什么是虚拟语气及它的时态用法 虚拟语气的用法和时态是什么？
\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u53ca\u5b83\u7684\u65f6\u6001\u7528\u6cd5\uff1f\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14(Subjunctive Mood)\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bed\u6cd5\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u5404\u7c7b\u82f1\u8bed\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u3001\u613f\u671b\u3001\u6000\u7591\u6216\u63a8\u6d4b\u3002
\u2160\u7528\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u865a\u62df\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14
\u2488 \u7528if\u6761\u4ef6\u4ece\u53e5\u8868\u793a\u7684\u865a\u62df\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u865a\u62df\u6761\u4ef6\u6700\u666e\u901a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002
\u2460 \u865a\u62df\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u8868\u793a\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5176if \u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u8c13\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u7528\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f(be \u4e00\u822c\u7528were)\uff0c\u4e3b\u53e5\u7528would/ should/ could/ might +\u52a8\u8bcd\u539f\u5f62\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aIf I were in your position I would marry her.
\u2461 \u865a\u62df\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u662f\u8868\u793a\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8b\u5b9e\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0cif \u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u8c13\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\u5373had\uff0b\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e3b\u53e5\u7528would / should / could / might + have +\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aIf it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
\u2462 \u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u865a\u62df\u6761\u4ef6\u53e5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0a\u9762\u4e09\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u5b58\u5728\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u540e\u679c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u60c5\u51b5\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u548c\u8fc7\u53bb\u60c5\u51b5\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aIf you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e5\u5b50\u5728\u9ad8\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u9891\u7387\u9887\u9ad8\u3002
\u2463 \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u540e\u679c\u7528\u4e86\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\uff0c\u800c\u6761\u4ef6\u5374\u7528\u9648\u8ff0\u8bed\u6c14\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7528\u6cd5\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002
\u2489 \u9664\u4e86\u8868\u793a\u865a\u5047\u6761\u4ef6\u5916\uff0cif\u4ece\u53e5\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u662f\u5c06\u6765\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8c08\u4e0d\u4e0a\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u865a\u5047\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u60c5\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6709\u591a\u5927\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u9648\u8ff0\u8bed\u6c14\u7684if\u4ece\u53e5\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u6765\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002If\u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u8c13\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0f\u7528\u4e00\u822c\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f\u6216\u7528were to / should +\u52a8\u8bcd\u539f\u5f62\uff0c\u4e3b\u53e5\u7528would / should /could/ might +\u52a8\u8bcd\u539f\u5f62\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aJean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.\uff081996\u5e741\u6708\u56db\u7ea7\u7b2c44\u9898\uff09
\u248a \u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u542b\u6709\u52a9\u52a8\u8bcd\u3001\u60c5\u6001\u52a8\u8bcd\u3001be\u6216have\u7684\u865a\u62df\u6761\u4ef6\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u8fde\u8bcdif \u7701\u53bb\uff0c\u800c\u5c06had , should, were \u7b49\u8bcd\u63d0\u5230\u4e3b\u8bed\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5373\u7528\u5012\u88c5\u7ed3\u6784,\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0not\u7b49\u5426\u5b9a\u8bcd\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u8bcd\u9700\u653e\u5728\u4e3b\u8bed\u540e\u9762\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u5728\u53e3\u8bed\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u9891\u9891\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5404\u7c7b\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aIf it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.\u2192Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
\u248b \u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u865a\u62df\u6761\u4ef6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e2a\u522b\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ecb\u8bcdwithout\u548c\u4ecb\u8bcd\u77ed\u8bedbut for\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u526f\u8bcdotherwise\u7b49\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aWe didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.\uff081995\u5e746\u6708\u56db\u7ea7\u7b2c46\u9898\uff09\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5305\u542bbut for\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u5fc5\u5b9a\u8981\u7528\u865a\u62df\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5305\u542bwithout\u7b49\u77ed\u8bed\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u672a\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u7528\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u3002
\u248c \u6709\u65f6\u865a\u62df\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0d\u662f\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8574\u542b\u5728\u7528but\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u4ece\u53e5\u91cc\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4fbf\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6709\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u662f\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u7684\u4e3b\u53e5\u52a0\u4e0a\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u662f\u9648\u8ff0\u8bed\u6c14\u7684but\u4ece\u53e5\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5e76\u5217\u590d\u5408\u53e5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e3b\u53e5\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ece\u53e5\u7528\u4e86\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002
\u2161\u7528\u5728\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14
\u2488 \u5728\u8868\u793a\u613f\u671b\u7684\u52a8\u8bcdwish\u540e\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u7528\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u3002\uff08wish\u540e\u7684that \u5e38\u7701\u7565\uff09\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e3b\u53e5\u65f6\u6001\uff0c\u4ece\u53e5\u8c13\u8bed\u65f6\u6001\u76f8\u5e94\u9000\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aHow she wished his family could go with him.
