求一篇关于“语言”的英文演讲稿 求一篇100字左右英语演讲稿，有翻议
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five score years ago, a great american, in whose symbolic shadow we
stand signed the emancipation proclamation. this momentous decree came
as a great beacon light of hope to millions of negro slaves who had been
seared in the flames of withering injustice. it came as a joyous
daybreak to end the long night of captivity.
but one hundred
years later, we must face the tragic fact that the negro is still not
free. one hundred years later, the life of the negro is still sadly
crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of
discrimination. one hundred years later, the negro lives on a lonely
island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.
one hundred years later, the negro is still languishing in the corners
of american society and finds himself an exile in his own land. so we
have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition.
in a
sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. when the
architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the
constitution and the declaration of independence, they were signing a
promissory note to which every american was to fall heir. this note was a
promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
it is obvious today
that america has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her
citizens of color are concerned. instead of honoring this sacred
obligation, america has given the negro people a bad check which has
come back marked "insufficient funds." but we refuse to believe that the
bank of justice is bankrupt. we refuse to believe that there are
insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation.
so we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.
we
have also come to this hallowed spot to remind america of the fierce
urgency of now. this is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off
or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. now is the time to rise
from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of
racial justice. now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all
of god's children. now is the time to lift our nation from the
quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.
it
would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and
to underestimate the determination of the negro. this sweltering summer
of the negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an
invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. nineteen sixty-three is not
an end, but a beginning.
those who hope that the negro needed
to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if
the nation returns to business as usual. there will be neither rest nor
tranquility in america until the negro is granted his citizenship
rights. the whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations
of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.
but there
is something that i must say to my people who stand on the warm
threshold which leads into the palace of justice. in the process of
gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. let
us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup
of bitterness and hatred.
we must forever conduct our struggle
on the high plane of dignity and discipline. we must not allow our
creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. again and again
we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul
force.
the marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the negro
community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of
our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have
come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their
freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.
we cannot walk
alone.and as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march ahead.
we cannot turn back. there are those who are asking the devotees of
civil rights, "when will you be satisfied?" we can never be satisfied as
long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain
lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. we
cannot be satisfied as long as the negro's basic mobility is from a
smaller ghetto to a larger one. we can never be satisfied as long as a
negro in mississippi cannot vote and a negro in new york believes he has
nothing for which to vote. no, no, we are not satisfied, and we will
not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness
like a mighty stream.
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As a middle school student, I don't have much free time, but I still have a lot of things to do.
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I like listening to music and reading, so I often listen to music online for half an hour in my spare time.
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It's a good way to relax yourself.
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I often read books before I go to bed.
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Besides, I often go swimming after school.
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Exercise helps me keep healthy and is good for my study.
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Like other students, I often watch TV in the evening, but I have to finish my homework first.
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At the weekend, I will help my mother do some housework, such as cleaning the house, washing clothes and so on.
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Besides, it's also a time for me to visit my friends. We are always happy when we are together.
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The most obvious manifestations are spoken languages such as English or Spoken Chinese. However, there are also written languages and other systems of visual symbols such as sign languages.
Although some other animals make use of quite sophisticated communicative systems, and these are sometimes casually referred to as animal language, none of these are known to make use of all of the properties that linguists use to define language in the strict sense.
When discussed more technically as a general phenomenon then, "language" always implies a particular type of human thought which can be present even when communication is not the result, and this way of thinking is also sometimes treated as indistinguishable from language itself.
In Western philosophy for example, language has long been closely associated with reason, which is also a uniquely human way of using symbols. In Ancient Greek philosophical terminology, the same word, logos, was used as a term for both language or speech and reason, and the philosopher Thomas Hobbes used the English word "speech" so that it similarly could refer to reason, as discussed below.
[edit] Properties of language
A set of commonly accepted signs (indices, icons or symbols) is only one feature of language; all languages must define (1) the structural relationships between these signs in a system of grammar, (2) the context wherein the signs are used (pragmatics) and (3) dependent on their context the content specificity, i.e. its meaning (semantics). Rules of grammar are one of the characteristics sometimes said to distinguish language from other forms of communication. They allow a finite set of signs to be manipulated to create a potentially infinite number of grammatical utterances. However, this definition is self-circular. The structural relationships make sense only within language; the structure of language exists only in language. It is impossible to have a logically correct definition of a noun or verb. And logic itself concerns itself with propositions which are closely linked with content specificity i.e. semantics.
