苹果树该怎样修剪树形？ 当前苹果树整形修剪中存在什么问题？如何解决？
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\u4e09\u662f\u6c38\u4e45\u679d\u4e0e\u4e34\u65f6\u679d\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u5f53\uff0c\u65e0\u6548\u679d\u591a\uff0c\u6811\u4f53\u9aa8\u67b6\u4e0d\u7262\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u679c\u56ed\uff0c\u591a\u662f\u5b9a\u690d\u540e\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u6574\u5f62\uff0c\u53ea\u4e3a\u591a\u7ed3\u679c\u800c\u591a\u7559\u8f85\u517b\u679d\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u540e\u53c8\u6ca1\u6709\u53ca\u65f6\u6e05\u7406\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u8f85\u517b\u679d\u8d8a\u7559\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u8d8a\u957f\u8d8a\u5f31\uff0c\u6811\u5f62\u8d8a\u957f\u8d8a\u4e71\u3002\u5728\u5e7c\u6811\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u8f85\u517b\u679d\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u597d\u826f\u597d\u6811\u4f53\u9aa8\u67b6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u63d2\u7a7a\u9009\u7559\u8f85\u517b\u679d\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u53d6\u591a\u79cd\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4fc3\u5176\u53ca\u65e9\u6210\u82b1\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u679c3\uff5e5\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u53ca\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u90e8\u4f4d\u7531\u8f85\u517b\u679d\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u4e0a\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u8f85\u517b\u679d\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fc7\u6025\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u65e2\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u4ea7\u91cf\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u81f4\u4f7f\u6811\u52bf\u8fd4\u65fa\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u5b9a\u6811\u5f62\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f3a\u5927\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e3b\u679d\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u8f85\u517b\u679d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u9009\u4f4d\u7f6e\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u4ee3\u66ff\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\uff1b\u5bf9\u6811\u51a0\u4e0a\u90e8\u56e0\u8f85\u517b\u679d\u8fc7\u591a\u800c\u9020\u6210\u4e0a\u5f3a\u7684\u6811\uff0c\u53ef\u5904\u7406\u90e8\u5206\u8f85\u517b\u679d\uff0c\u4ee5\u8c03\u8282\u548c\u5e73\u8861\u6811\u52bf\u3002
\u56db\u662f\u4fee\u526a\u4e0d\u7ec6\u81f4\uff0c\u66f4\u65b0\u590d\u58ee\u4e0d\u53ca\u65f6\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u679d\u91cf\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u6811\u5f62\u7d0a\u4e71\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u90e8\u4f4d\u5916\u79fb\u7b49\u4e0d\u826f\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u679c\u56ed\uff0c\u591a\u662f\u5e38\u5e74\u4fee\u526a\u8fc7\u8f7b\uff0c\u957f\u653e\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u5355\u8f74\u5ef6\u4f38\u8fc7\u957f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u53ca\u65f6\u56de\u7f29\u66f4\u65b0\u6240\u81f4\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u679c\u56ed\u5355\u7eaf\u5f3a\u8c03\u8f7b\u526a\u3001\u957f\u653e\u591a\u7559\u679d\uff0c\u53ea\u4e3a\u65e9\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u6574\u5f62\uff0c\u53ea\u987e\u773c\u524d\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u957f\u8fdc\u3002\u4ee5\u81f4\u7559\u679d\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u4e30\u4ea7\uff0c\u5374\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u7684\u4e30\u4ea7\u3001\u7a33\u4ea7\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u679c\u56ed\uff0c\u5e94\u5728\u9009\u7559\u597d\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u758f\u9664\u8fc7\u591a\u3001\u8fc7\u5bc6\u679d\uff0c\u56de\u7f29\u5355\u8f74\u5ef6\u4f38\u8fc7\u957f\u679d\uff0c\u4f7f\u540e\u90e8\u5149\u79c3\u7684\u679d\u6761\uff0c\u4fc3\u53d1\u65b0\u679d\uff0c\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u548c\u6269\u5927\u7ed3\u679c\u90e8\u4f4d\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u679c\u56ed\uff0c\u4fee\u526a\u65f6\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u5ef6\u957f\u679d\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u6240\u7559\u526a\u53e3\u82bd\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u5f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u62bd\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u5411\u679d\uff0c\u53c8\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u590f\u5b63\u4fee\u526a\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6270\u4e71\u4e86\u6811\u5f62\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u679c\u56ed\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u9010\u6b65\u8c03\u6574\u597d\u5404\u4e3b\u679d\u5ef6\u957f\u679d\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5e76\u6574\u4fee\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6811\u4f53\u5f62\u72b6\u3002