\u2489 \u5728\u5177\u6709\u613f\u671b\u3001\u8bf7\u6c42\u3001\u5efa\u8bae\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u7b49\u4e3b\u89c2\u610f\u613f\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide \u2026) \u540e\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u9700\u7528\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u3002\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7528(should) +\u52a8\u8bcd\u539f\u5f62\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u7684\u52a8\u8bcd\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u8bcdnot\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5e94\u5728\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aThe head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5982suggest\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u6697\u793a\u201d\uff0cinsist\u8868\u793a\u201c\u575a\u6301\u67d0\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u7684\u4ece\u53e5\u4e0d\u7528\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aHer pale face suggests that she is ill.\u6216He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u52a8\u8bcd\u4e5f\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u865a\u62df\u5f0f
\u2460 \u5728It is+\u4e0a\u8ff0\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u5206\u8bcd\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u6240\u8ddf\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
\u2461 \u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u52a8\u8bcd\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8bed+\u8fde\u7cfb\u52a8\u8bcd\uff0c\u5176\u540e\u7684\u8868\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
\u2462 \u5728\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u52a8\u8bcd\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u540c\u4f4d\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\uff1aThe workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
\u248a would \uff08had\uff09rather , would sooner\u4e5f\u7528\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u4e3b\u89c2\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u9700\u7528\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u3002\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u73b0\u5728\u6216\u5c06\u6765\uff0c\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8b\u5b9e\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aI would rather he went right now.
\u2162\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14
\u2488 it is +necessary\u7b49\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u540e\uff0cthat\u4e3b\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u865a\u62df\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u5305\u62ecnecessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable\u7b49\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.\u6216\u8005It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
\u2489 \u5728It's (high/about) time \u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5b9a\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u9700\u7528\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u3002\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982It is high time that you went to school
\u248a \u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u5728as if / as though \u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff08\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0ewish\u540e\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\uff09\u8868\u793a\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u76f8\u53cd\u6216\u5bf9\u73b0\u5728\u60c5\u51b5\u6709\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aHe felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. \u8868\u793a\u8fc7\u53bb\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u6216\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u3002
\u248b \u5728lest \u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u591a\u7528\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\uff0c(should )+ \u52a8\u8bcd\u539f\u5f62\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.\uff081998\u5e741\u6708\u56db\u7ea7\u7b2c38\u9898\uff09
\u248c \u5728if only \u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u611f\u53f9\u53e5\u4e2d\u9700\u7528\u865a\u62df\u8bed\u6c14\u3002\u8c13\u8bed\u52a8\u8bcd\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f\u6216\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
\u9000\u65f6\u6001\uff1a\u771f\u5b9e\u8bed\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u53d8\u6210\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\u53d8\u6210\u8fc7\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u6765\u65f6\u53d8\u6210\u8fc7\u53bb\u5c06\u6765\u65f6
1\uff0e\u6761\u4ef6\u53e5\u4e2d\uff1a
If it were not for\u2026\uff1bIf it hadn\u2019t been for\u2026\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u53e5\u578b\u8868\u793a\u201c\u8981\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8ebut for
If it had not been for the PLA man, he would not be studying English now.
if\u2026only\u2026\uff08\u6216If only\u2026\uff09\u8868\u793a\u201c\u8981\u662f\u2026\u5c31\u597d\u4e86\u201d
1\uff0e\u540d\u8bcd\u6027\u4ece\u53e5\uff1a
demand/suugest/order/insist/propose/request/ask/advise/prefer/command/desire that\u2026
They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.