Another property of language is that its symbols are arbitrary[1]. Any concept or grammatical rule can be mapped onto a symbol. In other words, most languages make use of sound, but the combinations of sounds used do not have any necessary and inherent meaning – they are merely an agreed-upon convention to represent a certain thing by users of that language. For instance, the sound combination nada carries the meaning of "nothing" in the Spanish language and also the meaning "thread" in the Hindi language. There is nothing about the word nada itself that forces Hindi speakers to convey the idea of "thread", or the idea of "nothing" for Spanish speakers. Other sets of sounds (for example, the English words nothing and thread) could equally be used to represent the same concepts, but all Spanish and Hindi speakers have acquired or learned to correlate their own meanings for this particular sound pattern. Indeed, for speakers of Slovene and other South Slavic languages, the sound combination carries the meaning of "hope", while in Indonesian, it means "tone".
This arbitrariness even applies to words with an onomatopoetic dimension (i.e. words that to some extent simulate the sound of the token referred to). For example, several animal names (e.g. cuckoo, whip-poor-will, katydid) are derived from sounds the respective animal makes, but these forms did not have to be chosen for these meanings. Non-onomatopoetic words can stand just as easily for the same meaning. For instance, the katydid is called a "bush cricket" in British English, a term that bears no relation to the sound the animal makes. In time, onomatopoetic words can also change in form, losing their mimetic status. Onomatopoetic words may have an inherent relation to their referent, but this meaning is not inherent, thus they do not violate arbitrariness.
[edit] Origin of language
Ancient Tamil inscription at the Brihadeeswara Temple in ThanjavurMain article: Origin of language
Even before the theory of evolution made discussion of more animal-like human ancestors commonplace, philosophical and scientific speculation casting doubt on the use of early language has been frequent throughout history. In modern Western philosophy, speculation by authors such as Thomas Hobbes and later Jean-Jacques Rousseau led to the Académie française declaring the subject off-limits.[citation needed]
The origin of language is of great interest to philosophers because language is such an essential characteristic of human life. In classical Greek philosophy such inquiry was approached by considering the nature of things, in this case human nature. Aristotle, for example, treated humans as creatures with reason and language by their intrinsic nature, related to their natural propensities to be "political," and dwell in city-state communities (Greek: poleis)[2].
Hobbes, followed by John Locke and others, claimed that language is an extension of the "speech" which humans have within themselves, which in a sense takes the classical view that reason is one of the most primary characteristics of human nature. Others have argued the opposite - that reason developed out of the need for more complex communication. Rousseau, despite writing[3] before the publication of Darwin's theory of evolution, claimed that there had once been humans who had no language or reason and who developed language first—rather than reason—the development of which he explicitly described as a mixed blessing, with many negative characteristics.
Since the arrival of Darwin, the subject has been approached more often by scientists than philosophers. For example, neurologist Terrence Deacon in his Symbolic Species has argued that reason and language "coevolved." Merlin Donald sees language as a later development building upon what he refers to as mimetic culture,[4] emphasizing that this coevolution depended upon the interactions of many individuals. He writes that:
A shared communicative culture, with sharing of mental representations to some degree, must have come first, before language, creating a social environment in which language would have been useful and adaptive.[5]
The specific causes of the natural selection that led to language are however still the subject of much speculation, but a common theme which goes right back to Aristotle is that many theories propose that the gains to be had from language and/or reason were probably mainly in the area of increasingly sophisticated social structures.
In more recent times, a theory of mirror neurons has emerged in relation to language. Ramachandran [6] has gone so far as to claim that "mirror neurons will do for psychology what DNA did for biology: they will provide a unifying framework and help explain a host of mental abilities that have hitherto remained mysterious and inaccessible to experiments". Mirror neurons are located in the human inferior frontal cortex and superior parietal lobe, and are unique in that they fire when completing an action and also when witnessing an actor performing the same action. Various studies have proposed a theory of mirror neurons related to language development [7][8][9].
[edit] Language May Have Evolved from Visual-Spatial Working Memory During the Evolution of Stone Tool Technology
Vandervert (2009a, 2009b; Vandervert, Schimpf & Liu, 2007) proposed a neuro-cognitive explanation of the evolutionary relationship between reason and language. According to this view, a new class of mental capacities evolved within human working memory which was selected in a step-by-step collaboration with evolving cognitive functions of the cerebellum. This new class of mental capacities evolved from visual-spatial working memory, which we share with animals, and came to constitute the articulatory speech loop of working memory (see working memory). Noting that the human cerebellum has experienced a fourfold increase in size in the last million years, Vandervert believes the main drivers of the evolutionary selection toward uniquely human mental and communicative capacities (of which language is only a portion) were the requirements of coordinated working memory-cerebellar control during 100’s of thousands of years of stone tool technology evolution. That is, over millennia the making of stone tools required progressively more complex blending between structured, planned intentions of the central executive of working memory and refined, repetitive composite series of perceptual/motor control by the cerebellum (see Hautzel, Mottaghy, Specht, Muller & Krause, 2009 for central executive functions of the cerebellum). The cerebellum constantly refined the processes of working memory on the one hand, and the repetitive execution of complex knapping (stone sculpting) movements on the other; thus this process formed a positive feedback loop between the two.