\u9644\uff1a\u82f9\u679c\u6811\u6574\u5f62\u4fee\u526a\u6280\u672f\uff08\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u5730\u65b9\u6807\u51c6\uff09
(DB/3700 B31025-90)
1.\u4e3b\u9898\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4
\u672c\u6807\u51c6\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u82f9\u679c\u6811\u6574\u5f62\u4fee\u526a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3001\u9002\u5b9c\u6811\u5f62\u548c\u4fee\u526a\u6280\u672f\u3002
\u672c\u6807\u51c6\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u5404\u82f9\u679c\u4ea7\u5730\u3002
2.\u5f15\u7528\u6807\u51c6
DB/3700 B31011\u82f9\u679c\u7530\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784
DB/3700 B31022\u82f9\u679c\u77ed\u679d\u578b\u683d\u57f9\u6280\u672f\u89c4\u7a0b
3.\u6574\u5f62\u4fee\u526a\u7684\u539f\u5219
3.1 \u56e0\u6811\u4fee\u526a\uff0c\u968f\u679d\u4f5c\u5f62 \u6839\u636e\u54c1\u79cd\u7279\u6027\u3001\u7acb\u5730\u6761\u4ef6\u3001\u683d\u57f9\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u6811\u4f53\u7684\u751f\u957f\u7ed3\u679c\u72b6\u51b5\u7b49\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5b9c\u6811\u5f62\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e30\u4ea7\u6811\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u3002
3.2 \u5e73\u8861\u6811\u52bf\uff0c\u4ece\u5c5e\u5206\u660e \u6839\u636e\u4e30\u4ea7\u6811\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f7f\u540c\u7c7b\u6811\u7684\u751f\u957f\u52bf\u529b\u5927\u4f53\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5404\u7ea7\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u4fdd\u6301\u826f\u597d\u7684\u4ece\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u3002
3.3 \u63a7\u5236\u7ade\u4e89\u679d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u8f85\u517b\u679d \u5fc5\u987b\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u89c6\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u5904\u7406\u597d\u5ef6\u957f\u679d\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u679d\uff0c\u5e7c\u6811\u671f\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u5229\u7528\u8f85\u517b\u679d\u3002
3.4 \u8f7b\u91cd\u9002\u5ea6\uff0c\u517b\u3001\u66f4\uff08\u65b0\uff09\u7ed3\u5408 \u5f3a\u6811\u3001\u5f3a\u679d\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\u5b9c\u8f7b\uff0c\u4ee5\u758f\u679d\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u77ed\u622a\u4e3a\u8f85\uff1b\u5f31\u6811\u3001\u5f31\u679d\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\u5b9c\u91cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u77ed\u622a\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u758f\u679d\u4e3a\u8f85\u3002\u76db\u679c\u671f\u5b9c\u591a\u53bb\u82b1\u517b\u679d\uff0c\u4e0e\u66f4\u65b0\u590d\u58ee\u4fee\u526a\u7ed3\u5408\u8fdb\u884c\u3002
4.\u9002\u5b9c\u6811\u5f62
4.1 \u4e3b\u5e72\u758f\u5c42\u5f62\u548c\u5f00\u5fc3\u81ea\u7136\u5f62\uff1a\u5e94\u7b26\u5408DB/3700 B31011\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002
4.2 \u5c0f\u51a0\u758f\u5c42\u5f62\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u7eba\u9524\u5f62\uff1a\u5e94\u7b26\u5408DB/3700 B31022\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002
5.\u4fee\u526a\u6280\u672f
5.1 \u4e0d\u540c\u5e74\u9f84\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4fee\u526a
5.1.1 \u5e7c\u6811\u671f\u4fee\u526a
5.1.1.1 \u5b9a\u5e72\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u6b32\u57f9\u517b\u6811\u5f62\u7684\u5e72\u9ad8\uff0c\u957f\u755910\u5398\u7c73\u5de6\u53f3\u526a\u5b9a\u3002\u6574\u5f62\u5e26\u5185\u987b\u5177\u67096\uff5e8\u4e2a\u9971\u6ee1\u82bd
5.1.1.2 \u9009\u7559\u4e3b\u679d\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u679d\u6761\u7684\u5206\u751f\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u6b32\u57f9\u517b\u7684\u6811\u5f62\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u7740\u751f\u90e8\u4f4d\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u5065\u58ee\u679d\u6761\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e3a\u4e3b\u679d\u3002\u5ef6\u957f\u679d\u526a\u7559\u957f\u5ea6\u4f9d\u52bf\u800c\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4e3a30\uff5e50\u5398\u7c73\u3002
5.1.1.3 \u4fa7\u679d\u9009\u7559\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u6b32\u57f9\u517b\u6811\u5f62\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u679d\u4e0a\u9009\u7559\u7740\u751f\u90e8\u4f4d\u3001\u5f00\u5f20\u89d2\u5ea6\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u5065\u65fa\u679d\u6761\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e3a\u4fa7\u679d\u3002