\u7531insist\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u865a\u62df\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u865a\u62df\uff1a
He insisted that he was right.\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a
He insisted that we should agree with him.\u575a\u6301\u67d0\u4e8b
\u7531suggest\u5f15\u5bfc\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u865a\u62df\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u865a\u62df\uff1a
His white face suggests that his not healthy.\u8868\u660e
He suggested that we have a rest.\u5efa\u8bae
If I could only see him once!
If only I had listened to your advice. \u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53e5\u578b\u7701\u7565\u4e86\u4e3b\u53e5
2\uff0e\u5176\u4ed6\u72b6\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e2d\uff1a
as if/as though/even if\u2026
Tom looked sad as if he had heard bad news.
I won\u2019t lend you any money even I had money.
3\uff0e\u540d\u8bcd\u6027\u4ece\u53e5\uff1a
wish that\u2026\uff08hope\u540e\u7684\u5bbe\u8bed\u4ece\u53e5\u4e0d\u865a\u62df\uff09
I wish I were as strong as you.
How I wish it wasn\u2019t raining!
would rather/would sooner/had rather that\u2026\u8868\u793a\u201c\u5b81\u613f\u201d
I would rather they came tomorrow.
I could go myself but I would sooner you went.
I had rather you told him than I did.
It is time/high time that\u2026
It is time we went to bed.
+(should) do\uff1a
什么是虚拟语气：
英语句子根据语气可分为三种;陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气常用来表示假设、愿望、猜测、比喻或决定、主张、要求、建议和命令等。虚拟语气多用于以下一些情况:
一、在由if引导的非真实条件状语从句中。
其结构按时间概念分为三类:
1. 现在虚拟:假设的条件不符合现在的实际情况。主句谓语用would (could,should,might)+动词原形,从句谓语用动词过去式(be用were)。如:
We could ask the teacher if he were here now. 如果老师此时在这儿的话,我们就可以问他了。
If he were not ill in bed, he might come to class. 如果他没有病倒在床的话,他会来上课的。
2. 过去虚拟:假设的条件不符合过去的实际情况。主句谓语用would(could,should,might)+have+动词过去分词,从句谓语用had +动词过去分词。如:
If I hadn't forgotten your telephone number, I should have called you last Sunday. 我要是没有忘记您的电话号码,上周日我就给你打电话了。
3. 将来虚拟:假设的条件不可能符合将来的实际情况。主句谓语用 would(could,should,might)+动词原形,从句谓语用动词过去式(be用were),也可用were+to+动词原形,或用should+动词原形。如:
If I were to do it again tomorrow, I might do it in different ways. 要是我明天再做一遍,我可能会用不同的方式去做。
If there should be no water, there would be no life on earth. 要是没水,地球上是不会有生命的。
注意:1) 如果从句中有动词had,should,were,可省略if,并采用倒装形式。但如果从句中没有 were,had,should,则不能这样做。如:
Had he seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.如果他昨天见到你,他就会问你这件事。
Should it(Were it to) rain, the crops would be saved. 如果天下雨,庄稼就会得救。
2)如果主句谓语和从句谓语在时间上不一致,采用混合时间虚拟。如:一个事情发生在过去,一个是现在发生的等,这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。如:
If I were you, I would have attended the lecture. 如果我是你, 我就去听演讲了。(从句说明现在,主句说明过去)
If you hadn't seen that late film last night, you wouldn't be sleepy now. 如果你昨晚不去看那场很晚才开演的电影,你现在就不会困了。(从句说明过去,主句说明现在。)
下面是我总结的虚拟语气复习要点及针对性训练：
虚拟语气复习要点及针对性训练
一、条件从句中的虚拟语气
①三种基本态 ②倒装虚拟句 ③混时虚拟句 ④含蓄虚拟句
（一）用在以if引导的非真实条件状语从句中，从句和主句皆须用虚拟语气。从句和主句动词的搭配形式，通常为：
与现在事实相反：从句动词用：did/were; 主句动词用：would do/ be
与过去事实相反：从句动词用：had done/been 主句动词用：would have done/ been
与将来事实相反：从句动词用：should(were to) do /be 主句动词用：would do/ be
三种基本形态（这是基础，建议牢记下面的例句，争取能脱口而出）
与现在事实相反：If I had enough money, I would buy a book.
