\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u589e\u957f\u671f\u30022001\u5e74\u7f8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9677\u5165\u77ed\u6682\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u9010\u6b65\u590d\u82cf\u30022004\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u590d\u82cf\u6b65\u4f10\u52a0\u5feb\uff0cGDP\u5168\u5e74\u589e\u957f4.4%\u30022004\u8d22\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u8d22\u653f\u8d64\u5b57\u7ee7\u7eed\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u8fbe4123\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u30022004\u5e74\u5916\u8d38\u9006\u5dee\u4e3a6171\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u521b\u5386\u53f2\u6700\u9ad8\u3002 2008\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u518d\u6b21\u5448\u4e0b\u6ed1\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002
\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u7cfb\u517c\u6709\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6df7\u5408\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u79c1\u8425\u673a\u6784\u505a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u8f83\u4e3a\u6b21\u8981\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5404\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u603b\u548c\u5374\u5360GDP\u768436%\uff1b\u5728\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u7f51\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u4e5f\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002
\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u91cd\u5fc3\u4e0d\u4e00\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e02\u662f\u91d1\u878d\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u5e7f\u64ad\u548c\u5e7f\u544a\u7b49\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u662f\u7535\u5f71\u548c\u7535\u89c6\u8282\u76ee\u5236\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u6e7e\u533a\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6cbf\u5cb8\u897f\u5317\u5730\u533a\u662f\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u4e2d\u897f\u90e8\u662f\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u548c\u91cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e95\u7279\u5f8b\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u57ce\uff0c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u662f\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u548c\u5546\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u4e1c\u5357\u90e8\u4ee5\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u548c\u5efa\u6750\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u4ea7\u4e1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u85aa\u8d44\u6210\u672c\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u3002
\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u5360\u6700\u5927\u6bd4\u91cd\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u7684\u52b3\u529b\u4ece\u4e8b\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u62e5\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u77ff\u4ea7\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u9ec4\u91d1\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u548c\u94c0\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8bb8\u591a\u80fd\u6e90\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5916\u56fd\u8fdb\u53e3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u5168\u7403\u6700\u5927\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u51fa\u53e3\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u7389\u7c73\u3001\u5c0f\u9ea6\u3001\u7cd6\u548c\u70df\u8349\uff0c\u4e2d\u897f\u90e8\u5927\u5e73\u539f\u5730\u533a\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u4ea7\u91cf\u4f7f\u5176\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u7cae\u4ed3\u201d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6c7d\u8f66\u3001\u98de\u673a\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e5f\u6709\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\uff0c\u6392\u540d\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e09\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e5f\u662f\u98de\u673a\u3001\u94a2\u94c1\u3001\u519b\u706b\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u5668\u6750\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8f93\u51fa\u56fd\u3002
\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u4f19\u4f34\u662f\u6bd7\u90bb\u7684\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0819%\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0812%\uff09\u3001\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\uff0811%\uff09\u548c\u65e5\u672c\uff088%\uff09\u7d27\u968f\u5176\u540e\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u5927\u7ea6\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u9ad8\u8fbe11\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6d41\u7ecf\u7f8e\u52a0\u7684\u56fd\u754c\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53d1\u8fbe\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u4e0e\u7f8e\u5143\u6302\u94a9\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8bc1\u5238\u5e02\u573a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6674\u96e8\u8868\u3002
\u81ea\u4ece1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u9686\u7eb3\u00b7\u91cc\u6839\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u4efb\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u5bf9\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u3001\u5e76\u51cf\u5c11\u798f\u5229\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\uff0c\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u81ea\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5927\u6050\u614c\u4ee5\u6765\u957f\u671f\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u3001\u504f\u5411\u5e72\u6d89\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u6d3e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u65b9\u9762\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u8981\u5c11\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u7a0e\u8d4b\uff0c\u5e76\u66f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u79c1\u8425\u7684\u6148\u5584\u673a\u6784\u4e0a\u3002

【History】
The first signs of occupation on the Japanese Archipelago appeared with a Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC, followed from around 14,000 BC by the Jōmon period, a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. Decorated clay vessels from this period, often with plaited patterns, are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world.[3][4][5]

The Yayoi period, starting around the third century BC, introduced new practices, such as wet-rice farming, iron and bronze-making and a new style of pottery, brought by migrants from China or Korea. With the development of Yayoi culture, a predominantly agricultural society emerged in Japan.[6][7][8][9]

The Japanese first appear in written history in China’s Book of Han. According to the Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku.
A middle Jōmon period vessel (3000 to 2000 BC).
A middle Jōmon period vessel (3000 to 2000 BC).
The Great Buddha in Kamakura (1252).
The Great Buddha in Kamakura (1252).