5.1.1.4 \u5229\u7528\u8f85\u517b\u679d\uff1a\u9009\u7559\u3001\u57f9\u517b\u5728\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u8f7b\u622a\u6216\u7f13\u653e\u4fee\u526a\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u4fa7\u751f\u5f3a\u5206\u679d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5355\u8f74\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u8f85\u517b\u679d\u76f4\u5f84\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u76f4\u5f84\u76841/2\uff0c\u5f00\u5f20\u89d2\u5ea6\u6bd4\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u89d2\u5927\u6216\u8005\u8fd1\u4e8e\u6c34\u5e73\u3002
5.1.1.5 \u4fee\u526a\u91cf\uff1a\u51ac\u526a\uff0c\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\u5360\u5168\u6811\u603b\u679d\u91cf\u768410%\uff5e20%\u3002\u590f\u526a\u3002\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\u6700\u591a\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u5168\u6811\u603b\u679d\u91cf\u768430%\u3002
5.1.2 \u521d\u679c\u671f\u4fee\u526a
5.1.2.1 \u57f9\u517b\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u9002\u5b9c\u6811\u5f62\u6811\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u9009\u7559\u3001\u57f9\u517b\u597d\u5404\u7ea7\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u3002\u5ef6\u957f\u679d\u7684\u526a\u7559\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u7a0d\u77ed\u4e8e\u5e7c\u6811\u671f\u3002
5.1.2.2 \u8c03\u6574\u8f85\u517b\u679d
a.\u8c03\u6574\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u4e34\u65f6\u6027\u8f85\u517b\u679d\u4e3a\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u8ba9\u8def\u3002\u4ee5\u758f\u7f29\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u9010\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u3002
b.\u5f00\u59cb\u8c03\u6574\u5e74\u9650\uff1a\u591a\u6570\u54c1\u79cd6\uff5e7\u5e74\u751f\uff0c\u65fa\u957f\u54c1\u79cd\uff08\u5143\u5e05\u7cfb\u7b49\uff098\uff5e9\u5e74\u751f\u3002
c.\u8c03\u6574\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u758f\u9664\u5bc6\u6324\uff0c\u7f29\u526a\u4ea4\u53c9\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u957f\u52bf\uff0c\u5355\u8f74\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002
5.1.2.3 \u57f9\u517b\u7ed3\u679c\u679d\u7ec4
a.\u679d\u7ec4\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e2d\u3001\u5c0f\u578b\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u4e3a\u8f85\u3002\u4e2d\u51a0\u578b\u6811\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0f\u578b\u679d\u7ec4\u5b9c\u5360\u679d\u7ec4\u603b\u91cf\u768460%\uff5e70%\uff0c\u4e2d\u578b\u679d\u7ec4\u536020%\uff5e30%\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u679d\u7ec4\u536010%\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3002
b.\u7740\u751f\u65b9\u4f4d
\u4e3b\u679d\u4e0a\u4ee5\u80cc\u4e0a\u659c\u751f\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e24\u4fa7\u4e3a\u8f85\uff1b\u4fa7\u679d\u4e0a\u4ee5\u4e24\u4fa7\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u80cc\u4e0a\u3001\u80cc\u4e0b\u4e3a\u8f85\uff1b\u7b2c1\u5c42\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u4e0a\u7684\u679d\u7ec4\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u6811\u679d\u7ec4\u603b\u91cf\u768470%\u5de6\u53f3\uff1b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5404\u5c42\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u4e0a\u7684\u679d\u7ec4\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u6811\u679d\u7ec4\u603b\u91cf30%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002
c.\u57f9\u517b\u65b9\u6cd5
\u5148\u653e\u540e\u7f29\uff1a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u659c\u751f\u8425\u517b\u679d\uff0c\u5148\u7f13\u653e\uff0c\u5f85\u524d\u90e8\u6210\u82b1\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u9010\u6b65\u7f29\u526a\uff0c\u4fc3\u751f\u5206\u679d\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u679d\u7ec4\u3002\u9002\u4e8e\u5143\u5e05\u7cfb\u3001\u5bcc\u58eb\u7cfb\u54c1\u79cd\u3002
\u5148\u622a\u540e\u653e\uff1a\u659c\u751f\u4e2d\u5eb8\u679d\u6761\uff0c\u5148\u77ed\u622a\u4fc3\u751f\u5206\u679d\uff0c\u6210\u82b1\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e3a\u7ed3\u679c\u679d\u7ec4\u3002\u9002\u4e8e\u56fd\u5149\u3001\u91d1\u51a0\u3001\u9752\u9999\u8549\u7b49\u54c1\u79cd\u3002
5.1.2.4 \u6811\u51a0\u8c03\u6574
a.\u5e73\u8861\u6811\u52bf\uff1a\u672c\u7740\u201c\u6291\u5f3a\u6276\u5f31\uff0c\u4ee5\u6276\u5f31\u4e3a\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5904\u7406\u3002
\u5f3a\u679d\uff1a\u5f00\u89d2\uff0c\u758f\u679d\uff0c\u591a\u7559\u82b1\u679c\u3002
\u5f31\u679d\uff1a\u8f7b\u77ed\u622a\u4fc3\u751f\u5206\u679d\uff0c\u5c11\u7559\u82b1\u679c\u3002