与过去事实相反：If I had had enough money, I would have bought a book.
与将来事实相反：If I were to have enough money, I would buy a book.
If I should have enough money, I would buy a book.
1.----If he ___________, he _________ that food.
----Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. (MET’93)
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
2.You didn’t let me drive. If we ________ in turn, you _________ so tired. (NMET’96)
A. drove; didn’t get B. drove; wouldn’t have got
C. were driving, wouldn’t get D. had driven; wouldn’t have got
3.If it _________ for the snow, we _________ the mountain yesterday. NMET’97)
A. were not; could have climbed B. were not; could climb
C. had not been; could have climbed D. had not been; could climb
（二）倒装虚拟句（只能与过去/将来事实相反，省去if，只有三种倒装形式）
Had I had enough money, I would have bought a book.
Were I to have enough money, I would buy a book.
Should I have enough money, I would buy a book.
（三）混合时间虚拟语气（主要是抓住时间状语）
(对过去事实虚拟+对现在事实虚拟)
If I had studied English at school, I could read the English novel now.
(对现在事实虚拟+对过去事实虚拟)
If I were you, she wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
（四）含蓄虚拟句
所谓含蓄虚拟条件句即指将条件从句隐藏在上下文一定的短语中的一类条件句。如：otherwise, but for, without, or等引起的短语。
1. Without electricity human life __________ quite different today. (MET’91)
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
2.He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ___to the meeting.
A. came B. had come C. would come D. would have come
二、名词从句中的虚拟语气
（ 标志词+should+动词原形）
（一）用在wish后的宾语从句中。从句中的动词形式分别以did/were, had done/ been, would do/be来表示现在，过去和将来。如：
1.I wish I _________ you yesterday. (MET’88)
A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
2.----Joe has three sisters, doesn’t she?
----No wonder he wishes he __________ a brother.
A. had B. will have C. have D. can have
（二）用在suggest, insist, demand, require, propose, order, recommend, request, command, demand , urge等表示命令、要求、建议等含义的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。
5.The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ________ the rules. (’85)
A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey
6.The teacher is very strict with his students. He requests that every student ________ class.
A. be not late for B. is not late for
C. don’t be late for D. not be late for
（三）用在It is necessary/important/natural/strange /essential,等后面的宾语从句中。动词形式是should do/ be, should也可省去。在in case, least, for fear that引导的状语从句中，动词也用should do/ be 的形式，其中should通常不省略。如：
7.----I can’t tell you anything about it.
----But it is very important that you _________ me all the information.
A. should give B. shall give C. should have given D. gave
8.----What do you think of it?
----We think it is a thing of importance that it _________ done soon.
A. is B. is to be C. be D. must be
(四)在一些名词（如：suggestion, order, idea, advice, proposal, decision, demand, desire）后面的表语从句和同位语从句中也用虚拟语气. 动词形式常用：should do/ be, should 常可省略。如：
Your advice that she __________ till next week is reasonable.
A. will wait B. is going to wait C. waits D. wait
The professor gave orders that the test _________ before 5:30.