Japan was first introduced to Buddhism from Baekje of the Korean Peninsula, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by China.[10] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the Asuka period.[11]

The Nara period of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered around an imperial court in the city of Heijō-kyō, or modern day Nara. In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720).[12] (Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though. Before Nara, Fujiwara-kyō and Asuka served as capitals of the Yamato state.)

In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern day Kyoto) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium.[13] This marked the beginning of the Heian period, during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and literature. Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, Kimi ga Yo were written during this time.[14]

Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival Taira clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura. After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to rule as regents for the shoguns. Zen Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. The Kamakura shogunate managed to repel Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a kamikaze, or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo, who was soon himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336.[15] The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyo), and a civil war erupted (the Ōnin War) in 1467 which opened a century-long Sengoku period.[16]

During the sixteenth century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (Nanban trade).

Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi invaded Korea twice, but following several defeats by Korean and Ming China forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598.[17]

After Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed shōgun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo). The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as Buke shohatto to control the autonomous daimyo. In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period. The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued during this period through contacts with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku, or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves.[18]

On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought Japan into economic and political crises. The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state unified under the name of the Emperor (Meiji Restoration). Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin.[19]

The early twentieth century saw a brief period of "Taisho democracy" overshadowed by the rise of expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence and territorial holdings. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931. As a result of international condemnation for this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, joining the Axis powers in 1941.[20]

In 1937, Japan invaded other parts of China, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.[21] On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base in Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. This act brought the United States into World War II. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with the Soviet Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 (Victory over Japan Day).[22] The war cost Japan millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, was convened by the Allies (on May 3, 1946) to prosecute Japanese leaders for war crimes such as the Nanking Massacre.[23]

In 1947, Japan adopted a new pacifist constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended by the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952[24] and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved spectacular growth to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery.[25]

【Government and politics】
Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.[26] The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne.

Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives, containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age,[2] with a secret ballot for all elective offices.[26] The liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived coalition government formed from opposition parties in 1993.[27] The largest opposition party is the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan.

The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. The position is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. Yasuo Fukuda currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan.[28]

Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. However, since the late nineteenth century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably France and Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on the German model. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan.[29] Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber-stamp approval of the Emperor. The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation.[26] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.[30] The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes.[29]

【Economy】
Close government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation among others have helped Japan become the second largest economy in the world,[51] after the United States, at around US$4.5 trillion in terms of nominal GDP[51] and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity.[52]

Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation and telecommunications are all major industries. Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods.[53] Construction has long been one of Japan's largest industries, with the help of multi-billion dollar government contracts in the civil sector. Distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy have included the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks in closely-knit groups called keiretsu and the guarantee of lifetime employment in big corporations.[54] Recently, Japanese companies have begun to abandon some of these norms in an attempt to increase profitability.[55]
With a market capitalization of more than US$4 trillion, the Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.
With a market capitalization of more than US$4 trillion, the Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.

Japan is also home to some of the largest financial services companies, business groups and bank such as Sony, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi and Toyota. It is also home to the world's largest bank by asset, Japan Post Bank (US$3.2 trillion)[56] and others such as Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (US$1.2 trillion[57]), Mizuho Financial Group (US$1.4 trillion[58]) and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (US$1.3 trillion[59]). The Tokyo Stock Exchange with a market capitalization of over 549.7 trillion Yen as of December 2006 stands as the second largest in the world.[60]

From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called a "miracle": a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s.[61] Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, largely because of the after-effects of over-investment during the late 1980s and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered in 2000 to 2001 by the deceleration of the global economy.[53] However, the economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.[62]

Because only about 15% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation,[63] a system of terrace farming is used to build in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area. However, Japan's small agricultural sector is also highly subsidized and protected. Japan must import about 50%[64] of its requirements of grain and fodder crops other than rice, and it relies on imports for most of its supply of meat. In fishing, Japan is ranked second in the world behind China in tonnage of fish caught. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch.[53] Japan relies on foreign countries for almost all oil and food.