b.\u63a7\u5236\u6811\u9ad8\uff1a\u8fbe\u5230\u6216\u8d85\u8fc7\u9002\u5b9c\u6811\u9ad8\u65f6\uff0c\u7f13\u653e\u4e2d\u5e72\u5ef6\u957f\u679d\uff0c\u6216\u91cd\u7f29\u526a\u5728\u5176\u4e0b\u9002\u5b9c\u5206\u679d\u4e0a\u3002
5.1.3 \u76db\u679c\u671f\u4fee\u526a
5.1.3.1 \u5b8c\u6210\u6574\u5f62\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u9002\u5b9c\u6811\u5f62\u6811\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u914d\u5907\u9f50\u5404\u7ea7\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u3002
5.1.3.2 \u8c03\u6574\u6811\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784
a.\u758f\u5bc6\u900f\u5149\uff1a\u758f\u9664\u8fc7\u5bc6\u5927\u679d\uff0c\u6253\u5f00\u53f6\u5e55\u95f4\u8ddd\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u51a0\u5185\u901a\u98ce\u900f\u5149\u6761\u4ef6\u3002
b.\u758f\u5916\u517b\u5185\uff1a\u51cf\u5c11\u6811\u51a0\u5916\u56f4\u679d\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u4fc3\u58ee\u5185\u819b\u679d\u957f\u52bf\u3002
c.\u843d\u5934\u201c\u5f00\u5fc3\u201d\uff1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u6811\u51a0\u9002\u5b9c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u4e2d\u592e\u9886\u5bfc\u5e72\u56de\u7f29\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7740\u751f\u90e8\u4f4d\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u5206\u679d\u4e0a\u3002\u843d\u5934\u679d\u5f00\u5f20\u89d2\u5ea630\u00b0\u5de6\u53f3\u3002
5.1.3.3 \u7ed3\u679c\u90e8\u4f4d\u8fc7\u6e21 \u7531\u8f85\u517b\u679d\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u4ee5\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff1a\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u3001\u7ef4\u6301\u597d\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u4e0a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u679d\u7ec4\u3002
5.1.3.4 \u7ed3\u679c\u679d\u7ec4\u4fee\u526a
a.\u7ef4\u6301\u4fee\u526a
\u4e2d\u5eb8\u504f\u5f31\u679d\u6761\u5e26\u5934\uff0c\u5355\u8f74\u5ef6\u4f38\u751f\u957f\uff1b\u201c\u4e09\u5957\u679d\u201d\u4fee\u526a\uff1a\u8c03\u6574\u7ed3\u679c\u679d\u7ec4\u5185\u5404\u7c7b\u679d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u679d\u6761\u5f53\u5e74\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u7f13\u653e\u90e8\u5206\u679d\u6761\u5f53\u5e74\u6210\u82b1\uff0c\u77ed\u622a\u90e8\u5206\u679d\u6761\u6b21\u5e74\u6210\u82b1\u3002
b.\u590d\u58ee\u4fee\u526a
\u679d\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7559\u58ee\u679d\u3001\u58ee\u82bd\uff0c\u53bb\u5f31\u679d\u3001\u5f31\u82bd\uff1b\u5728\u6709\u751f\u957f\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5206\u679d\u5904\u7f29\u526a\u3002
5.2 \u4e0d\u540c\u690d\u682a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4fee\u526a
5.2.1 \u65fa\u6811\uff1a\u8f7b\u526a\u3001\u957f\u653e\uff0c\u591a\u7559\u679d\u3001\u758f\u65fa\u679d\u3002\u5c11\u91c7\u7528\u4e2d\u3001\u91cd\u77ed\u622a\uff0c\u6216\u4e0d\u884c\u4e2d\u3001\u91cd\u77ed\u622a\u3002
5.2.2 \u4e2d\u5eb8\u6811\uff1a\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\u4e2d\u7b49\uff0c\u679d\u7ec4\u6709\u7f29\u6709\u622a\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4ea4\u66ff\u7ed3\u679c\u3002
5.2.3 \u5f31\u679d\uff1a\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\u5927\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u4ee5\u77ed\u622a\u3001\u7f29\u526a\u66f4\u65b0\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u548c\u679d\u7ec4\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u4fee\u526a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u758f\u5f31\u3001\u7559\u5f3a\u3002
5.2.4 \u5927\u5c0f\u5e74\u6811
5.2.4.1 \u5927\u5e74\u540e\uff1a\u51ac\u526a\u5c3d\u91cf\u591a\u4fdd\u7559\u82b1\u82bd\u3002\u591a\u77ed\u622a\u4e2d\u3001\u77ed\u8425\u517b\u679d\uff0c\u4fc3\u751f\u5206\u679d\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u679d\u91cf\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6b21\u5e74\u5c11\u6210\u82b1\u3002
5.2.4.2 \u5c0f\u5e74\u540e\uff1a\u51ac\u526a\u8981\u5728\u7559\u8db3\u7ed3\u679c\u6240\u9700\u82b1\u91cf\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u9002\u5f53\u526a\u53bb\u90e8\u5206\u77ed\u679d\u9876\u82b1\u82bd\uff0c\u4e2d\u3001\u957f\u679c\u679d\u8f7b\u8f7b\u622a\u53bb\u82b1\u82bd\u3002\u9002\u5f53\u7f13\u653e\u4e2d\u3001\u77ed\u8425\u517b\u679d\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6b21\u5e74\u6210\u82b1\u3002\u5916\u56f4\u679d\u6761\u7a0d\u91cd\u77ed\u622a\u3002
5.3 \u4fee\u526a\u6280\u672f\u6807\u51c6
5.3.1 \u4fee\u526a\u65f6\u671f
5.3.1.1 \u51ac\u526a\uff1a\u81ea\u79cb\u5b63\u843d\u53f6\u540e\u5230\u7fcc\u6625\u840c\u82bd\u524d\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u51ac\u5b63\u201c\u62bd\u5e72\u201d\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u51ac\u526a\u3002
a.\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\uff1a\u5e7c\u6811\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\u5360\u603b\u679d\u91cf10%\uff5e20%\uff0c\u76db\u679c\u671f\u6811\u4e3a30%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002