A. be finished B. will finish C. will be finished D. would be finished
特别提示：
在复习时，可以把相似用法归类记忆。当一个动词后面的宾语从句中应使用（should）＋do的虚拟语气形式时，则可推理出用法相同的以下一组从句（以动词advise为例）：
（1）I advise that we stay and wait here．（动词后的宾语从句）
（2）It is advised that we stay here．（It is ＋动词的过去分词＋that引导的主语从句）
（3）It is advisable that we stay here．（It is ＋由该动词派生的形容词＋that引导的主语从句）
（4）My advice is that we stay here．（由该动词转换的名词后面的表语从句）
（5）I offered the advice that we stay here．（由该动词转换的名词后面的同位语从句）
（6）I think it advisable that we stay here．（由该动词转换的形容词作宾语补足语，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气）
三、其它虚拟语气
(一)用在以as if/ as though引导的状语从句中。此时如果从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，从句动词用过去时， be动词用were；从句的动作如发生在过去，其谓语动词也可是would do/ be的形式。如：
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if __________. (NMET’95)
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
（二）用在It is time 后的that从句中. 动词通常用一般过去时形式，也可用should do/ be的形式。如：
It is high time that you__________ up yourself to the police.
A. give B. gave C. must give D. will give
（三）用在would rather后的从句中. 动词通常用一般过去时形式表现在或将来，用过去完成形式表过去。如：
She says she’d rather he __________ tomorrow instead of today,
A. had left . left C. should leave D. leaves
（四）用在if only引导的句子中. 动词形式与wish后的宾语从句中的动词形式基本一致。如：
If only he _________ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie 针对性训练题
1. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody _____ the rules.
A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey
2.My idea is that we ______ to school.
A. go B. would go C. will go D. might go
3.---He is a very brave man.
---Yes. I wish I _____ his courage.
A. have B. had C. will have D. would have
4.I demanded that the girl ____ harder than before.
A. study B. studies C. would study D. studied
5.—Have you ever been to Beijing?
No, but I wish I ______.
A. have B. will C. do D. had
6.The suggestion had been made ______ the basketball game ______ put off.
A. for; to B. that; be C. which; should be D. to; being
7.The commander ordered that the wounded _____ to hospital right away.
A. to be sent B. be sent C. send D. should send
8.The order came that the medical supplies _____ to the village without delay.
A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent
9.They requested that he _____ on the radio.
A. spoke B. speaks C. speak D. would speak
10.It is important that we ________ wild animals .
A. will protect B. should protect C. shall protect D. are protecting
11.It is necessary that the problem _______ at once.
A. solves B. should solve C. should be solved D. will be solved
12.How I wish I ______ a doctor, and I _____ the ____ girl.
A. am, can save; dead B. was; can save; death
C. were; could save; dying D. were; could save; died
13. I would rather she ________tomorrow than today.
A. come B. came C. should come D. has come
14.He treated me as though ____ his own son.
A.I am B.I would be C.I was D.I were
15.He smiled as if he _____ my thought.
A. read B. was reading C. had read D. has read
16. _____ their assistance, he would have to lead a very miserable life; he might
even starve to death.
A. With B. If it were not for C. Without for D. If not
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一.虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测.
Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气
⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件,是虚拟条件最普通的方式.
① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形,例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词,例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种,但并不排除存在条件和后果中,一个和现在情况相反,另一个和过去情况相反,例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高.
④ 但是,如果后果用了虚拟语气,而条件却用陈述语气,这种用法是错的.
⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外,if从句还可以表示对将来的推测,由于是将来还没有发生的,所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的,只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大.一般情况下,可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测,这个事实是完全可能发生的.If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形,例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题）
⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构,这时候,如果出现not等否定词,否定词需放在主语后面.这种结构在口语中很少使用,但频频出现在各类考试中出现,例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达,但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达,副词otherwise等表达出来.例如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式,但包含without等短语的句子,谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气.
⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来,而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里,于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里,如果主句没有用虚拟语气,或者从句用了虚拟语气,都是错的.