Transportation in Japan is highly developed. As of 2004, there are 1,177,278 km (731,683 miles) of paved roadways, 173 airports, and 23,577 km (14,653 miles) of railways.[53] Air transport is mostly operated by All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL). Railways are operated by Japan Railways Group among others. There are extensive international flights from many cities and countries to and from Japan.

Japan's main export partners are the United States 22.8%, China 14.3%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 6.8% and Hong Kong 5.6% (for 2006). Japan's main exports are transport equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals.[53] With very limited natural resources to sustain economic development, Japan depends on other nations for most of its raw materials; thus it imports a wide variety of goods. Its main import partners are China 20.5%, U.S. 12.0%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Australia 4.8%, South Korea 4.7% and Indonesia 4.2% (for 2006). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. Overall, Japan's largest trading partners are China and the United States.[65]

【Culture and recreation】
Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan.[89] Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s.[90]
A traditional Japanese teahouse.
A traditional Japanese teahouse.

Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth.[91] Western music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop.[92] Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremony.[93]

The earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters.[94] In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.[95] An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel. During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people. Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship.[95] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, Tanizaki Jun'ichirō, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors — Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).[95]

Geography: Japan

Island nation in the northwest Pacific Ocean off the coast of east Asia, separated by the Sea of Japan from Russian Siberia, China, and Korea. The Japanese archipelago includes four major islands【四大岛】(Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku) as well as many smaller islands. Its capital and largest city is Tokyo.

-“日出之国”
Called the “Land of the Rising Sun,” Japan is symbolized by a red sun on a white background.

-国家象征：富士山
Another symbol of Japan is Fujiyama, also called Mount Fuji, a volcano whose symmetrical snow-capped peak has been the object of countless pilgrimages, poems, and paintings. It has not erupted since 1707.

-政治制度：
Imperial Japan was organized on a feudal system (see feudalism), characterized by the samurai (the warrior class, which eventually became landed gentry) and the shogun (the hereditary administrative leader). The emperor, believed to be divine, was the ceremonial leader. Japan is a constitutional monarchy today.

-被迫开放的历史：
Japan's ports were first opened to Western traders in the sixteenth century but were closed in the seventeenth century. Japan remained in virtual isolation until the 1850s, when an American naval officer, Matthew C. Perry, persuaded the government to reopen trade with the West.

-经济概况：
Suffering from overcrowding, lack of natural resources, and the influence of powerful military factions, Japan pursued an aggressive policy of expansion in China during the 1930s, ultimately resulting in a military alliance with Germany and Italy to form the Axis powers in World War II. (See also Hiroshima, Pearl Harbor, and Douglas MacArthur.)
Although a world leader in shipbuilding, electronics, and automobile manufacture, Japan's economy suffered a severe slump during the 1990s.

经济概况：
Economy - overview: Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation (1% of GDP) helped Japan advance with extraordinary rapidity to the rank of second most technologically powerful economy in the world after the US and the third-largest economy in the world after the US and China, measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. One notable characteristic of the economy has been how manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors have worked together in closely-knit groups called keiretsu. A second basic feature has been the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. Both features have now eroded. Japan's industrial sector is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. The tiny agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. Usually self sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 60% of its food on a caloric basis. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. For three decades, overall real economic growth had been spectacular - a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1.7%, largely because of the after effects of overinvestment and an asset price bubble during the late 1980s that required a protracted period of time for firms to reduce excess debt, capital, and labor. From 2000 to 2001, government efforts to revive economic growth proved short-lived and were hampered by the slowing of the US, European, and Asian economies. In 2002-06, growth improved and the lingering fears of deflation in prices and economic activity lessened. Japan's huge government debt, which totals 176% of GDP, and the aging of the population are two major long-run problems. Some fear that a rise in taxes could endanger the current economic recovery. Debate also continues on the role of and effects of reform in restructuring the economy, particularly with respect to the 2007-17 privatization of Japan Post, which has functioned not only as the national postal delivery system but also, through its banking and insurance facilities, as Japan's largest financial institution.