b.\u4fee\u526a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5e7c\u6811\u7f13\u653e\u679d\u4e0e\u77ed\u622a\u679d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e3a10\u22361\uff1b\u5b9c\u91cd\u526a\u54c1\u79cd\u4e3a10\u22362\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u6811\u7f13\u653e\u679d\u4e0e\u77ed\u622a\u679d\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a10\u22363\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc710\u22364\u3002
5.3.1.2 \u590f\u526a\uff1a\u840c\u82bd\u540e\u81f37\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u4ee5\u524d\u8fdb\u884c\u3002
a.\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\uff1a\u590f\u526a\u679d\u91cf\u5360\u603b\u679d\u91cf10%\uff5e20%\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc730%\u3002
b.\u4fee\u526a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u4fee\u526a\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u5206\u522b\u91c7\u7528\u6458\u5fc3\u3001\u626d\u68a2\u3001\u73af\u5265\u3001\u73af\u523b\u3001\u62ff\u679d\u3001\u758f\u68a2\u7b49\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002
5.3.1.3 \u5ef6\u8fdf\u4fee\u526a\uff1a\u65fa\u6811\u3001\u65fa\u679d\u7684\u51ac\u526a\uff0c\u63a8\u8fdf\u81f3\u840c\u82bd\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u9876\u7aef\u65b0\u68a2\u957f3\uff5e5\u5398\u7c73\u65f6\u4e3a\u5b9c\u3002
a.\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\uff1a\u5b9c\u8f7b\u526a\uff0c\u4fee\u526a\u91cf\u5360\u603b\u679d\u91cf\u768410%\uff5e20%\u3002
b.\u4fee\u526a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e0e\u51ac\u526a\u76f8\u540c\u3002
5.3.1.4 \u79cb\u526a\uff1a\u4fa7\u82bd\u8fdb\u5165\u590f\u5b63\u4f11\u7720\u540e1\u4e2a\u6708\uff088\u6708\u4e0a\u4e2d\u65ec\uff09\u4e3a\u5b9c\u3002
a.\u758f\u68a2\uff1a\u758f\u68a2\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u5b9c\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u51a0\u5185\u5149\u7167\u4e3a\u5ea6\u3002
b.\u6458\u5fc3\uff1a\u6458\u53bb\u68a2\u7aef\u957f\u5ea63\uff5e5\u5398\u7c73\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc715\u5398\u7c73\u3002
5.3.2 \u4fee\u526a\u65b9\u6cd5
5.3.2.1 \u77ed\u622a
a.\u8f7b\u526a\u54c1\u79cd\u5982\u56fd\u5149\u7b49\uff0c\u5185\u819b\u679d\u77ed\u622a\u91cf\u536010%\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc720%\u3002
b.\u91cd\u526a\u54c1\u79cd\u5982\u91d1\u51a0\u3001\u9752\u9999\u8549\u7b49\uff0c\u4e2d\u3001\u91cd\u77ed\u622a\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u679d\u536020%\uff5e30%\u3002
c.\u76db\u679c\u671f\u4e2d\u3001\u91cd\u77ed\u622a\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc740%\u3002
d.\u5c0f\u5e74\u6811\u4e2d\u3001\u91cd\u77ed\u622a\u91cf\uff0c\u5b9c\u4e3a30%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002
5.3.2.2 \u758f\u679d
a.\u5e7c\u6811\u758f\u679d\u91cf\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u603b\u679d\u91cf5%\u3002
b.\u76db\u679c\u671f\u758f\u679d\u91cf\u58ee\u68115%\uff5e10%\uff0c\u5f31\u681120%\uff5e50%\u3002
5.3.2.3 \u7f29\u526a
a.\u57f9\u517b\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7ed3\u679c\u679d\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u3001\u91cd\u7f29\u526a\u679d\u536010%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002
b.\u76db\u679c\u671f\u7f13\u653e2\uff5e3\u5e74\u7684\u679d\u6761\uff0c\u8f7b\u7f29\u526a\u679d\u536030%\uff5e50%\u3002\u5f31\u679d\u7ec4\u7f29\u526a\u91cf\u536010%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002
5.3.2.4 \u7f13\u653e
a.\u5e7c\u65fa\u6811\uff1a\u91cd\u526a\u54c1\u79cd\u4e2d\u679d\u7f13\u653e\u91cf\u4e3a80%\uff5e90%\uff0c\u8f7b\u526a\u54c1\u79cd100%\u4e2d\u679d\u7f13\u653e\uff08\u6216\u8f7b\u526a\uff09\u3002
b.\u5927\u5e74\u6811\u4e2d\u679d\u7f13\u653e\u91cf\u4e3a50%\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5c0f\u5e74\u6811\u536030%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002
5.3.2.5 \u62c9\u679d
a.\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\uff1a\u4e00\u5c42\u4e3b\u679d\u5f00\u89d260\u00b0\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u4fa7\u679d\u5f00\u89d270\u00b0\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u51a0\u578b\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u5f00\u89d2\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u7eba\u9524\u5f62\u53ef\u5f00\u5f20\u81f3\u6c34\u5e73\u3002
b.\u8f85\u517b\u679d\uff1a\u62c9\u81f3\u6c34\u5e73\u6216\u5927\u4e8e90\u00b0\u3002
5.3.2.6 \u73af\u5265
a.\u5c0f\u679d\uff1a5\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u81f36\u6708\u5e95\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5265\u73af\u5bbd\u5ea61\uff5e2\u6beb\u7c73\uff0c\u4ee5\u679d\u7c97\u76841/10\u4e3a\u5b9c\u3002\u73af\u5265\u679d\u6570\u5360\u603b\u679d\u91cf\u768420%\uff5e30%\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc730%\u3002