绛旓細Life is a box of chocolate,you never know what you will get. Forrest Gump made no decision by and for himself but he accomplished great success with his strong will in the process. The process is not the road itself but the attitudes and feelings ,the caution, courage and per...
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绛旓細Hello, everyone! I am very happy to make a speech here. Today the topic of my speech is 'I love learning English '. Everyone knows English is very important ,and is used widely in the world.has become the most common language on Internet and international language for communi...
绛旓細If you want to be loved, you should learn to love and be lovable. So I believe as I love English everyday , it will love me too.I am sure that I will realize my dream one day!Thank you!浜茬埍鐨勮佸笀锛屽悓瀛︿滑锛氭垜寰堥珮鍏村彲浠ュ湪杩欎釜璇惧爞涓婂仛涓娆℃紨璁层傝繖涓娆★紝鎴戞兂璋堣皥鑻辫銆傛垜鐨...
绛旓細褰撴垜杩樺皬鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鎴戠殑濡堝閫佹垜鍒颁竴闂鑻辫瀛︽牎銆傚湪閭ｅ効锛屾垜鍜屽叾瀹冪殑灏忔湅鍙嬩滑鐜╂父鎴忥紝鍞鑻辨枃姝屾洸銆傛垜鍙戠幇杩欑璇█鐨浼樼編涔嬪锛屼粠閭ｆ椂寮濮嬪氨瀵硅嫳璇湁鐫鑹插僵鏂戞枔鐨勬ⅵ銆侲veryday, I read English following the tapes. Sometimes, I watch English cartoons.姣忓ぉ锛屾垜璺熺甯﹁鑻辫锛屾湁鏃朵篃鐪嬬湅鑻辫鍗￠氱墖銆侷...
绛旓細Old English developed into Middle English, borrowing heavily from the Norman (Anglo-French) vocabulary and spelling conventions. The etymology of the word "English" is a derivation from 12th century Old English: englisc or Engle, and plural form Angles; definition of, relating to, or...
绛旓細銆 #婕旇绋# 瀵艰銆戞紨璁叉槸闃愭槑浜嬬悊鎴栨姃鍙戞儏鎰,杩涜瀹ｄ紶榧撳姩鐨勪竴绉璇█浜ら檯娲诲姩銆傛紨璁插悓鏃朵篃鏄竴绉嶅鑷韩娌熼氳兘鍔涚殑鎻愬崌銆備互涓嬫槸 涓哄ぇ瀹跺噯澶囩殑2鍒嗛挓鑻辫婕旇绋甯︾炕璇5绡,渚涙偍鍙傝冨涔犮 銆愮瘒涓銆2鍒嗛挓鑻辫婕旇绋垮甫缈昏瘧 Most people would like to be popular with others, but not everyone can achieve this ...
绛旓細Come on ,everyone welcome.Let us learn English.It is important!銆婃垜鐖鑻辫銆嬫垜闈炲父鍠滄鑻辫銆傝嫳璇鎴戞潵璇撮偅涔堟竻鏂,閭ｄ箞鏈夎叮銆傚湪鑰佸笀鍜屾垜浠竴璧风帺娓告垙鏃,鍙互鐭ラ亾寰堝鍗曡瘝銆傜幇鍦ㄦ垜鍏勾绾т簡,鑻辫涔熸垚浜嗘垜鐨勬渶鐖便傝嫳璇竴瀹氫細涓鐩村湪鎴戣韩杈广傜幇鍦ㄨ秺鏉ヨ秺澶氱殑浜哄涔犺嫳璇傚畠鏄竴绉嶅浗闄呭寲鐨璇█銆傚畠寰...
绛旓細we can get much cultural exchange and advanced science and technology from foreign countries. In order to make our country become very rich and strong and make out life even better, we must learn English well. 璇戞枃锛鑻辫鏄竴闂ㄩ噸瑕佺殑璇█锛屽洜涓哄畠鍦ㄤ笘鐣屼笂浣跨敤鏈涓哄箍娉涖傚氨鏄锛屼笉浠...
绛旓細learning english In this article, we share our techniques for improving your motivation for learning English as a foreign language. We used them all the time when we were learning English and we still use them when we need to boost our motivation in areas other than English.Imagine...