国际纷争：
Disputes - international: the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril Islands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do) occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting.

下面的链接里还有很多……不过有些长，帮你挑出来这些，希望有用~

绠杩鏃ユ湰鐨勪汉鍙ｃ鏀挎不銆佸啗浜嬨缁忔祹
绛旓細鏃ユ湰娌℃湁姝ｅ父鐨勫浗闃插啗锛岃屽疄琛岃嚜鍗槦浣撶郴锛屽垎娴烽檰绌鸿嚜鍗槦锛岃妯＄紪鍒舵柟闈㈡瘮鍥介槻鍐涗綋绯昏绠鍖栫殑澶氥傛寚鎸ュ拰浣滄垬浣撶郴鐢遍槻鍗渷鍜屽弬璋嬮暱鑱斿腑浼氳璐熻矗銆傛棩鏈诲叺鍔涚紪鍒跺憳棰33涓囦汉锛屽叾涓幇褰瑰啗浜25.2涓囦汉锛屾枃鑱2.4涓囦汉锛岄澶囧焦5.6涓囦汉銆傛鍣ㄦ柟闈㈢編鍥借喘涔颁负涓伙紝缇庡浗鎺堟潈涓嬬敓浜т负琛ュ厖銆鏃ユ湰缁忔祹锛氭棩鏈粡娴庡彂杈撅紝浜烘皯...

缁欐垜涓浜涘叧浜鏃ユ湰鏄庢不缁存柊鑷充粖澶╃殑鏀挎不鐨勬儏鍐
绛旓細杩欎簺璐熼潰闂涓庢棩鍚庡彂鐢熷苟绱Н鐨勪竴浜涢毦浠ヨВ鍐崇殑绀句細闂鐩镐簰褰卞搷,鏈缁堢洿鎺ユ垨闂存帴淇冧娇鏃ユ湰璧颁笂渚电暐鎵╁紶鐨勯亾璺傜紪杈戞湰娈垫槑娌荤淮鏂 鏄庢不缁存柊鏄棩鏈巻鍙蹭笂鐨勪竴娆鏀挎不闈╁懡銆傚畠鎺ㄧ炕寰峰窛骞曞簻,浣垮ぇ鏀垮綊杩樺ぉ鐨,鍦ㄦ斂娌汇缁忔祹鍜岀ぞ浼氱瓑鏂归潰瀹炶澶ф敼闈,淇冭繘鏃ユ湰鐨勭幇浠ｅ寲鍜岃タ鏂瑰寲銆傛槑娌荤淮鏂扮殑涓昏棰嗗浜烘槸涓浜涢潚骞存澹,浠栦滑浠モ滃瘜鍥藉己鍏...

鎴樺悗鏃ユ湰鐨鏀挎不銆缁忔祹鍜岀ぞ浼氭槸浠涔堟牱鐨勭姸鍐?
绛旓細缇庡浗杩樺ぇ鍔涙壎妞鏃ユ湰缁忔祹锛岀洰鐨勫湪浜庡皢鏃ユ湰鍙樹负瀵规姉绀句細涓讳箟鍥藉鐨勯噸瑕佹嵁鐐广傛嵁缁熻锛屼粎1954~1958骞撮棿锛岀編鍥芥斂搴滃鏃ユ湰鐨勬彺鍔╁氨杈4.66浜跨編鍏冦1949~1970骞达紝鏃ユ湰鍚告敹浜嗗皢杩140浜跨編鍏冪殑澶栬祫銆傚叚鍗佸勾浠ｏ紝鏃ユ湰鐨勫浗姘戠敓浜ф诲煎勾骞冲潎澧為暱鐜囪秴杩 11/100锛鏀挎不锛氶殢鐫缁忔祹瀹炲姏鐨勫寮猴紝鏃ユ湰寮濮嬭皨姹傛斂娌诲ぇ鍥藉湴浣嶏紝甯屾湜...