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气
⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气.（wish后的that 常省略）,根据主句时态,从句谓语时态相应退后一位,例如：How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用(should) +动词原形.值得注意的是,如果宾语从句的动词是否定的,否定词not的位置应在动词之前,而不是动词之后.例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表达“暗示”,insist表示“坚持某种说法”时,后面的从句不用虚拟语气,例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外,上述动词也要求用虚拟式
① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词,其后所跟的主语从句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词,其后的表语从句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中,如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would （had）rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反,例如：I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气
⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后,that主语从句中虚拟形式使用,这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式,例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑,谓语动词用过去式.例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况,谓语动词用过去完成式.
⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多用虚拟语气,(should )+ 动词原形.例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四级第38题）
⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式.例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
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绛旓細娉ㄦ剰锛氳繖绉嶄粠鍙ヨ〃绀虹殑鏄簨瀹炪濡傛灉璇翠汉瀵硅繖绉嶄簨瀹炶〃鐜板嚭鎯婂鐨勬儏鎰燂紝灏卞彲鐢ㄨ櫄鎷熻姘銆傚弽涔嬶紝濡傛灉涓嶈〃绀烘儕濂囩瓑鎯呮劅锛宼hat浠庡彞涔熷彲鐢ㄩ檲杩板彞璇皵銆傚锛欼t is pity that you can鈥檛 swim.3銆佽櫄鎷熻姘斿湪鍏朵粬鍦哄悎鐨勮繍鐢 锛1锛夎櫄鎷熻姘斿湪as if/as though銆乪ven if/even though绛夊紩瀵肩殑琛ㄨ浠庡彞鎴栫姸璇粠鍙ヤ腑锛...
绛旓細鎵璋撹櫄鎷熷叾瀹炲氨鏄亣璁锛屼篃灏辨槸鎶婃湰涓嶅瓨鍦ㄧ殑浜嬪疄璇存垚鏄瓨鍦ㄧ殑浜嬪疄锛屼笉鍙兘瀛樺湪鐨勪簨瀹炶鎴愭槸鍙兘瀛樺湪鐨勪簨瀹烇紝璇寸櫧浜嗗氨鏄妸鍋囩殑璇存垚鏄湡鐨勶紝鎶婄湡鐨勮鎴愭槸鍋囩殑銆傚洜涓鸿璇濇椂涓嶅瓨鍦ㄦ垨浠ュ悗涔熶笉鍙兘瀛樺湪鐨勪簨瀹烇紝鎴戜滑鍙兘鎶婃椂闂村線鍓嶆帹绉伙紝鍋囪杩欑浜嬪疄鍦ㄨ繃鍘昏鏄兘澶熷瓨鍦ㄩ偅涔堢幇鍦ㄦ垨浠ュ悗灏辨湁鍙兘瀛樺湪浜嗐傚叾瀹烇紝...
绛旓細1锛 姒傚康 [Subjunctive Mood]涓枃璇戜綔"铏氭嫙璇皵"銆傚畠鏄竴绉嶅姩璇嶅舰寮忥紝琛ㄧず璇磋瘽浜虹殑鏌愮鍋囪銆佹効鏈涖佹鐤戙佺寽娴嬨佸缓璁瓑鍚箟銆2锛 鍦ㄦ潯浠跺彞涓殑搴旂敤 鏉′欢鍙ュ彲鍒嗕负涓ょ被锛屼竴绫讳负鐪熷疄鏉′欢鍙ワ紝涓绫讳负闈炵湡瀹炴潯浠跺彞銆傞潪鐪熷疄鏉′欢鍙ヨ〃绀虹殑鏄亣璁剧殑鎴栧疄闄呭彲鑳芥т笉澶х殑鎯呭喌锛屾晠閲囩敤铏氭嫙璇皵銆傗棌铏氭嫙璇皵鐨勪娇鐢...
