求怎么使用定语从句。现在完成时是什么意思 什么时候要用
\u73b0\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u548c\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1f\uff1f\u73b0\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\uff1a\u4e3b\u8bed+ have/has + \u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd+ \u5176\u4ed6
\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u8fde\u7528\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u7684\u8bcd\u662f\uff1asince,for, before(\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u8fde\u7528\uff09\uff0c just, already, yet\u7b49\u8bcd\u3002
\u770b\u770b\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u53e5\u6216\u8bb8\u4f1a\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002
I have been in Wuhan since 1997.
I have been in Wuhan for 12 years.(\u75282009\u51cf\u53bb1997\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5e74\u6570\uff09
\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\uff1asince\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u662f\uff1asince+\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9, for + \u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u3002
since \u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u73b0\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u4e2d\uff1a
She has arrived in Scotland since two days ago.
I\u2019ve known him since we were children.
\u6240\u4ee5 since \u540e\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4+ ago, since \u540e\u53ef\u52a0\u4ece\u53e5\u3002
\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u73b0\u5b8c\u6709\u4e2a\u8f83\u96be\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u5ef6\u7eed\u52a8\u8bcd\u8f6c\u5ef6\u7eed\u6027\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5427\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bd5\u7740\u7ec3\u7ec3
\u2460arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.
\u2192 be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there
1) He got to Beijing five minutes ago.
He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.
2) I moved to the USA last year.
I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.
3) I went home yesterday.
I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.
4) They came here last week.
They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.
\u2461come/go back, return \u2192 be back come/go out \u2192 be out
1) He came out two years ago.
He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.
2) We return to Fuzhou yesterday.
We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.
\u2462become \u2192 be
1) I became a teacher in 2000.
I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________.
2) The river became dirty last year.
The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.
\u2463close \u2192 be closed open \u2192 be open
1) The shop closed two hours ago.
The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________.
2) The door opened at six in the morning.
The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.
\u2464get up \u2192 be up\uff1b die \u2192 be dead\uff1b leave sw. \u2192 be away from sw.
fall asleep/get tot sleep \u2192 be asleep\uff1b finish/end \u2192 be over\uff1b
marry \u2192 be married\uff1b
1) I got up two hours ago.
I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________.
2) He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
3) My grandpa died in 2002.
My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.
4) The meeting finished at six.
The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.
5) I got to sleep two hours ago.
I ________ _________ _________ since _________ _________.
6) They married in 1990.
They ________ _________ __________since _________.
\u2465start/begin to do sth. \u2192 do sth. \uff1bbegin \u2192 be on
1) I began to teach at this school in 1995.
I ____ ____ at this school since ____.
2) The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
\u2466borrow \u2192 keep\uff1b lose \u2192 not have \uff1bbuy \u2192 have \uff1bput on \u2192 wear
catch/get a cold \u2192 have a cold\uff1b get to know \u2192 know
1) They borrowed it last week.
They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.
2) I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
3) I got to know him last year.I _______ _______ him since __________ __________.
4) I put on my glasses three years ago.
I __________ __________ my glasses for _________ _________.
\u2467have/has gone to \u2192 have been in
He has gone to Beijing.
He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.
\u2468join the league/the Party/the army
\u2192 be a league/a Party member/a soldier
\u2192 be a member of the league/the Party
\u2192 be in the league/the Party/the army
1) He joined the league in 2002.
He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.
He _______ _________ a __________ ___________ the __________ for two years.
He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years.
2) My brother joined the army two years ago.
My brother ________ __________ a ___________ for ___________ ___________.
My brother __________ ___________ in ____________ ___________ for two years.