浠嬬粛鏃ユ湰鍦扮悊姒傚喌,鍖呮嫭鑷劧,浜烘枃,缁忔祹绛夊悇鏂归潰
绛旓細鍏朵粬宸ヤ笟鐢熶骇鎵闇鐨勪富瑕佸師鏂欍佺噧鏂欑瓑閮借浠庢捣澶栬繘鍙ｃ備絾鏃ユ湰妫灄鍜屾笖涓氳祫婧愪赴瀵岋紝妫灄瑕嗙洊鐜囬珮杈67%銆傛棩鏈皯鏃忔瀯鎴愭瘮杈冨崟涓锛屼富瑕佺敱鍜屾棌缁勬垚锛岃繕鏈夐樋渚濆姫浜哄拰鐞夌悆浜虹瓑鍏锋湁涓嶅悓姘戞棌鐗瑰緛鐨勪汉缇ゃ傛棩鏈负鍚涗富绔嬪鍥斤紝澶╃殗鏄滄棩鏈浗鍙婁汉姘戝洟缁撶殑璞″緛鈥濓紝娌℃湁鏀挎不瀹炴潈锛屼絾澶囧彈姘戜紬鏁噸銆

浠嬬粛鏃ユ湰鍦扮悊姒傚喌,鍖呮嫭鑷劧,浜烘枃,缁忔祹绛夊悇鏂归潰
绛旓細鏃ユ湰涓哄悰涓荤珛瀹浗锛屽娉曡鏄庘滀富鏉冨湪姘戔濓紝鑰屽ぉ鐨囧垯涓衡滄棩鏈浗鍙婁汉姘戝洟缁撶殑璞″緛鈥濄傚鍚屼笘鐣屼笂澶氭暟鍚涗富绔嬪鍒跺害锛屽ぉ鐨囨病鏈鏀挎不瀹炴潈锛屼絾澶囧彈姘戜紬鏁噸銆傛棩鏈槸涓栫晫涓婂敮涓涓涓娉曟病鏈夎祴浜堝悰涓讳换浣曟潈鍔涚殑鍚涗富鍒跺浗瀹躲俿haorunjia2001鐪熷績涓烘偍瑙ｇ瓟~~~浜诧紝濡傛灉浣犺鍙垜鐨勫洖绛旓紝璇风偣鍑汇愰噰绾充负婊℃剰鍥炵瓟銆戞寜閽畘~...

浠嬬粛涓涓嬫槑娌荤淮鏂版椂鏈熺殑鏃ユ湰缁忔祹
绛旓細鏄庢不鏀垮簻铏界劧鍦ㄧぞ浼缁忔祹鍜屾枃鍖栨暀鑲茬瓑棰嗗煙瀹炶浜嗕竴绯诲垪鐨勮祫浜ч樁绾ф敼闈,浣嗗畠鐨勭粺娌绘柟寮忓嵈鏄笓鍒朵富涔夌殑,浠庤屽紩璧风ぞ浼氬悇闃跺眰鐨勪笉婊°備粠70骞翠唬涓湡鑷80骞翠唬鍚庢湡,鍦鏃ユ湰鎺璧蜂竴鍦鸿姹傚紑璁惧浗浼氥佸埗瀹氬娉曠殑缇や紬鎬鏀挎不杩愬姩,鍗宠嚜鐢辨皯鏉冭繍鍔ㄣ傚湪浜烘皯鏂椾簤鐨勫帇鍔涗笅,鏄庢不鏀垮簻浜1889骞撮甯冧簡甯濆浗瀹硶,1890骞村彫寮浜嗙涓灞婂笣鍥借浼氥傝櫧鐒...

鎴樹簤鐖嗗彂鍓鏃ユ湰鍥藉唴鐨鏀挎不銆佹濇兂銆缁忔祹鎯呭喌
绛旓細鍥藉鐢ㄤ簬鍙戝睍鍐涗簨宸ヤ笟鐨勬敮鍑洪珮杈70浜挎棩鍏冿紝鍚勮储闃璧勬湰涔熻繀閫熷悜鍐涗簨宸ヤ笟鏂归潰杞寲銆鏃ユ湰鏀垮簻閲囧彇鍚勭鎺柦鍔犲己浜嗗鍥芥皯缁忔祹鐨勭鍒讹紝浣挎暣涓粡娴庝负鎴樹簤鏈嶅姟銆傜敱浜庣粡娴庡啗浜嬪寲鍜屽涓浗涓滃寳璧勬簮鐨勬帬澶猴紝鏃ユ湰姣旇緝鏃╁湴娓¤繃浜嗙粡娴庡嵄鏈恒1931骞磋嚦1937骞达紝鏃ユ湰宸ヤ笟澧為暱鐨勫钩鍧囬熷害杈9.9%锛屾槸璧勬湰涓讳箟澶у浗涓彂灞曢熷害鏈蹇殑...