b.\u4e3b\u5e72\uff1a5\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u81f36\u6708\u5e95\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u73af\u5265\u5bbd\u5ea66\uff5e10\u6beb\u7c73\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u9002\u5f53\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002
5.3.2.7 \u523b\u4f24\uff1a\u840c\u82bd\u524d\u4e8e\u82bd\u4e0a\u6216\u679d\u4e0a0.3\uff5e0.5\u5398\u7c73\u5904\uff0c\u6a2a\u5411\u523b\u6210\u6708\u7259\u5f62\uff0c\u6df1\u8fbe\u6728\u8d28\u90e8\uff0c\u957f0.8\u5398\u7c73\uff0c\u4ee5\u94a2\u952f\u523b\u4f24\u6548\u679c\u597d\u3002
5.3.2.8 \u62ff\u679d\uff08\u634b\u68a2\uff09\uff1a\u5e7c\u65fa\u6811\u76f4\u7acb\u65fa\u957f\u65b0\u68a2\uff0c\u57287\uff5e8\u6708\u5c06\u5176\u89d2\u5ea6\u634b\u62ff\u538b\u81f3\u6c34\u5e73\u3002
5.3.2.9 \u6458\u5fc3\uff1a
a.\u6458\u53bb\u65b0\u68a2\u7aef5\uff5e10\u5398\u7c73\u3002
b.\u6625\u5b63\u6458\u5fc3\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u65b0\u68a2\u603b\u91cf\u76845%\u3002
5.4 \u6574\u4f53\u4e0e\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u4fee\u526a
5.4.1 \u6b63\u786e\u526a\u622a\u5ef6\u957f\u679d
5.4.1.1\u4e2d\u5eb8\u957f\u679d\uff1a\u5728\u957f\u679d\u4e2d\u90e8\u5916\u5411\u4f18\u8d28\u82bd\u5904\u77ed\u622a\uff0c\u758f\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u7ade\u4e89\u679d\u3001\u8fc7\u5bc6\u679d\u3002
5.4.1.2 \u8fc7\u65fa\u957f\u679d\uff1a\u8f7b\u622a\u5728\u79cb\u68a2\u4e2d\u90e8\u5916\u5411\u9971\u6ee1\u82bd\u5904\uff0c\u5e76\u8fde\u73af\u523b\u82bd3\uff5e4\u9053\u4fc3\u840c\uff0c\u758f\u53bb\u80cc\u4e0a\u957f\u679d\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u4f24\u53e3\u524a\u5f31\u679d\u52bf\u3002
5.4.1.3 \u4ea4\u63a5\u6811\u5ef6\u957f\u679d\uff1a\u7529\u653e\u4e0d\u622a\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u540e\u7f29\u5934\u8f6c\u5411\u57f9\u517b\u65b0\u5934\u3002
5.4.1.4 \u5f31\u679d\uff1a\u622a\u5728\u4e2d\u90e8\u9971\u6ee1\u82bd\u5904\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e0b\u7559\u6709\u4fa7\u679d\uff0c\u4f46\u5fc5\u987b\u679d\u4f4d\u9519\u843d\uff0c\u52bf\u5dee\u3001\u679d\u8ddd\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u9644\u8fd1\u758f\u679d\u9020\u4f24\u3002
5.4.1.5 \u679d\u8d28\u82bd\u8d28\uff1a\u9009\u62e9\u679d\u7c97\u8282\u77ed\uff0c\u82bd\u4f53\u80a5\u5927\u9971\u6ee1\uff0c\u65b9\u5411\u65b9\u4f4d\u9002\u5f53\uff0c\u52bf\u529b\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u679d\u82bd\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002
5.4.1.6 \u8fc7\u5f3a\u957f\u679d\uff1a\u9009\u58ee\u957f\u679d\u6362\u7559\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u5728\u5176\u4e0b\u758f\u679d\uff0c\u524a\u5f31\u679d\u52bf\u3002
5.4.1.7 \u8fc7\u5f31\u679d\uff1a\u9009\u5176\u4e0b\u58ee\u4e2d\u679d\u4e0d\u6253\u5934\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4f4d\u52bf\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u68a2\u5934\u82b1\u679c\u548c\u907f\u514d\u758f\u679d\u9020\u4f24\u57f9\u517b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u57283\uff5e5\u5e74\u751f\u90e8\u4f4d\u9009\u58ee\u679d\u7f29\u526a\u66f4\u65b0\u3002
5.4.1.8 \u5ef6\u957f\u679d\u622a\u7559\u957f\u5ea6\uff1a\u7a33\u58ee\u5927\u6811\u5728\u957f\u679d\u4e2d\u90e8\u9971\u6ee1\u82bd\u5904\u77ed\u622a\uff1b\u5e7c\u3001\u65fa\u6811\u65fa\u679d\u5728\u79cb\u68a2\u4e2d\u90e8\u9971\u6ee1\u82bd\u5904\u77ed\u622a\uff1b\u5e7c\u3001\u65fa\u6811\u8fc7\u65fa\u679d\u53ef\u6682\u65f6\u7f13\u653e\u4e0d\u526a\uff0c\u7fcc\u5e74\u51ac\u5b63\u8f7b\u56de\u7f29\u5728\u5916\u5411\u77ed\u679d\u5916\uff1b\u5f31\u679d\u58ee\u679d\u5728\u4e2d\u4e0b\u90e8\u9971\u6ee1\u82bd\u5904\u91cd\u622a\uff0c\u5f31\u6811\u8fc7\u5f31\u679d\u7f29\u5934\u66f4\u65b0\u3002
5.4.1.9 \u8c03\u8282\u679d\u82bd\u65b9\u5411\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6309\u679d\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u65b9\u4f4d\u91c7\u7528\u5bfc\u5411\u62c9\u679d\u3001\u82bd\u5916\u77ed\u622a\u3002\u4e3a\u5f00\u89d2\u53ef\u91c7\u7528\u5916\u4e0b\u679d\u3001\u82bd\u53ca\u4fa7\u5411\u679d\u3001\u82bd\u622a\u7f29\uff1b\u4e3a\u63d0\u9ad8\u679d\u89d2\u6216\u51cf\u5c0f\u5e73\u9762\u5939\u89d2\uff0c\u53ef\u5728\u4fa7\u4e0a\u82bd\u3001\u679d\u53ca\u4fa7\u82bd\u3001\u5185\u4fa7\u679d\u5904\u622a\u7f29\uff1b\u4e3a\u5e73\u8861\u679d\u52bf\u53ef\u4ea4\u9519\u77ed\u622a\u3002
5.4.2\u201c\u4e71\u679d\u201d\u6e05\u7406
5.4.2.1\u201c\u4e71\u679d\u201d\u6307\u8fc7\u591a\u5927\u679d\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u679d\u3001\u4e1b\u751f\u679d\u3001\u7ea4\u7ec6\u679d\u4ee5\u53ca\u75c5\u866b\u679d\u548c\u65e0\u6548\u679d\u7b49\u3002\u6e05\u7406\u539f\u5219\u4ee5\u758f\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u56de\u7f29\u4e3a\u8f85\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u758f\u679d\u4e0d\u8981\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u5927\u679d\u758f\u9664\u4e00\u5e74\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d85\u8fc73\u4e2a\u3002