\u8fd9\u4ee5\u4e0a\u51e0\u6761\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u8bb0\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u54e6\uff01
\u518d\u6765\u8bf4\u8bf4\u5b9a\u4ece\u5427\uff0c
\u6709\u5173\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u6982\u5ff5
(1)\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\uff1a\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u590d\u5408\u53e5\u91cc\u5145\u5f53\u5b9a\u8bed\u7684\u4ece\u53e5\uff0c\u5b83\u901a\u5e38\u7d27\u9760\u5728\u6240\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u6216\u4ee3\u8bcd\u540e\u9762\u3002
(2)\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\uff1a\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u6216\u4ee3\u8bcd\u3002
(3)\u5173\u7cfb\u8bcd\uff1a\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u8bcd\u53eb\u5173\u7cfb\u8bcd\u3002\u5173\u7cfb\u8bcd\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee3\u8bcdwho, whom, whose, which\u548cthat\u7b49\uff1b\u5173\u7cfb\u526f\u8bcd\u6709when, where, why\u7b49\u3002\u5173\u7cfb\u8bcd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8d77\u8fde\u63a5\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u4ee3\u8868\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u5e76\u5728\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u62c5\u4efb\u67d0\u4e00\u53e5\u5b50\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\u3001\u5bbe\u8bed\u3001\u5b9a\u8bed\u3001\u8868\u8bed\u7b49\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u526f\u8bcd\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed\u3002
This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u7236\u4eb2\u6628\u5929\u5e2e\u6211\u4e70\u7684\u90a3\u672c\u4e66\u3002
\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u53e5\u4e2d\u4fee\u9970the book\u7684that my father bought me yesterday\u5c31\u662f\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\uff1b\u88ab\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u6240\u4fee\u9970\u7684the book\u8fd9\u662f\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\uff1b\u4ee3\u8868the book\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee3\u8bcdthat\u5728\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u4f5cbought\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5bbe\u8bed\u3002
2. \u5173\u7cfb\u4ee3\u8bcd\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7528\u6cd5
\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\u7528who\uff0c\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u7528whom\u6216who\uff0c\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed\u7528whose\uff1b\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u662f\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\u6216\u5bbe\u8bed\u90fd\u7528which\uff0c\u4f5c\u5b9a\u8bed\u7528of which\u6216whose\u5747\u53ef\u3002\u5728\u9650\u5236\u6027\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2dwhich, who, whom\u90fd\u53ef\u7528that\u4ee3\u66ff\u3002\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u65f6\u5e38\u88ab\u7701\u7565\u3002
This is the man who helped me yesterday. \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6628\u5929\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002(\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed)
The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. \u4f60\u8981\u89c1\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u6765\u4e86\u3002(\u4f5csee\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565)
3. \u5173 \u5173\u7cfb\u526f\u8bcd\u6709when, where, why\uff0c\u5728\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5730\u70b9\u548c\u539f\u56e0\u3002when\u7684\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u901a\u5e38\u662ftime, day, season, age, occasion\u7b49\u65f6\u95f4\u540d\u8bcd\uff1bwhere\u7684\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u901a\u5e38\u662fplace, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes\u7b49\u5730\u70b9\u6216\u60c5\u5f62\u540d\u8bcd\uff1bwhy\u7684\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u53ea\u80fd\u662freason\u3002\u5173\u7cfb\u526f\u8bcdwhen\u548cwhere\u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u7528\u201c\u4ecb\u8bcd\uff0bwhich\u201d\u4ee3\u66ff\uff0cwhy\u53ef\u7528for which\u4ee3\u66ff\u3002
There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. \u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5c48\u670d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002
Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born. \u5317\u4eac\u662f\u6211\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u3002
Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer? \u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u62d2\u7edd\u6211\u4eec\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5417\uff1f
\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u867d\u7136\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u82e5\u5728\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed\u6216\u5bbe\u8bed\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee3\u8bcd\u3002
(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. \u4ed6\u7236\u4eb2\u66fe\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u90a3\u5bb6\u5de5\u5382\u5173\u95ed\u4e86\u3002(\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed)
\u6bd4\u8f83\uff1aThe factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978\u5e74\u5efa\u7684\u90a3\u5bb6\u5de5\u5382\u5173\u95ed\u4e86\u3002(\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed)
(2) I\u2019ll never forget the days when we lived together. \u6211\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u5fd8\u4e0d\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e5\u5b50\u3002(\u4f5c\u72b6\u8bed)
\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0a\u8981\u7528that\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5
(1)\u5f53\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u662f\u6307\u7269\u7684all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one\u65f6\uff0c\u6216\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u88aball, little, few, much, any, every, no\u7b49\u4fee\u9970\u65f6\u3002
All that can be done has been done. \u80fd\u505a\u7684\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u505a\u4e86\u3002
He will tell you everything that he heard about it.\u4ed6\u5c06\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u4ed6\u6240\u542c\u5230\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002
There is little work that is fit for you. \u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u5de5\u4f5c\u9002\u5408\u4f60\u505a\u3002
I have eaten all the food that is left. \u6211\u628a\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u98df\u7269\u90fd\u5403\u4e86\u3002
(2)\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u662f\u5e8f\u6570\u8bcd\u6216\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u65f6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u88ab\u5e8f\u6570\u8bcd(\u5305\u62eclast, next)\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u53cathe only, the very\u7b49\u4fee\u9970\u65f6\u3002
This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u540e\u6240\u770b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u573a\u7535\u5f71\u3002
This is the best that has been used against pollution. \u8fd9\u662f\u7528\u6765\u9632\u6b62\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u6700\u597d\u529e\u6cd5\u3002
This is the very book that I am looking for. \u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u7684\u90a3\u672c\u4e66\u3002
(3)\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u548c\u7269\u65f6\u3002
They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. \u4ed6\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u8c08\u8bba\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ed6\u4eec\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4eba\u548c\u4e8b\u3002
(4)\u5f53\u4e3b\u53e5\u662f\u4ee5who\u6216which\u5f00\u5934\u7684\u7591\u95ee\u53e5\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u91cd\u590d\uff0c\u591a\u7528that\u5f15\u5bfc\u3002\u5982\uff1a
Which is the house that caught fire last night? \u6628\u665a\u5931\u706b\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u5ea7\u623f\u5b50\uff1f
Who is the lady that is playing the piano? \u5728\u5f39\u94a2\u7434\u7684\u90a3\u4f4d\u5c0f\u59d0\u662f\u8c01\uff1f
\u4e60\u60ef\u4e0a\u4e0d\u7528that\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5
(1)\u5728\u975e\u9650\u5236\u6027\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ee5\u80fd\u7528that\u5f15\u5bfc\u3002
Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. \u6628\u5929\u6211\u78b0\u5230\u4e86\u739b\u4e3d\uff0c\u5979\u663e\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u5174\u594b\u3002
(2)\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u4ecb\u8bcd\u540e\u4f5c\u5bbe\u8bed\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528that\u5f15\u5bfc\uff0c\u8981\u7528whom, whose\u6216which\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u7701\u7565\u3002
The house in which we live is not large. \u6211\u4eec\u4f4f\u9662\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u4e0d\u5927\u3002