绛旓細铏氭嫙璇皵(Subjunctive Mood)杩欎竴璇硶椤圭洰鏄悇绫昏嫳璇冭瘯涓績娴嬭瘯鐨勯噸鐐逛箣涓銆傝櫄鎷熻姘旀槸涓绉嶇壒娈婄殑鍔ㄨ瘝褰㈠紡锛岀敤鏉ヨ〃绀鸿璇濅汉鎵璇寸殑璇濆苟涓嶆槸浜嬪疄锛岃屾槸涓绉嶅亣璁俱佹効鏈涖佹鐤戞垨鎺ㄦ祴銆傗厾鐢ㄤ互琛ㄧず铏氭嫙鏉′欢鐨勮櫄鎷熻姘 鈷 鐢╥f鏉′欢浠庡彞琛ㄧず鐨勮櫄鎷熸潯浠讹紝鏄櫄鎷鏉′欢鏈鏅氱殑鏂瑰紡銆傗憼 铏氭嫙鐜板湪鏃惰〃绀轰笌鐜板湪浜嬪疄鐩稿弽鐨...
绛旓細铏氭嫙璇皵鐢ㄦ潵琛ㄧず璇磋瘽浜虹殑涓昏鎰挎湜鎴栧亣鎯锛岃屼笉琛ㄧず瀹㈣瀛樺湪鐨勪簨瀹烇紝鎵璇寸殑鏄竴涓潯浠讹紝涓嶄竴瀹氭槸浜嬪疄锛屾垨涓庝簨瀹炵浉鍙嶃傝櫄鎷熻姘旈氳繃璋撹鍔ㄨ瘝鐨勭壒娈婂舰寮忔潵琛ㄧず銆傝嫳璇腑鐨勮姘斿垎涓洪檲杩拌姘斻佺浣胯姘斻佽櫄鎷熻姘斾笁绫汇傜敤娉曪細1銆佽〃绀轰笌鐜板湪浜嬪疄鐩稿弽鐨勬儏鍐碉細浠庡彞锛氫富璇+杩囧幓鏃 涓诲彞锛氫富璇+should/would/could/might...
绛旓細铏氭嫙璇皵(Subjunctive Mood)杩欎竴璇硶椤圭洰鏄悇绫昏嫳璇冭瘯涓績娴嬭瘯鐨勯噸鐐逛箣涓銆傝櫄鎷熻姘旀槸涓绉嶇壒娈婄殑鍔ㄨ瘝褰㈠紡锛岀敤鏉ヨ〃绀鸿璇濅汉鎵璇寸殑璇濆苟涓嶆槸浜嬪疄锛岃屾槸涓绉嶅亣璁俱佹効鏈涖佹鐤戞垨鎺ㄦ祴銆傗厾鐢ㄤ互琛ㄧず铏氭嫙鏉′欢鐨勮櫄鎷熻姘 鈷 鐢╥f鏉′欢浠庡彞琛ㄧず鐨勮櫄鎷熸潯浠讹紝鏄櫄鎷鏉′欢鏈鏅氱殑鏂瑰紡銆傗憼 铏氭嫙鐜板湪鏃惰〃绀轰笌鐜板湪浜嬪疄鐩稿弽鐨...
绛旓細鑻辫铏氭嫙璇皵鐨涓夌鏃舵濡備笅锛1銆佸灏嗘潵鍙戠敓鐨勪簨鎯呰〃绀虹鎰挎垨鎰挎湜锛氫富璇+wish锛嬩粠鍙ヤ富璇+would锛坈ould锛宮ight锛+鍔ㄨ瘝鍘熷舰銆侷 wish she would try again銆傛垜甯屾湜濂硅兘鍐嶈瘯涓娆°2銆佽〃绀轰笌鐜板湪浜嬪疄鐩稿弽鐨勬効鏈涳細涓昏+wish 锛坱hat锛夛紜浠庡彞涓昏锛嬪姩璇嶈繃鍘诲紡銆侷 wish I wasn鈥檛 leaving my son銆傛垜甯屾湜鎴戞病...