缁撳悎鏃ユ湰鐨 鍦扮悊,鍘嗗彶,绀句細,鏀挎不,缁忔祹,鏂囧寲,璋堣皥瀵鏃ユ湰姒傚喌鐨勪簡瑙
绛旓細2008-02-15 姹傝嫳鏂囩増鏃ユ湰姒傚喌(鍖呮嫭鏀挎不缁忔祹鏂囧寲鍘嗗彶绛夋柟闈㈠父璇) 19 2015-08-01 浠嬬粛鏃ユ湰鍦扮悊姒傚喌,鍖呮嫭鑷劧,浜烘枃,缁忔祹绛夊悇鏂归潰 102 2016-12-18 鏃ユ湰鍦扮悊鐭ヨ瘑姒傛嫭鏈夊摢浜 404 2014-06-19 鏃ユ湰鍥芥鍐佃嚜鑰 2009-01-15 鏃ユ湰缁忔祹鐨勫巻鍙叉鍐 18 2009-08-15 姹傚叧浜庢棩鏈鍐电殑涔 5 2011-02-23 鎻忚堪璇勪环...

瀹㈣涓婁粙缁嶄笅鏃ユ湰銆(鍖呮嫭鏃ユ湰椋庝織,鏂囧寲,椋庢櫙,浜烘枃,鍦扮悊绛夌瓑)
绛旓細1943骞,鏃ユ湰鏀垮簻棰佸竷娉曚护,灏嗕笢浜競鏀逛负涓滀含閮,鎵╁ぇ浜嗗畠鐨勭杈栬寖鍥淬 鐞夌悆璇稿矝: 鍐茬怀鍘(浜屾垬鏈湡缇庡浗涓哄疄鐜板叾閬忓埗鎴樼暐,灏嗛挀楸煎矝缃簬缇庡浗鐨勮鏀跨鐞嗕箣涓嬨1971骞6鏈,缇庡浗鍙堝皢涓浗閽撻奔宀涢殢鍚屽啿缁充竴璧峰壊璁╃粰鏃ユ湰銆傝屾棩鏈鏄緷鎹繖涓崗瀹,浜庢骞存帴绠′簡閽撻奔宀涖) 娉ㄩ噴:閽撻奔宀,鑷彜鏄腑鍥介鍦熴俒缂栬緫鏈]鏃ユ湰鏀挎不 鏃ユ湰...

鏃ユ湰鍦ㄤ簩鎴樺悗鐨缁忔祹鍙戝睍鍜鏀挎不鎯呭喌
绛旓細鏃ユ湰缁忔祹鐜颁唬鍖栫殑瀹炵幇锛屾槸璇稿鍥犵礌鍏卞悓浣滅敤鐨勭粨鏋滐紝鍏朵腑鏃㈡湁澶栭儴鏉′欢锛屼篃鏈夋棩鏈斂搴滃拰浜烘皯鑷韩鐨勫姫鍔涖傛垬鍚庡垵鏈熸棩鏈疄琛岀殑姘戜富鏀归潻锛屾帹鍔ㄥ叾绀句細缁忔祹缁撴瀯鍙戠敓杈冨ぇ鐨勫彉鍖栵紝涔熷绀句細鐢熶骇鍏崇郴浣滀簡灞閮ㄨ皟鏁达紝寤虹珛璧烽傚簲褰撲唬缁忔祹鍙戝睍鐨勮祫浜ч樁绾ф皯涓诲埗搴﹀拰鏈夊埄浜庤繍鐢ㄧ幇浠ｅ寲绠＄悊鎵嬫鐨勪紒涓氱粍缁囧舰寮忓拰绠＄悊浣撳埗锛屼粠鑰屽皢鍥芥皯...

扩展阅读：中英文自动翻译器 ... 中英文互翻译 ... 免费的翻译器 ... 英文翻译器 ... 中英文在线翻译 ... 翻译中文转英文 ... 英转中翻译器 ... 中英文互译 ... 中英文自动翻译器读一读 ...