I know the young man with whom you live. \u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u4f60\u4f4f\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e74\u9752\u4eba\u3002
\u4f46\u5f53\u4ecb\u8bcd\u653e\u5728\u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u672b\u5c3e\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528that\u66ff\u4ee3which, who\u66ff\u4ee3whom\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee3\u8bcd\u3002\u5982\uff1a
The house (which/that) we live in is not large. \u6211\u4eec\u4f4f\u9662\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u4e0d\u5927\u3002
I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. \u6211\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u4f60\u4f4f\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002
(3)\u5f53\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u7684all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, those, people, he\u7b49\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7528who\u3002
None so blind as those who won't see. \u7741\u773c\u4e0d\u770b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u773c\u6700\u778e\u3002
Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. \u4efb\u4f55\u8d85\u8fc7\u5341\u516d\u5c81\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u5141\u8bb8\u8fdb\u53bb\u3002
I met someone who said he knew you. \u6211\u78b0\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4f60\u3002
He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (\u8c1a)\u6b32\u52a0\u4e4b\u7f6a,\u4f55\u60a3\u65e0\u8f9e\u3002
(4)\u5f53\u5148\u884c\u8bcd\u4e0e\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee3\u8bcd\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u8f83\u590d\u6742\u7684\u77ed\u8bed\u6216\u4ece\u53e5\u9694\u5f00\u65f6\u3002
I was the only person in my office who was invited. \u6211\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u91cc\u552f\u4e00\u53d7\u5230\u9080\u8bf7\u7684\u4eba\u3002
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. \u6709\u4f4d\u65b0\u6821\u957f\u660e\u5929\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u6559\u4f60\u4eec\u5fb7\u8bed\u3002
\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u5148\u770b\u770b\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u518d\u7ed9\u6211\u53d1\u6d88\u606f\uff01
\u73b0\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\uff08Present perfect\uff09\u8fc7\u53bb\u53d1\u751f\u5e76\u4e14\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u5bf9\u73b0\u5728\u9020\u6210\u5f71\u54cd\u6216\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u5f00\u59cb\u5e76\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u6216\u72b6\u6001\u3002
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定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
三、定语从句结构错误
1. 缺关系词
2. 从句中缺成分
***而宾语从句是做动词和介词的宾语的宾语, 偶尔有一些形容词后也可跟宾语从句，如：sure, afraid等，故往往出现在动词或介词之后。如：I don't know that this is your book.
I'm sure that you are right.
***现在完成时是初中英语教学中的一个重点，也是一个难点，在学习中应注意以下几点：
一、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1.现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时不强调过去的动作与现在的关系。如：
I have lost my pen.(强调我现在没有笔)
I lost my pen.(过去笔掉了，没说明现在是否有笔)
2.现在完成时不可和表过去的时间状语连用(before,just等除外)，但一般过去时可和表过去的时间状语，如yesterday,last week,three days ago,just now等连用。如：
A：Hello,Kate!Have you had supper?
B：Yes,I have.
A：When did you have it?
在此例中，应注意When是一个不确定的过去时间。
二、for和since的运用
for表“经历(一段时间)”，而since表“自从…… 以来”。常见结构：for＋一段时间；since＋一段时间＋ago;since＋一个时间点；since＋从句。如：
1.He has stayed here for 3 hours.
2.He has stayed here since 3 hours ago.
3.He has stayed here since 3 o’clock.
4.He has taught English since he came here.
三、短暂性动词通常不能和表一段的时间状语连用，应用意义与其相近的延续性动词、be＋形容词/副词等来代替他们。如：borrow改为keep/have;die改为be dead;leave改为be away等，或将完成时改为一般过去时。如：
1.错：He has died for 3 years.
正：He has been dead for 3 years.
正：He died 3 years ago.
2.错：How long have you borrowed it?
正：How long have you kept it?
在例2中应注意how long是一个不确定的一段时间。但应注意，短暂性动词的否定式表示一个状态，它可以和表一段的时间状语连用。如：
I haven’t seen you for 2 years.
四、have(has)been 与have(has)gone的区别
have(has)been表“到过某地”；have(has)gone表“已去”。如：
A：Where is Li Lei?
B：He has gone to the library.
通过A的问话，说明Li Lei不在说话处，所以这儿应回答“他去了……”。
五、already和yet的区别
already常用于肯定句中或句末；yet常用于一般疑问句或否定句末。但表惊讶时already也可用于疑问句。如：
1.Tom has already finished his homework.
2. Tom hasn’t finished his homework yet
3.What!Have you already finished it?
现在完成时
现在完成时表示过去开始，但持续到现在的动作，或过去发生的动作，对现在留下后果或影响。常和for+一段时间，already, ever, never, just, yet, in the past few years/ over the last thirty years, so far, up to now, since 1980等状语连用
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