5.4.2.2 \u5927\u679d\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u5bf9\u5f71\u54cd\u5149\u7167\u3001\u7834\u574f\u4e3b\u4ece\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5927\u679d\uff0c\u5982\u8fc7\u6e21\u5c42\u679d\u3001\u9c7c\u523a\u72b6\u7684\u591a\u4f59\u4fa7\u679d\uff0c\u4e8c\u5c42\u4e3b\u679d\u57fa\u90e8\u7684\u51fa\u95e8\u4fa7\u679d\u7b49\uff0c\u8981\u53ca\u65f6\u952f\u9664\uff0c\u758f\u9664\u5927\u679d\u540e\uff0c\u5c3d\u91cf\u591a\u4fdd\u7559\u5c0f\u679d\uff0c\u5c11\u622a\u5c11\u7f29\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f13\u548c\u957f\u52bf\u3002
5.4.2.3 \u7ade\u4e89\u679d\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u5728\u68a2\u5934\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u679d\u591a\u4e00\u6b21\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5982\u82e5\u91cf\u591a\uff0c\u53ef\u91c7\u53d6\u758f\u679d\u548c\u6781\u91cd\u77ed\u622a\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4e00\u6b21\u758f\u679d\u4f24\u53e3\u8fc7\u591a\u3002
5.4.2.4 \u4e34\u65f6\u679d\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u4e25\u683c\u9009\u7559\u89d2\u5ea6\u5927\u3001\u679d\u8d28\u82bd\u8d28\u597d\u7684\u8f6f\u6027\u679d\u505a\u4e34\u65f6\u679d\uff1b\u4e34\u65f6\u679d\u4e0d\u8981\u4e1b\u751f\u3001\u5bf9\u751f\u548c\u8f6e\u751f\uff1b\u8981\u591a\u5448\u5355\u8f74\u5ef6\u4f38\uff0c\u5c3d\u91cf\u51cf\u5c11\u4fa7\u751f\u5206\u679d\uff1b\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u751f\u957f\u548c\u5149\u7167\u3002\u51e1\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u679d\uff0c\u5747\u5e94\u9002\u5f53\u758f\u9664\u6216\u56de\u7f29\u3002
5.4.2.5 \u51a0\u5185\u5c0f\u679d\u7684\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u51a0\u5185\u679d\u591a\u7d0a\u4e71\uff0c\u4ea4\u53c9\u5197\u957f\uff0c\u5f3a\u5f31\u4e0d\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u53ca\u65f6\u6e05\u7406\u3002\u6e05\u7406\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff1a\u9664\u5f3a\u758f\u7ec6\u6276\u5f31\u7529\u4e2d\u5eb8\uff0c\u5355\u8f74\u5197\u957f\u679d\u8f7b\u5ea6\u56de\u7f29\u3002
a.\u5f3a\u65fa\u679d\u6216\u5f3a\u65fa\u679d\u7ec4\uff1a\u758f\u9664\u5f3a\u65fa\u76f4\u7acb\u679d\u548c\u5f92\u957f\u679d\u3002\u5bf9\u9aa8\u5e72\u679d\u4e2d\u3001\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u76f4\u7acb\u5f3a\u65fa\u5927\u679d\u7ec4\u4e5f\u5e94\u53ca\u65f6\u758f\u9664\u3002\u4e2d\u4e0b\u90e8\u7684\u76f4\u7acb\u5927\u679d\u7ec4\u53ef\u56de\u7f29\u6539\u9020\u3002
b.\u7ea4\u7ec6\u679d\u548c\u65e0\u6548\u679d\uff1a\u5f53\u51a0\u5185\u679d\u591a\u7d0a\u4e71\uff0c\u8981\u53ca\u65f6\u758f\u9664\u7ec6\u5ae9\u6bdb\u591a\u7684\u4e2d\u679d\u548c\u591a\u5e74\u751f\u9525\u5f62\u65e0\u6548\u77ed\u679d\u3002
c.\u6309\u679d\u7ec4\u7d27\u51d1\u3001\u679d\u679d\u89c1\u5149\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5bf9\u5197\u957f\u5355\u8f74\u591a\u5e74\u751f\u679d\uff0c\u9009\u4f18\u53bb\u52a3\uff0c\u9002\u5f53\u8f7b\u56de\u7f29\u548c\u9010\u5e74\u56de\u7f29\u3002
d.\u758f\u9664\u5bc6\u6324\u7684\u8fc7\u65fa\u3001\u8fc7\u5f31\u679d\u7ec4\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u5f3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u9010\u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u7ec4\u52bf\u5747\u8861\u3002
5.4.3 \u4f18\u8d28\u8f6c\u5316\uff1a\u6307\u4fee\u526a\u540e\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u7684\u679d\u3001\u82bd\u548c\u518d\u62bd\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u679d\uff08\u82bd\uff09\u6bd4\u539f\u6709\u7684\u679d\u3001\u82bd\u8d28\u91cf\u66f4\u597d\u3002
5.4.3.7 \u5148\u517b\u540e\u66f4\uff1a\u679d\uff08\u82bd\uff09\u80fd\u5426\u8f6c\u4f18\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u51b3\u5b9a\u5176\u8d2e\u85cf\u517b\u5206\u591a\u5c11\u548c\u82bd\u7684\u5206\u5316\u4f18\u52a3\uff0c\u679d\u3001\u82bd\u8d28\u91cf\u5dee\u7684\u5c0f\u679d\uff0c\u8d2e\u85cf\u517b\u5206\u5c11\uff0c\u5982\u77ed\u622a\u3001\u56de\u7f29\uff0c\u518d\u751f\u679d\u66f4\u5f31\uff0c\u77ed\u622a\u3001\u56de\u7f29\u8d8a\u91cd\u8d8a\u5f31\uff0c\u679d\u8d28\u3001\u82bd\u8d28\u66f4\u5dee\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u8425\u517b\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u82bd\u539f\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0f\u679d\uff0c\u5e94\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u5148\u517b\u540e\u66f4\uff0c\u5373\u5148\u7f13\u653e\u3001\u540e\u8f7b\u56de\u7f29\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u679d\u8d28\u3001\u82bd\u8d28\u8f6c\u4f18\u3002
5.4.3.2 \u758f\u5f31\u7559\u58ee\uff1a\u5f31\u6811\u3001\u5f31\u679d\u7ec4\u4e0a\u7684\u5f31\u4e2d\u77ed\u679d\u8fc7\u591a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f7f\u679d\u8d28\u82bd\u8d28\u8f6c\u4f18\uff0c\u8981\u758f\u53bb\u5f31\u4e2d\u77ed\u679d\uff0c\u7ea6\u5360\u603b\u679d\u91cf\u768430%\uff5e40%\u3002
5.4.3.3 \u53bb\u5f3a\u6276\u5f31\u7529\u4e2d\u5eb8\uff1a\u51a0\u5185\u679d\u7ec4\u6216\u679d\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u5f3a\u6709\u5f31\u65f6\uff0c\u758f\u6389\u5f3a\u679d\u7ec4\u548c\u65fa\u957f\u679d\uff0c\u7529\u653e\u4e2d\u5eb8\u679d\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5f31\u679d\u751f\u957f\u3002
5.4.3.4 \u622a\u679d\u4e0d\u622a\u201c\u82bd\u201d\uff1a\u5f31\u679d\u4e0a\u4fa7\u82bd\u7626\u5f31\u3001\u9876\u82bd\u8d28\u91cf\u8f83\u597d\u3002\u4e3a\u4f7f\u53d1\u679d\u66f4\u58ee\uff0c\u53ef\u56de\u7f29\u81f3\u4f18\u52bf\u90e8\u4f4d\u7684\u58ee\u679d\u5904\uff0c\u5e26\u5934\u679d\u4e0d\u77ed\u622a\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u9876\u82bd\u4f18\u52bf\u3002
5.4.3.5 \u5197\u957f\u5355\u8f74\u679d\u7ec4\u56de\u7f29\uff0c\u5197\u957f\u5355\u8f74\u679d\u7ec4\uff0c\u591a\u5e74\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u82b1\u82bd\uff0c\u5e94\u9002\u5f53\u8f7b\u56de\u7f29\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8f6c\u58ee\u3002
苹果树形很多（如图1），栽植密度是影响树形选择的主要因素。
几种树形示意图
1．小冠疏层形2．自由纺锤形3．细长纺锤形
1．疏散分层形
该树形为乔化稀植苹果树的主要树形。其基本结构为：主干高50~70cm，全树有主枝5~6或7个。第一层3主枝邻接或邻近，相距在20~40cm之内，在1~2年内选定。主枝的开张角为60°~70°。第二层1~2个主枝，第三层2个主枝（三杈枝落头）。第一层主枝（基部三主枝）距第二层主枝层间距80~100cm或120cm，第二层与第三层的间距可为50~60cm或70cm。基部三主枝各有侧枝2~4个，上层主枝各有侧枝1~3个。中心干全长2~2.5m。树高在4~5m，冠径5~6m或7m。从一年生苗定植算起，平均每年留成一个主枝，到落头完毕，需13~15年定形。
2．小冠疏层形
小冠疏层形是疏散分层形的改良树形，树体变小，适宜于3~4m×4~5m的栽植密度。
（1）树体结构
干高50~60cm，树高3~4m，冠幅约2.5m，具有中央领导干，干可直可曲。全树主枝5~6个，呈3-2-1排列，第一层3个主枝，第二层2个，第三层1个，三层以上开心。层间距较小，1~2层间60~70cm，2~3层间50~60cm，层内距15~20cm。或者主枝分两层，即第一层3个，第二层2个，层间距80~100cm，层内距20~30cm，第一层三主枝上可配置1~2个背侧枝，二层以上主枝不留侧枝。各主枝角度较开张，以60°~80°为宜，下层主枝角度大于上层，各主枝上合理配置中小型枝组。
（2）整形修剪技术要点
苗木定植后，春季发芽前，于地上60~80cm饱满芽处定干，剪下20cm为整形带，选择整形带内的饱满芽，用刻芽技术促使芽体萌发、抽枝。当年冬剪时选出第一层主枝和中央领导干，长枝一律轻截或中截，可在第二年扩大树冠，增加枝叶量。对辅养枝缓放，增加短枝量。第二年春拉开主枝及辅养枝角度，主枝基角60°~80°，辅养枝可拉平呈90°。
从第二年冬剪开始，每年按整形的要求选留主侧枝和二层主枝。4年后，树冠基本成形，在修剪中以轻剪缓放为主，对主侧枝延长头如有空间进行轻短截，否则一律缓放不短截。辅养枝、临时枝、过渡层枝以缓放促发短枝，提早结果为主，疏除过密、过强的徒长枝及背上枝。5年后开始大量结果，及时有计划地清理辅养枝，分期分批地控制和疏除。
3．自由纺锤形
适于株距2~3m、行距4m左右的栽植密度。
（1）树体结构
主干较高，60~70cm，中干直立挺拔，树高3m左右，冠幅2.5~3m，中干上均衡配备主枝10~15个，主枝不留侧、不分层，主枝间距15~20cm，平展地向四面八方延伸，互相插空分布，下部主枝长约1.5m，越往上主枝越小、短，同方向主枝间距应大于50cm。下部主枝开张角度70°~90°，其上留稍大枝组；上部主枝角度稍小，其上留稍小枝组。全树呈下大上小的纺锤形，各级主轴间（中干—主枝一枝组轴）从属关系分明，差异明显，各为母枝的1/3~1/2，当主枝粗度为中心干的1/2时应及时更新回缩。
（2）整形修剪技术要点
自由纺锤形只有主枝，不留侧枝，简化整形手续，缩短了成形时间，树体紧凑，树冠开张，树势缓和，适于密植。
要求苗木健壮，苗高1m左右。定干要高，一般80~100cm。定干后为防止剪口下集中发梢，于萌芽后扣除或处理部分过密旺梢（抹、摘或扭），萌芽前在剪口下30cm的枝段内按所需主梢发生位置进行芽上双重刻伤（深刻两道）或进行A字形刻芽，促发长梢，以拉开主枝枝距，称为“高定干，低刻芽”，当年即可抽生3~5个主枝。如果是壮苗，高度在100~120cm以上，建园质量高，缓苗期短，栽后可不定干，完全靠定位双重芽上刻伤，以发所需主枝，并在夏季进行适当调整。如果苗木质量差或矮弱苗，应进行重短截，待重发后第一年新梢长到80cm以上时摘心，促发二次枝，作为主枝预备枝。
为尽早培养树形，促发下部新生枝条，保持中央干优势，结合夏季修剪，及时抹除过密新梢，并对上部将来选为主枝的2~3个过强新梢（长到15~20cm）摘心，抑制其新梢旺长，控上促下，均衡势力。
二年生以后缓苗期已过，中干一般较强，为了防止中心干上主枝脱空，对中干留40~50cm短截，下部选方向适宜的进行双重刻芽促梢，并控制剪口下的竞争枝。上部新梢过强时，用夏季摘心或短截方法控制其生长。中心干势力中庸时，可不短截，有选择性的在发枝处进行秋、春两次刻芽，解决主枝布局问题。
对于主枝，前期基本不短截或轻短截，单轴延伸，拉平缓放。势力不均衡时，可做适当调整。太旺主枝可于萌芽前刻芽，促发短枝，防止下部光秃。对于主枝枝组的培养，幼树阶段重点是两侧和背下，背上枝组矮小，枝量要少。结合夏季修剪，及时抹除背上过多芽，一般20~30cm选留一个，待保留芽生长到15~20cm时进行捋梢或扭梢，及时培养成小型结果枝组。
3~4年后，树冠基本形成，及时疏除直立、过旺、过大、过密枝，保持中心干的优势，对主枝应拉枝开角，缓和势力，主枝延伸枝过长、过大时，及时回缩更新或疏除。主枝角度小时要继续拉枝，以缓放、轻短截为主，结合夏季管理（捋梢、扭梢、摘心等），及时培养中结果枝组，主枝上枝组不可太密，一般1m范围内留10个左右，小枝组为宜，过多者及时疏除。疏除中心干的竞争枝和主枝延长头的过密枝条，保持单轴延伸，防止上部和外围势力过强。
4．细长纺锤形
该树形比自由纺锤形还要细小，因而更适于矮化密植的需要，适宜株距2m左右、行距3~4m的栽植密度。
（1）树体结构
一般树高2~3m，冠径1.5~2.0m，在中心领导干上均匀分布势力相近的小主枝15~20个，下部略长而上部略短，全树瘦长，整个树冠呈细长形圆锥形。
（2）整形修剪技术要点
一年生时，春季发芽前定干80~100cm，若苗木粗壮，根系发达，建园基础好，可在100~120cm处定干，在60~80cm双重或n形刻芽，促发分枝培养侧生主枝，对上部过强过密、方向不适宜的芽及早扣除。上部新梢生长15~20cm时摘心，控上促下，维持势力均衡。
二年生时，选上部生长较壮枝条，作中心领导干的延长枝，若生长过强，可剪留50cm，在其下部选留4~5个生长中庸呈生长较壮的枝条培养侧生小主枝，只长放，不短截，以缓和势力，其余枝条作铺养枝处理，并采取多留长放不截的方法，及时疏除长势过旺过强的枝条，所有选留的主枝一律拉平，并结合春季刻芽和生长季背上抹芽、扭梢等夏季管理。
三年生时，在中央领导干上部选一个较壮的枝条作为延长枝，在延长枝下部每年选4~5个与下部侧生枝不重叠的小主枝，若不足可用双重刻芽或秋、春二次刻芽法促发分枝，每年对所有小主枝和辅养枝全部拉平（70°~90°），并采用萌芽前刻芽方法促发短枝，提早结果3~4年后，树冠基本形成，枝量太多时及时疏除辅养枝。基部主枝太粗（主干1/3左右时）及时更新回缩。
纺锤形的树体培养过程遵循冬夏结合、以夏为主的原则，充分利用拉枝、抹芽、刻芽、扭梢、环剥等措施，才能成形快、结果早、树势稳定、优质、丰产。
5．圆柱形
圆柱形是株距较小（2m以下）、栽植密度较大（111株以上）条件下的一种小冠型，树体干性强，没有骨干枝，结果枝组直接着生在领导干上，水平方向延伸，树冠更小更细，上下大小相近，外状似一圆柱体状，生产上便于更新和密植。
6．扇形
扇形是一个垂直扁平状的小冠形，适于行间较小、株距较大的栽植方式。对冠形成扁平树篱状群体，使树冠两面通风受光。扇形分主干直立扇形和曲式扇形两大类。
直立扇形中心干直立居中，其上分层或不分层，直接着生小主枝，主枝方向伸向行内或略有偏斜，其上直接着生结果枝组，使树冠形成厚度小于2m的扁平扇状。树高2.5~3m，主枝6~7个。
折叠式扇形能充分利用中干优势，有效地控制上强，整形时将中心干顺行向左右拉倒，使中干变成主枝，每年培养中央领导干，树高2.5m左右，主枝6~12个。
折叠式扇形示意图
以上几种小冠树形是目前国内外常用的几种树形，而我国以小冠疏层形和纺锤形应用较多，比较普遍。
7．“珠帘式”整形
其基本结构是四主枝十字开心形。第一主枝距地面高度为50~60cm，第二主枝80~90cm，第三主枝110~120cm，第四主枝140~150cm。主枝角度80°~90°，每主枝上配备侧枝4个，侧枝以下不设副侧枝等骨干枝，直接着生结果枝组。结果枝组的间距以10cm左右为宜。
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